Preventing Abuses in Guardianship Cases.

Guardianships allow court-appointed guardians to make decisions on behalf of persons who are incapable of caring for themselves. With their authority frequently extending over both the personal and the financial affairs of a ward, guardians sometimes abuse their extensive powers. Misuse of funds, excessive fees, and neglect of the ward's needs all have been seen in guardianship cases. As awareness of this problem has grown, innovative approaches have been developed to prevent and detect abuses, including mandatory certification, centralized audits, and visits to persons under guardianship to assess their status. Funding such efforts, however, remains a challenge.

Bullying and the Abuse of Power.

Dan Olweus pioneered research on school bullying and identified the importance of, and risk factors associated with, bullying and victimization. In this paper, we conduct a narrative review of the critical notion of power within bullying. Specifically, we discuss Olweus's definition of bullying and the role of a power imbalance in distinguishing bullying behavior from other forms of aggression. Next, we discuss the changing nature of research on aggression (and the adaptiveness of aggression) throughout the years, the important role of power in these changes, and how the concept of power in relationships has helped elucidate the developmental origins of bullying. We discuss bullying interventions and the potential opportunities for interventions to reduce bullying by making conditions for bullying less favorable and beneficial. Finally, we discuss bullying and the abuse of power that extends beyond the school context and emerges within families, workplaces, and governments. By recognizing and defining school bullying as an abuse of power and a violation of human rights, Olweus has laid the foundation and created the impetus for researching and addressing bullying. This review highlights the importance of examining abuses of power not only in school relationships, but across human relationships and society in general.

Contratos de explotación mutuamente beneficiosos? Abuso de poder, personas vulnerables y grandes laboratorios farmacéuticos / Contractes d'explotació mútuament beneficiosos? Abús de poder, persones vulnerables i grans laboratoris farmacèutics / Mutually beneficial exploitative contracts? Abuse of power, vulnerable people and large pharmaceutical companies

En un mundo extremadamente desigual donde hay países poderosos y otros débiles, nos encontramos con empresas que aumentan de forma exponencial sus ganancias y personas con grandes necesidades socioeconómicas. Mientras los laboratorios farmacéuticos de países desarrolladosnecesitan probar sus medicamentos en seres humanos, millones de personas vulnerables depaíses en vías de desarrollonecesitanmedicamentos a los que no pueden acceder dado el contexto de pobreza en el que se encuentran. Ante esta situación, pueden surgir abusos de posiciones dominantes por parte de los grandes laboratorios sobre laspersonas vulnerables en torno al testeo y acceso a los medicamentos. Este artículo propone reflexionar y discutir, desde aportes teóricos procedentes del campo ético, lo que algunos autores han denominado contratos de explotación en alusión a la relación mutuamente beneficiosa y voluntaria entre actores empresariales y personas vulnerables. Específicamente y a partir de diversos ejemplos, analizaremos si dichos contratos cumplen o no con algunos principios éticos fundamentales.(AU)

In an extremely unequal world where there are powerful countries and others weak, we find companies that increase their profits exponentially and people with great socioeconomic needs. While pharmaceutical laboratories in developed countries need to test their medicines on human beings, millions of vulnerable people in developing countries need medicines that they cannot access given the context of poverty in which they find themselves. Faced with this situation, abuses of dominant positions may arise by large laboratories over vulnerable people regarding testing and access to medicines. This article proposes to reflect and discuss, from theoretical contributions from the ethical field, what some authors have called exploitative contracts in reference to themutually beneficial and voluntary relationship between business actors and vulnerable people. Specifically, and based on various examples, we will analyze whether or not these contracts comply with some fundamental ethical principles.(AU)

En un món extremadament desigual on hi ha països poderosos i d’altres febles, trobem empreses que augmenten de manera exponencial els seus guanys i persones amb grans necessitats socioeconòmiques. Mentre els laboratoris farmacèutics de països desenvolupats necessiten provar els seus medicaments en éssers humans, milions de persones vulnerables de països en vies de desenvolupament necessiten medicaments als quals no poden accedir, donat el context de pobresa en el qual es troben. En aquesta situació, poden sorgir abusos de posicions dominants per part dels grans laboratoris sobre les persones vulnerables, sobretot pel que fa al testatge i accés als medicaments. Aquest article proposa reflexionar i discutir, des d'aportacions teòriques procedents del camp ètic, el que alguns autors han denominat “contractes d'explotació”en al·lusió a la relació mútuament beneficiosa i voluntària entre actors empresarials i persones vulnerables. Específicament, i a partir de diversos exemples, analitzarem si aquests contractes compleixen o no amb alguns principis ètics fonamentals.(AU)

[Humiliation at work - theoretical concepts and importance for the health of workers and the functioning of the organisation]. / Upokorzenie w pracy ­ koncepcje teoretyczne oraz znaczenie dla zdrowia pracowników i funkcjonowania organizacji.

Humiliation at work is a dangerous and, at the same time, poorly understood phenomenon. It is associated with an asymmetry of power, which induces in the humiliated person a feeling of having a lesser value and being inferior. It manifests itself as an internal event (judgment and emotions), an external event (an act of violence) or systemic social conditions (poverty and discrimination). Experiencing humiliation has negative consequences both when an individual becomes a subject and a witness of a humiliating event. These consequences concern many areas of an individual's life and functioning within an organization. The article discusses the relationship between humiliation at the organizational level and work pathologies such as mobbing, intimidation, bullying, or harassment. Their purpose and effect is to humiliate an individual or a group of people, and since humiliation is associated with a sense of injustice and a desire for revenge, it often permanently disrupts the relationship between the parties and observers of such behaviors. Despite its individual and social significance, the phenomenon of humiliation is still a gap in the consideration of a healthy working environment and the relationship between people employed in the organization. Unlike in foreign literature, the phenomenon of humiliation is not a frequent subject of consideration in Polish studies, although interest has increased in recent years. The article proposes definitions of this phenomenon from 3 research perspectives, along with presenting selected concepts concerning the nature of this phenomenon and reports from research on the consequences of humiliating behavior at work, from the point of view of both an individual and an organization. Med Pr. 2021;72(1):61-8.

Uma carta que veio das minas: natureza e mineração do ouro na mobilização de preceitos morais e políticos no século XVIII / A letter that came from the mines: nature and gold mining in the mobilization of moral and political precepts in eighteenth-century Brazil

Resumo O artigo analisa, a partir de documento inédito, a "Carta que veio das minas", de 1727, como os conceitos de natureza e mineração foram utilizados para mobilizar preceitos morais e políticos na construção de uma interpretação sobre Minas Gerais. Em um primeiro momento, analisam-se o documento e suas convenções, de forma comparativa com outros escritos setecentistas. Em seguida, a partir da análise do enredo da carta, discute-se o uso simbólico da natureza e da mineração na construção de um discurso negativo das Minas que, por fim, é associado a um sentido regulador, que denuncia práticas abusivas de grupos de grande representatividade naquela sociedade: os magistrados e letrados.

Abstract An analysis is presented, based on an unpublished document dated 1727, entitled "Letter that came from the mines" ("Carta que veio das minas"), of how the concepts of nature and mining were used to mobilize moral and political precepts in the construction of an interpretation of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The document and its conventions are analyzed in comparison with other eighteenth century writings, then, based on an analysis of the letter's contents, the symbolic use of nature and mining in the construction of a negative discourse about the mines is discussed. This is associated with a regulatory meaning, whereby abusive practices of particularly representative groups from that society - magistrates and men of letters - are denounced.

Un Preámbulo de Política Criminal frente a la delincuencia organizada / A preamble of criminal policy before the organized crime / Um preâmbulo de política criminal perante da delinquência organizada

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar acerca de cuatro aspectos alternativos para la política criminal contra la delincuencia organizada transnacional, que se justifican críticamente en los resultados deficientes producidos por los enfoques tradicionales. En principio se examinan elementos provenientes de la teoría económica que explican cómo se levantan las estructuras de delincuencia organizada, siempre desde economías subterráneas. Luego, la revisión del uso imprudente de términos para denominar al objeto de estudio, muestra el impacto que esto tiene para la construcción de percepciones y significados que guían las respuestas al problema con poca objetividad y efectividad. El planteamiento estructuralista que se identifica en la sofisticada división de las actividades delictivas para complementarse entre ellas, propone relaciones que ayudan a entender el crecimiento acelerado y la rentabilidad económica incontenible de la delincuencia organizada. Y por último, se examina a la controvertida hipótesis de convergencia entre este problema y el terrorismo. Este manuscrito repasa de manera específica algunos trabajos recientes producidos por especialistas reconocidos, pero también toma referencias clásicas de las ciencias sociales para confrontarlas con la realidad, y crear nuevos argumentos de política pública para la contención del delito organizado.

Abstract The objective is to reflect upon four alternative aspects for the crime policy against the transnational organized crime that are justified critically on the deficient results produced by the traditional approaches. At the beginning, emerging elements from the economic theory are studied, which explain how the organized crime structures are always lifted from underground economies. Then, the reckless use review of terms to name the study object shows the impact that it has for building perceptions and meanings that lead answers to the problem with a slight objectivity and effectiveness. The structuralist approach identified in the sophisticated division of criminal activities for complementing each other, state relationships that help to understand the accelerating growth and the uncontrollable economic return of the organized crime. Finally, the controversial hypothesis of convergence between this problem and terrorism is studied. This document reviews in a specific way some current studies developed by renowned specialists, but also it takes classical references of the social sciences for comparing them with the reality, and to build new arguments of public policy for the containment of the organized crime.

Resumo O objetivo é refletir acerca de quatro aspectos alternativos para a política criminal contra a delinquência organizada transnacional, que se justificam criticamente nos resultados deficientes produzidos pelas abordagens tradicionais. Em principio, se examinam elementos provenientes da teoria econômica, que explicam como se alçam as estruturas de delinquência organizada, sempre desde economias subterrâneas. Depois, a revisão do uso imprudente de termos para denominar ao objetivo de estudo, monstra o impacto que isto tem para a construção de percepções e significados que guiam as respostas ao problema com pouca objetividade e efetividade. A proposta estruturalista, que se identifica na sofisticada divisão das atividades delitivas para se complementar entre elas, propõe relações que ajudam a entender o crescimento acelerado e a rentabilidade econômica incontida da delinquência organizada. E, por último, examina-se a controvertida hipótese de convergência entre esse problema e o terrorismo. Este documento revisa de maneira específica alguns estudos recentes produzidos por especialistas renomados, mas também usa referências clássicas das ciências sociais para confronta-las como a realidade, e criar novos argumentos de política pública para a contenção do delito organizado.

Abuse of power in relationships and sexual health.

STI rates are high for First Nations in Canada and the United States. Our objective was to understand the context, issues, and beliefs around high STI rates from a nêhiyaw (Cree) perspective. Twenty-two in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 community participants between March 1, 2011 and May 15, 2011. Interviews were conducted by community researchers and grounded in the Cree values of relationship, sharing, personal agency and relational accountability. A diverse purposive snowball sample of community members were asked why they thought STI rates were high for the community. The remainder of the interview was unstructured, and supported by the interviewer through probes and sharing in a conversational style. Modified grounded theory was used to analyze the narratives and develop a theory. The main finding from the interviews was that abuse of power in relationships causes physical, mental, emotional and spiritual wounds that disrupt the medicine wheel. Wounded individuals seek medicine to stop suffering and find healing. Many numb suffering by accessing temporary medicines (sex, drugs and alcohol) or permanent medicines (suicide). These medicines increase the risk of STIs. Some seek healing by participating in ceremony and restoring relationships with self, others, Spirit/religion, traditional knowledge and traditional teachings. These medicines decrease the risk of STIs. Younger female participants explained how casual relationships are safer than committed monogamous relationships. Resolving abuse of power in relationships should lead to improvements in STI rates and sexual health.

BREACHING THE SEXUAL BOUNDARIES IN THE DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP: SHOULD ENGLISH LAW RECOGNISE FIDUCIARY DUTIES?

In this article, I argue that sexual exploitation in the doctor-patient relationship would be dealt with more appropriately by the law in England and Wales on the basis of a breach of fiduciary duty. Three different types of sexual boundary breaches are discussed, and the particular focus is on breaches where the patient's consent is obtained through inducement. I contend that current avenues of redress do not clearly catch this behaviour and, moreover, they fail to capture the essence of the wrong committed by the doctor-the knowing breach of trust for self-gain-and the calculated way in which consent is induced. Finally, I demonstrate that the fiduciary approach is compatible with the contemporary pro-patient autonomy model of the doctor-patient relationship.

Mental Capacity and Mental Health Acts part 1: advance decisions.

The Department of Health is undertaking a review of the Mental Health Act 1983 code of practice and as part of that review has opened a consultation on what changes should be made. One key area for change is a chapter that provides clearer information about the interface between the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Both the House of Commons Health Select Committee and the House of Lords Mental Capacity Act Committee have argued that poor understanding of the interface has led to flawed decision making by doctors and nurses. In the first of a short series of articles, Richard Griffith considers the interface between these two important statutes, beginning with advance decisions to refuse treatment (ADRT).

El maltrato entre iguales por abuso de poder en el contexto universitario: incidencia, manifestaciones y estrategias de solución / Bullying in the university context: incidence, manifestations and solving strategies

Dando continuidad a un primer estudio que permitió constatar la presencia del bullying en una universidad privada (Hoyos, Romero, Valega & Molinares, 2009), este artículo presenta los resultados de una segunda investigación descriptiva comparativa, que tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el fenómeno de bullying a partir de una muestra de 218 estudiantes universitarios (153 mujeres y 65 hombres) que adelantaban distintos estudios de formación profesional en cuatro universidades privadas de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Se utilizó el Cuestionario para Estudiantes (Defensor del Pueblo, 2000) adaptado al contexto universitario. Los resultados del estudio muestran la incidencia de las manifestaciones del bullying en el contexto universitario, los escenarios donde se producen y las estrategias de comunicación y resolución del conflicto a las que recurren quienes lo protagonizan, desde la perspectiva de cada uno de los actores (víctimas, agresores y testigos), y las respectivas comparaciones en función del género y edad.

Continuing with a previous study that confirms the presence of bullying in a private university (Hoyos, Romero, Valega & Molinares, 2009), this paper presents the results of a second comparative-descriptive research in which the aimed was characterize the phenomenon of bullying in a sample of 218 college students (153 female and 65 male) from different programs of four private universities. We used a questionnaire that was developed for the national study Ombudsman (2000) in Spain, it was adapted to our university context. The results of study show the incidence of bullying manifestations in the university context, circumstances and places where bullying occur, communication strategies and conflict resolution, in accordance with perspective of each actors (victims, perpetrators and witnesses), and the comparisons by gender and age.