Insights Into Histoplasma capsulatum Behavior on Zinc Deprivation.

Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermodimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a mycosis of global incidence. The disease is prevalent in temperate and tropical regions such as North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. It is known that during infection macrophages restrict Zn availability to H. capsulatum as a microbicidal mechanism. In this way the present work aimed to study the response of H. capsulatum to zinc deprivation. In silico analyses showed that H. capsulatum has eight genes related to zinc homeostasis ranging from transcription factors to CDF and ZIP family transporters. The transcriptional levels of ZAP1, ZRT1, and ZRT2 were induced under zinc-limiting conditions. The decrease in Zn availability increases fungicidal macrophage activity. Proteomics analysis during zinc deprivation at 24 and 48 h showed 265 proteins differentially expressed at 24 h and 68 at 48 h. Proteins related to energy production pathways, oxidative stress, and cell wall remodeling were regulated. The data also suggested that low metal availability increases the chitin and glycan content in fungal cell wall that results in smoother cell surface. Metal restriction also induces oxidative stress triggered, at least in part, by reduction in pyridoxin synthesis.

Efficiency of maize cultivars for zinc uptake and use

Zinc deficiency usually occurs in maize grown in Brazilian acidic soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate commercial maize cultivars for their Zn uptake and utilization efficiency. A greenhouse experiment using nutrient solution with young plants was carried out at Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2002. Treatments consisted of: 0.0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 and 0.8 mg L-1 Zn in the main plots and 24 commercial maize cultivars in the subplots, in a randomized complete block design. Zn concentration in shoot dry matter (SDM) ranged from 28.4 to 41.6 mg kg-1 among cultivars, clearly indicating a dilution effect, since a negative relation between SDM and plant height was shown. Total Zn-shoot content was a good parameter to discriminate cultivars, once correlated with plant height and SDM (r = 0.66** and r = 0.67**, respectively). Analysis of variance and polynomial regression for total Zn-shoot content was highly significant among cultivars and for the interaction cultivar vs Zn-concentration. Plants under low Zn presented up to three-fold differences among efficiency index values (E.I. = 8.59 to 26.42 mg² DM mug-1 Zn). The results with young plants indicated six maize cultivars classified as Zn-efficient and responsive (AG 7575, Tork, AL Bandeirante, AL 34, AGN 2012, Master) and six cultivars classified as efficient non-responsive (P30F33, P30K75, P30F80, AS 1533, DOW 8420 e AL 30). Other nutrient concentrations in the SDM were within normal limits (K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn) for maize young plants.

Nos solos ácidos são comuns os casos de deficiência de zinco (Zn) na cultura do milho. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em avaliar cultivares comerciais de milho quanto à eficiência na absorção e utilização de Zn. O experimento foi conduzido em Campinas, SP, Brasil, 2002, em casa de vegetação com plantas jovens em solução nutritiva, utilizando blocos ao acaso em parcelas divididas, sendo os tratamentos: 0,0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,8 mg L-1 de Zn e 24 cultivares comerciais de milho. Os teores de Zn na parte aérea (PA) variaram de 28,4 a 41,6 mg kg-1 (1,46 vez) entre as cultivares. O conteúdo total de Zn na PA foi o parâmetro que melhor se correlacionou com a altura de planta (r = 0,66**) e com a matéria seca de parte aérea (MSPA) (r = 0,67**), permitindo diferenciação das cultivares. A análise da variância e a regressão polinomial para essa variável revelaram diferenças significativas entre cultivares, bem como para o índice de eficiência, cujos valores variaram de até três vezes (8,59 a 26,42 mg² MS mig-1 Zn) em condições de baixo Zn. Os resultados com plantas jovens indicaram seis cultivares como eficientes e responsivas (AG 7575, Tork, AL Bandeirante, AL 34, AGN 2012, Master) e outras seis como eficientes e não-responsivas (P30F33, P30K75, P30F80, AS 1533, DOW 8420 e AL 30). Os teores de K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe e Mn na MSPA, estiveram dentro dos limites normais para plântulas de milho.

Efficiency of maize cultivars for zinc uptake and use

Zinc deficiency usually occurs in maize grown in Brazilian acidic soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate commercial maize cultivars for their Zn uptake and utilization efficiency. A greenhouse experiment using nutrient solution with young plants was carried out at Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2002. Treatments consisted of: 0.0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 and 0.8 mg L-1 Zn in the main plots and 24 commercial maize cultivars in the subplots, in a randomized complete block design. Zn concentration in shoot dry matter (SDM) ranged from 28.4 to 41.6 mg kg-1 among cultivars, clearly indicating a dilution effect, since a negative relation between SDM and plant height was shown. Total Zn-shoot content was a good parameter to discriminate cultivars, once correlated with plant height and SDM (r = 0.66** and r = 0.67**, respectively). Analysis of variance and polynomial regression for total Zn-shoot content was highly significant among cultivars and for the interaction cultivar vs Zn-concentration. Plants under low Zn presented up to three-fold differences among efficiency index values (E.I. = 8.59 to 26.42 mg² DM mug-1 Zn). The results with young plants indicated six maize cultivars classified as Zn-efficient and responsive (AG 7575, Tork, AL Bandeirante, AL 34, AGN 2012, Master) and six cultivars classified as efficient non-responsive (P30F33, P30K75, P30F80, AS 1533, DOW 8420 e AL 30). Other nutrient concentrations in the SDM were within normal limits (K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn) for maize young plants.

Nos solos ácidos são comuns os casos de deficiência de zinco (Zn) na cultura do milho. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em avaliar cultivares comerciais de milho quanto à eficiência na absorção e utilização de Zn. O experimento foi conduzido em Campinas, SP, Brasil, 2002, em casa de vegetação com plantas jovens em solução nutritiva, utilizando blocos ao acaso em parcelas divididas, sendo os tratamentos: 0,0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,8 mg L-1 de Zn e 24 cultivares comerciais de milho. Os teores de Zn na parte aérea (PA) variaram de 28,4 a 41,6 mg kg-1 (1,46 vez) entre as cultivares. O conteúdo total de Zn na PA foi o parâmetro que melhor se correlacionou com a altura de planta (r = 0,66**) e com a matéria seca de parte aérea (MSPA) (r = 0,67**), permitindo diferenciação das cultivares. A análise da variância e a regressão polinomial para essa variável revelaram diferenças significativas entre cultivares, bem como para o índice de eficiência, cujos valores variaram de até três vezes (8,59 a 26,42 mg² MS mig-1 Zn) em condições de baixo Zn. Os resultados com plantas jovens indicaram seis cultivares como eficientes e responsivas (AG 7575, Tork, AL Bandeirante, AL 34, AGN 2012, Master) e outras seis como eficientes e não-responsivas (P30F33, P30K75, P30F80, AS 1533, DOW 8420 e AL 30). Os teores de K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe e Mn na MSPA, estiveram dentro dos limites normais para plântulas de milho.