Adverse childhood experiences of Korean mothers with young children: a latent class analysis.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have negative impacts on women with children, including psychosocial and general health problems. However, there is limited research investigating ACEs identifying the characteristics of distinct subgroups according to the frequency of ACEs.Objective: Utilizing the national dataset of the Family with Children Life Experience 2017, this study aimed to classify patterns of ACEs based on the total number of types of ACEs and the types of predominant events, and to examine differences in general and psychological characteristics, as well as experiences of violence in adulthood among the classes identified.Method: A total of 460 Korean mothers raising infants or toddlers participated. Latent class analysis was performed to classify the patterns of ACEs, while t-tests and Chi-square tests were used to examine differences in general and psychological characteristics and experiences of violence between the ACEs subgroups.Results: The participants were classified into two subgroups: the 'high-ACEs group' and the 'low-ACEs group'. The high-ACEs group exhibited higher rates of child abuse, workplace violence perpetration and victimization, as well as lower self-esteem, higher depression levels, and increased suicidal thoughts compared to those of the low-ACEs group.Conclusion: The findings highlight the significant role of ACEs on the formation of an individual's psychological characteristics and their propensity to experience additional violence even into adulthood, as perpetrators and as victims. It is noteworthy how the influence of ACEs extends across generations through child abuse. These findings offer insights for developing interventions aimed at mitigating the negative effects of experiences of violence on mothers raising young children.

Two distinct subgroups were identified according to the frequency of ACEs: the 'high-ACEs group' and the 'low-ACEs group'.Compared to those of the low-ACEs group, the high-ACEs group presented higher rates of child abuse, workplace violence perpetration and victimization, lower self-esteem, higher depression levels, and increased suicidal thoughts.The low self-esteem induced by ACEs may contribute to the amplification of psychological vulnerabilities and the occurrence of additional violent experiences even in adulthood.

Ajuste y adaptación psicosocial de adultos jóvenes supervivientes de un cáncer en etapa pediátrica: Revisión sistemática / Psychosocial adjustment and adaptation in young adults surviving pediatric cancer: A systematic review

Introducción: Los efectos a largo plazo de tumores en la infancia pueden alterar la trayectoria de adaptación y ajuste psicosocial de los supervivientes en etapas de vida posteriores. Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática se centra en analizar las experiencias de crecimiento postraumático, estrés postraumático, malestar emocional y dificultades psicosociales sufridas por jóvenes adultos supervivientes a un cáncer en etapa pediátrica. Resultados: Los resultados sugieren una trayectoria mayoritaria que podría definirse como adaptativa, en la que se observa tanto crecimiento postraumático (prevalencia superior al 60%), como síntomas de estrés postraumático (prevalencia inferior al 30%). No obstante, en comparación con población control no oncológica, estos supervivientes tienen mayor riesgo de padecer síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, de alcanzar menores logros educativos y profesionales, y de permanecer solteros o vivir solos, lo que se hipotetiza que podría estar relacionado con las secuelas de cada tipo de tumor y tratamiento, y no únicamente con la vivencia de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: La atención a jóvenes adultos supervivientes a un cáncer pediátrico debería centrarse en proporcionar mayor apoyo médico y psicosocial a largo plazo, a través del abordaje interdisciplinar y la atención centrada en la persona, como aproximación que favorezca una trayectoria de ajuste adaptativa.(AU)

Introduction: Long-term effects of childhood tumors can alter the trajectory of adjustment and psychosocial adjustment of survivors later in life. Purpose: This systematic review focuses on analyzing the experiences of posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress, emotional distress, and psychosocial difficulties experienced by young adult survivors of pediatric cancer. Results: The results suggest a more prevalent trajectory that could be conceptualize as adaptive, in which both post-traumatic growth (prevalence greater than 50%) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (prevalence less than 30%) are observed. However, compared to the non-oncology control population, these survivors are at higher risk for anxiety and depressive symptoms, lower educational and occupational attainment, and remaining single or living alone, which is hypothesized to be related to the sequelae of each tumor type and treatment, and not just the disease experience. Conclusions: Care for young adult survivors of pediatric cancer should focus on providing enhanced long-term medical and psychosocial support through an interdisciplinary approach and person-centered care as an approach that supports a trajectory of adaptive adjustment.(AU)

El papel mediador de la fuerza del compromiso entre los estilos de procesamiento de la identidad y el bienestar de jóvenes adultos emergentes / The mediating role of the strength of commitment between the styles of identity processing and the well-being of emerging young adults

Los estilos de identidad buscan conocer cómo las personas se manejan diariamente en las situaciones buscando un compromiso identitario. En este trabajo se propone conocer si los estilos de identidad varían según la edad y el sexo, y analizar la relación entre estos y la fuerza del compromiso con variables de bienestar y malestar psicológico. Método: 278 participantes (M = 22.03; DT = 2.65) reclutados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico por bola de nieve cumplimentaron los cuestionarios. Resultados: Las mujeres puntuaron más alto en fuerza del compromiso y ellos adoptaron más un estilo difuso-evitativo. El estilo informacional correlacionó positivamente con las variables de bienestar (optimismo y florecimiento); el estilo normativo con depresión y ansiedad y el estilo difuso-evitativo correlacionó positivamente con las variables de malestar (depresión, ansiedad y estrés) y negativamente con las de bienestar. Finalmente, a mayor fuerza del compromiso más bienestar y menos malestar. La fuerza del compromiso media parcial o totalmente la relación entre estilos identitarios y las variables de bienestar/malestar. Conclusiones: Se deduce la importancia de la fuerza del compromiso en el bienestar personal y la necesidad de favorecer el desarrollo de la identidad de nuestros jóvenes.(AU)

Background:Identity styles seek to know how people handle themselves daily in situations looking for an identity commitment. This ar-ticle aims to find out whether identity styles vary according to age and sex, and to analyze the relation between these identity styles and the strength of commitment with variables of well-being and psychological distress. In ad-dition, it investigates whether commitment mediates between identity styles, well-being and psychological distress.Method:278 participants (M = 22.03; DT = 2.65), recruited through a non-probabilistic snowball sam-pling, completed the questionnaires. Results:Women scored higher in strength of commitment and men adopted a more diffusive-avoidant style. Age did not relate to identity style. The informational stylecorrelated posi-tively with well-being variables (flourishing and optimism); the normative style with depression and anxiety and the diffuse-avoidant style correlated positively with psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress) and negatively with well-being. Finally, the greater the strength of commitment found, the more flourishing and optimism and the less psychological dis-tress there was. The strength of commitment partially or totally mediated the relationship between identity styles and thevariables of well-being / psychological distress. Conclusions:The importance of the strength of com-mitment in personal well-being and the necessity to favour the develop-ment of young people ́s identity is observed / deduced.(AU)

Experiencias de personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual sobre el derecho a la vida independiente: Un estudio de caso / Experiences of adults with intellectual disabilities on the right to independent living: A case study

Resumen En el ámbito de la discapacidad intelectual, el desarrollo de una vida independiente se ha configurado como un derecho humano y civil que permite a estas personas articular planes de vida deseados. Esta investigación analiza, mediante un estudio de caso, los significados que un grupo asesor compuesto por ocho personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual tiene sobre el concepto de vida independiente en el contexto chileno. Para la recopilación de los datos se diseñó una entrevista grupal semiestructurada acompañada de moodboards que facilitaron la verbalización de las respuestas. Sobre los relatos obtenidos a partir de las entrevistas se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados muestran cómo el desempeño de una actividad laboral remunerada o el establecimiento de relaciones afectivas sólidas se conforman como elementos imprescindibles para la independencia personal. La dificultad para ser económicamente independientes o la falta de accesibilidad en el entorno laboral se identifican también como principales barreras para la concreción de este derecho. Igualmente, se destaca el rol que desempeñan la pareja y las amistades como figuras de apoyo constante a la independencia y al empoderamiento personal. Estos resultados sugieren algunas orientaciones para la planificación de intervenciones sobre este constructo, las cuales deben procurar la adquisición de habilidades que fortalezcan la capacidad de autocuidado de este colectivo, promover el incremento de oportunidades para la realización de elecciones significativas en el ámbito laboral, personal y comunitario, y adaptarse a los espacios en los que se desenvuelven las personas con discapacidad intelectual en la edad adulta.

Abstract In the field of intellectual disability, the development of an independent life has been configured as a human and civil right that allows these people to articulate desired life plans. Despite the advances, at the international level, research on aspects related to independent living in people with intellectual disabilities continues to be very scarce. Generally, the approaches to the study of this construct are based on broader investigations dedicated to evaluating the levels of quality of life or self-determination of this population in residential services or sheltered housing. Precisely, this study analyzes, through a case study, the meanings that an advisory group made up of eight adults with intellectual disabilities has on the concept of independent living in the Chilean context in order, on the one hand, to identify relevant elements for the definition of the construct from the perceptions and experiences of this population; and on the other, to propose guidelines at various levels that allow progress in the realization of this right. To collect the data, a semi-structured group interview was designed whose questions were grouped around four themes: previous conceptions of the participants about the construct of independent life, satisfaction with life and possibilities of the context for the development of personal independence, role of family, friendship and partner in independent life, and opportunities of the work context for the achievement of personal independence. During the interview, another strategy was incorporated in which visual language gained more relevance. Specifically, a set of ten moodboards were used that allowed participants to delve into the different topics addressed. The results of the code validation process were calculated using Krippendorff's alpha statistics (.954) and Cohen's kappa (.953), which showed a high level of inter-judge agreement. As a result of this process, categories (N = 6) and subcategories (N = 17) were established. The results show how various needs, barriers and facilitators for the development of independent life are identified from the interviews of the interviewees. Among the main needs is the performance of a paid work activity or the establishment of solid affective relationships. With regard to the barriers that hinder personal independence, the most notorious are related to the difficulty of being financially independent or to the lack of accessibility in the work environment. Regarding the elements that facilitate the development of an independent life, the role of the couple stands out as a constant figure of support for independence and personal empowerment. These results suggest some guidelines for planning interventions on this construct. Among others, they should seek the acquisition of skills that strengthen the self-care capacity of this group; should promote increased opportunities for making meaningful choices in the workplace, personal and community; and they must adapt to the spaces in which people with intellectual disabilities operate in adulthood. On the other hand, it is assumed that one of the main limitations of this research is that the results are not generalizable. However, this study has some strengths. Among others, it contributes to enriching the bulk of research on independent living, this being an aspect barely addressed in the literature. It also complements the results of other research regarding the elements that can condition the development of skills for personal independence. This allows for the design of interventions that provide opportunities for independent living based on the felt needs of these people. In addition, it raises future lines of research related, for example, to the importance of the informed choice of the residential environment or to the study of the possibilities of the digital world as an incident phenomenon in the acquisition of skills for personal independence.

Significados psicológicos sobre sexualidad, deseo y placer sexual en la adultez mayor / Psychological meanings on sexuality, desire, and sexual pleasure in seniorhood

Resumen Los significados sobre la sexualidad en la adultez mayor se encuentran sobre la base de una compleja interrelación entre factores sociales, culturales y personales. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar los significados psicológicos que personas adultas mayores de la Ciudad de México le confieren a la sexualidad, al placer sexual y al deseo sexual, mediante el empleo de las redes semánticas naturales (modificadas). La muestra estuvo constituida por 204 personas: 162 mujeres y 40 hombres, entre los 60 y 100 años, asistentes a centros de educación continua para personas adultas mayores en la Ciudad de México. El estudio fue mixto, descriptivo, no experimental, con muestreo no probabilístico y por conveniencia. Los resultados muestran que los significados psicológicos que las personas adultas mayores estudiadas refieren sobre la sexualidad, el deseo y el placer sexual son predominantemente positivos, y abarcan sentimientos, comportamientos y sensaciones. Se identifican diferencias por género tal como se planteó en la hipótesis de investigación, pero también se encontraron similitudes dentro de dichos significados. En las adultas mayores predomina la interrelación entre significados afectivos y contacto físico, mientras que en los hombres predominan las sensaciones. En general la muestra describe la sexualidad, el deseo y el placer sexual de manera muy similar, lo cual lleva a comprender que las fronteras entre los términos son sensibles, de tal manera que los significados y referentes de las propias personas llegan a permearse.

Abstract The meanings of sexuality in seniorhood are found at the base of a complex interrelation between social, cultural and personal factors. The present research aimed to explore the psychological meanings that senior adults in Mexico City confer on sexuality, sexual pleasure and sexual desire; through the use of modified natural semantic networks. The sample consisted of 204 people: 162 senior women and 40 senior men, between 60 and 100 years old, attending a continuing education centers for senior adults in Mexico City. The study was mixed, descriptive, non-experimental, with non-probability and convenience sampling. The results show how the psychological meanings that the studied senior adults have related to sexuality, desire and sexual pleasure are predominantly positive, encompassing feelings, behaviors and sensations. Differences by gender are identified as proposed in the research hypothesis, but similarities within these meanings were also found. The senior women studied define sexuality from the interrelation between affective meanings and physical contact; the word "love" was the most referenced. In addition, they mentioned "pleasure", "desire", "caresses", "satisfaction", "kisses", "joy", "hugs", "health", "attraction", and "knowledge". Senior men, for their part, consider sexuality mainly as an attraction and include others such as: "satisfaction", "pleasure", "respect", "life", "fidelity", "complete", "unique", "woman", "touch", "important", "love", "knowledge", "passion", "desire", "need", and "affection". Women and men in the sample describe sexual desire and pleasure in a very similar way to their sexuality referents, which leads us to understand that the boundaries between the two terms are sensitive. Regarding sexual desire, senior women cite defining words such as: "caresses", "kisses", "love", "hugs", "pleasure", "desire", "necessary", "satisfaction", "natural", "attraction", "partner", "happiness", and "respect". In relation to sexual pleasure, they include the words: "enjoyment", "tenderness", "affection", "friendship", "joy", "it is the maximum", and "relaxing". For their part, senior men defined sexual desire as: "attraction", "love", "caresses", "satisfaction", "looks", "necessary", "natural", "woman", "kisses", "being alive", "respect", "passion", "libido", "important", "moving", "pleasure", "hug", "energy", "games", "excitement", "communication", "masturbation", "eroticism", and "taste". Sexual pleasure includes: "important", "fullness", "enjoyment", "respect", "pleasure", "joy", and "naturalness". The results show that the stage of sexuality in seniorhood is diverse and it is influenced by gender and social beliefs, which evidences the psychological complexity of this sphere of life.

Influencia del tiempo psicológico y el autocontrol en el malestar psicológico en adultos argentinos / Influence of psychological time and self-control on psychological distress in Argentinian adults

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si la temporalidad subjetiva -perspectiva y foco temporales- y la capacidad de autocontrol e impulsividad repercuten en el malestar psicológico, en particular durante la pandemia por COVID-19. La conjetura teórica es que el tiempo psicológico está estrechamente vinculado a la autorregulación, que influye en el desarrollo de la impulsividad y el autocontrol e impacta en el malestar psicológico. Se diseñó un modelo y se realizó un estudio empírico cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal (. = 279; 78 % mujeres; ME = 30.14 años; DE = 11.21). Los resultados del análisis de correlación mostraron relaciones significativas entre las variables de interés. Para determinar las variables predictoras del malestar psicológico se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. El 48 % de la varianza del malestar psicológico fue explicado por el pasado negativo, autocontrol e impulsividad, y focos temporales futuro y presente. Finalmente, se probó el modelo teórico diseñado para analizar los efectos directos e indirectos del malestar psicológico a través de un análisis de senderos que presentó un buen ajuste a los datos, ya que explicó el 50 % de la varianza de aquel. La perspectiva y el foco temporal explicaron el 53 % de la variabilidad del autocontrol, y presentaron efectos indirectos sobre el malestar psicológico a través del autocontrol. El autocontrol influyó de manera inversa en el malestar. Los hallazgos indican que el tiempo subjetivo y el autocontrol sirven para explicar estados psicológicos, incluso en pandemia, lo cual confirma estudios previos que muestran la importancia de las variables de personalidad -además de las biológicas y contextuales- en la aparición de malestar psicológico.

Abstract Psychological time is an essential aspect of humans. Two of the most important notions of subjective temporality are time perspective and temporal focus. Time perspective is a process by which the flow of personal and social experiences are framed in five different temporal categories: past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic and future. Temporal focus refers to the attention people devote to thinking about the past, present, and future. Previous research shows there is a strong relation between psychological time and self-regulatory processes, specifically self-control and impulsivity. Self-control is the ability to inhibit impulsive behaviors or reactions that can keep the person from pursuing the proposed goals. On the other hand, impulsivity refers to a short attention span and a tendency to engage in risky behaviors, and to prefer immediate rewards. Both subjective temporality and self-regulatory processes influence behaviors and psychological states such as psychological distress. In particular, the objective of this study was to find out if subjective temporality -time perspective and temporal focus-- and self-control and impulsivity have repercussions on psychological distress, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, in an Argentinian sample. The theoretical conjecture is that subjective temporality is closely linked to self-regulation, which influences the development of impulsivity and self-control, and impacts psychological distress. A quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional empirical study was carried out (. = 279; 78 % women; ME = 30.14 years old; SD = 11.21). Firstly, the results of the correlational analysis showed significant relations between the variables. Then, to facilitate further analyses, an index variable of self-control was created, which included the scores of self-control and three dimensions of impulsivity. An optimal parallel analysis was performed. It indicated the existence of a single dimension. Then a semi-confirmatory factor analysis was ran, which showed acceptable results (KMO = .68; X. (6) = 198.8, . < .001; GFI = .99; RMSR = 0.03). Thirdly, to determine the predictive variables of psychological distress, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. It was found that 48 % of the variance of psychological distress was explained by negative past, self-control index, and future and present temporal focuses (. (4, 266) = 64.66, . < .001, R. = .49, R. adjusted = .48). The best predictor variable was past negative. Afterwards, a theoretical model was tested to explain the direct and indirect causes of psychological distress. It presented a good fit (X./gl = 1.63; GFI = .99; RMSEA = .04). Time perspective and temporal focus explained 53 % of the variability of self-control and presented indirect effects on psychological distress through self-control. Self-control inversely influenced psychological distress; more self-control generates less psychological distress. The model explained half of the variance of psychological distress (R. = .50). The findings indicate that subjective temporality and self-control explain psychological states, even during a pandemic, which confirms previous studies that show the importance of personality variables -in addition to biological and contextual variables- in the manifestation of psychological distress. The results support the theory that psychological time can be considered as a personality trait underlying self-control and psychological distress. A theoretical and practical discussion of the results is presented.

Associations between stressful life events in childhood/adolescence and adulthood: results from the 7th Tromsø survey.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to highly stressful life events (SLEs), such as accidents, violence, or serious illness, is common. With the accumulation of SLEs, the risk of detrimental somatic and mental health outcomes increases. To understand patterns of SLE exposure, research into the associations between SLEs is needed. METHOD: The sample comprised 21,069 participants of the population-based Tromsø7 (2015/2016) study (52.7% female, mean age = 57.3 years, SD = 11.4 years). Participants were asked whether they had experienced eleven SLEs in childhood/adolescence and adulthood. Correlations, network analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used to examine the associations between SLEs. RESULTS: Medium-sized to large correlations between SLEs in childhood/adolescence and SLEs in adulthood were found. Two clusters of SLEs emerged in the network analysis in childhood/adolescence and in adulthood, respectively, interpreted as interpersonal (e.g. violence and sexual abuse) and impersonal SLEs (e.g. a life-threatening illness or serious accident). SLEs in childhood/adolescence predicted the number of SLEs in adulthood as well as exposure to the specific SLE categories in adulthood. Childhood neglect was an important predictor of SLE exposure in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Public health policies should focus on the prevention of SLEs and the early intervention after SLE exposure, especially childhood neglect.

Highly stressful life events (SLEs) are systematically interconnected.SLEs in childhood and adolescence are associated with exposure to SLEs in adulthood.Childhood physical and emotional neglect is strongly related to other SLEs in childhood/adolescence and adulthood.

Variables Escolares y Consumo de Drogas en la Adolescencia y Adultez: un Estudio Retrospectivo / [School variables and drug use in adolescence and adulthood: A retrospective study]

El consumo de drogas y juegos de azar constituyen un problema relevante en la sociedad actual. Diversos estudios han encontrado que las variables escolares guardan relación con estas conductas, pero todavía se sabe poco sobre si dicha relación se mantiene en la adultez. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación ha sido comprobar si las variables escolares se relacionaban con el consumo y el juego, tanto en la adolescencia como en la adultez, a través de un estudio retrospectivo. Se utilizó una muestra de 416 españoles con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 50 años. Los resultados indican que presentar un buen rendimiento académico y contar con un clima escolar positivo actúan como factores protectores del consumo de drogas, mientras que un elevado absentismo escolar y conductas problemáticas son factores de riesgo. Además, esta relación continúa en la adultez. Los resultados pueden utilizarse para realizar una mejor prevención e intervención contra el consumo.(AU)

Drug use and gambling are major problems in today’s society. Many studies have found that school variables are related to drug use and gambling, but the persistence of such relationships in adulthood is still little-known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to discover if these school variables are related to substance use and gambling in both adolescence and adulthood through a retrospective study. A sample of 416 people resident in Spain between 18 and 50 years old was used. Results showed that having a good academic performance and a positive school environment act as protective factors for substance use. A high rate of truancy and disruptive classroom behaviors are risk factors for drug use and gambling. This relationship not only appears in adolescence, it also continues into adulthood. Results can be used for better prevention and intervention against drug use and gambling.(AU)

Abuso sexual infantil y su retorno en la adultez: reflexiones desde un caso clínico / Abús sexual infantil i el retorn a l’adultesa: reflexions des d’un cas clínic / Childhood sexual abuse and its return in adulthood: reflections from a clinical case

La clínica con adultosabusados sexualmente en la infancia es una línea de investigación muy abordada en estudios sobre el abusosexual infantil. El presente trabajo es un estudio descriptivo de caso único con el objetivo de analizar el materialclínico de una paciente de veinticinco años que sufrió abuso intrafamiliar en la infancia. Este material se extraede entrevistas de un proceso psicoterapéutico. En primer lugar, se realiza la descripción del caso clínico y lue-go se articula con análisis teórico psicoanalítico. Se profundiza en: desubjetivación, traumatismo, mecanismosdefensivos y desamparo, acomodación, síntomas, elaboración terapéutica y contexto patriarcal. Por último, sereflexiona sobre el ideal de familia como dadora incondicional de cuidado y se plantea al abuso sexual infantilcomo síntoma social, siendo una compleja problemática que requiere de abordajes interdisciplinarios.(AU)

The clinic with sexually abu-sed adults in childhood is a line of research that has been widely addressed in studies on child sexual abuse. Thepresent work is a descriptive single case study with the aim of analyzing the clinical material of a twenty-five yearold patient who suffered intrafamilial abuse in childhood. This material is extracted from interviews of a psychothe-rapeutic process. First, a description of the clinical case is made and then it is articulated with psychoanalytictheoretical analysis. It is deepened in: desubjectivation, traumatism, defensive mechanisms and helplessness, ac-commodation, symptoms, therapeutic elaboration and patriarchal context. Finally, we reflect on the ideal of thefamily as an unconditional giver of care and consider child sexual abuse as a social symptom, a complex problemthat requires interdisciplinary approaches.(AU)

La clínica amb adults abusats sexual-ment a la infància és una línia de recerca molt abordada en estudis sobre l'abús sexual infantil. Aquest treball ésun estudi descriptiu de cas únic amb l'objectiu d'analitzar el material clínic d'una pacient de vint-i-cinc anys queva patir abús intrafamiliar a la infància. Aquest material s’extreu d’entrevistes d’un procés psicoterapèutic. Enprimer lloc, es fa la descripció del cas clínic i després s’articula amb anàlisi teòrica psicoanalítica. S'aprofundeixen: desubjectivació, traumatisme, mecanismes defensius i desemparament, acomodació, símptomes, elaboracióterapèutica i context patriarcal. Finalment, es reflexiona sobre l’ideal de família com a donadora incondicionalde cura i es planteja l’abús sexual infantil com a símptoma social, cosa que és una problemàtica complexa querequereix abordatges interdisciplinaris.(AU)

Influencia de las relaciones familiares en la presencia de sintomatología clínica durante la adultez emergente / Influence of family relationships on the presence of clinical symptoms during emerging adulthood

La relación entre familia y salud mental ha sido uno de los focos de estudio clave en las investigaciones sobre adultez emergente de la última década. En el presente estudio se analizó la relación entre variables de funcionamiento familiar y la presencia de síntomas clínicos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés durante la adultez emergente en España. Este estudio contó con un diseño transversal y una muestra de 1502 estudiantes de 18-29 años (M= 20,32; DT= 2,13) de dos universidades españolas, que fueron evaluados a través de cuestionarios en papel. Los resultados indican que altos niveles de implicación, cariño y apoyo parental se relacionan con una menor sintomatología clínica, mientras que el control psicológico se relaciona con una mayor sintomatología. Estos hallazgos demuestran la relación que existe entre el funcionamiento familiar y la presencia de síntomas clínicos, así como el papel protector -o de riesgo- que siguen teniendo las relaciones familiares durante esta etapa. (AU)

Rehabilitation programs of executive functions in young and middle adulthood based on computational systems: a scoping review

Introduction: The use of computational systems has ventured into different healthcare areas, such as rehabilitation and stimulation of cognitive processes. To this date, it is possible to identify some reviews collecting studies on the efficacy and effects of those programs in groups such as older adults, children, and teenagers; there is a lack of academic literature giving an account of young and middle-aged adults. Objective: To identify empirical studies that measured the feasibility and effect of computer-based stimulation and rehabilitation programs for cognitive functions in young and middle-aged adults. Materials and methods: The PRISMA ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) extension was used as a base for a scoping review, as suggested by Cochrane Collaboration. Five databases -Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, PubMed, and Taylor & Francis- were used to trace information. The data registry and synthesis of the results was carried out independently by two reviewers. Results: 896 registries were found between 2015 and 2022, of which 91 met the eligibility principles, which evaluated the effects of programs based on computational systems on executive functions on young and middle-aged adults. Conclusion: Most of the interventions based on computational systems showed to be feasible and had moderate to significant effects on executive functions in young and middle-aged adults.

Introducción: El uso de los sistemas computacionales ha incursionado de forma notable en diferentes áreas de la salud, como la rehabilitación y estimulación de los procesos cognitivos. Si bien a la fecha se pueden identificar algunas revisiones que recopilan estudios sobre la eficacia y efectos de estos programas en grupos como adultos mayores, niños y adolescentes, existe poca literatura orientada a la adultez joven y la adultez media. Objetivo: Identificar estudios empíricos que midieron la viabilidad y el efecto de los programas de estimulación y rehabilitación de las funciones ejecutivas basados en computadora en la población adulta joven y media. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó revisión de alcance basado en la extensión PRISMA ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extensión for Scoping Reviews) sugerido por Cochrane Collaboration. Para el rastreo de información se seleccionaron cinco bases de datos: Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, PubMed y Taylor & Francis. El proceso de registro de datos y la síntesis de los resultados fue realizada por dos revisores de forma independiente. Resultados: Se encontraron 896 registros desde el 2015 al 2022, de los cuales 91 cumplieron los principios de elegibilidad, en los que se evaluaron los efectos de programas basados en sistemas computacionales sobre las funciones ejecutivas en adultos jóvenes y adultos medios. Conclusión: La mayoría de las intervenciones basadas en sistemas computacionales mostraron ser viables y tener efectos favorables de moderados a significativos sobre las funciones ejecutivas de adultos jóvenes y medios.

Percepción de riesgo asociada al consumo de alcohol, tabaco y marihuana en estudiantes universitarios: diferencias en función del consumo y del sexo / Perceived risk associated with the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana: differences according to use and gender

Resumen El consumo de alcohol, tabaco y marihuana presenta una alta prevalencia entre adultos emergentes universitarios. Una variable que incide en el consumo de estas tres sustancias psicoactivas es la percepción de riesgo asociada a dicha conducta. Este estudio examinó -en adultos emergentes universitarios argentinos- la relación bi o multivariada, entre el riesgo percibido de consumir alcohol, tabaco y marihuana, y el consumo propiamente dicho de estas sustancias. Se analizaron también variaciones en la percepción de riesgo en función del sexo y del tipo de consumo (con y sin consumo episódico excesivo de alcohol [CEEA], con y sin consumo de tabaco o marihuana). La muestra final, no probabilística y de carácter accidental, estuvo compuesta por 279 estudiantes universitarios (75.6% mujeres; M edad = 23.02; DE = 3.36) que completaron un cuestionario online. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción de riesgo (global y para indicadores individuales) en función del sexo y del tipo de consumo. A su vez, el sexo (i.e., ser hombre) y la mayor frecuencia de CEEA, de consumo de tabaco y marihuana se asociaron a la percepción de un menor riesgo atribuido al consumo de cada sustancia. Los hallazgos sugieren que las conductas de consumo frecuente e intensivo podrían ser el foco de intervenciones para corregir posibles sesgos en la interpretación o valoración del riesgo percibido.

Abstract Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana consumption is highly prevalent among emerging adult college students. One of the variables influencing the consumption of these three psychoactive substances is the perception of risk associated with such behavior. This work examined bivariate and multivariate relationships between risk perception of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use, and the use of those substances, in Argentinian emerging adults that attend college. Additionally, we analyzed differences in risk perception in regards of gender. A sample of 279 college students (75.6% women; M age = 23.02; SD = 3.36) completed an online survey. We used a non-probabilistic and accidental sampling. We found significant differences in risk perception as a function of gender and type of consumption (i.e., with/without heavy episodic drinking [HED], with or without tobacco/marijuana use). Being men and exhibiting a higher frequency of HED, tobacco or marijuana consumption were significantly associated to the perception of a lower risk attributed to each substance. These findings suggests that frequent and intensive substance use behaviors could be the focus for interventions to correct risk perceptions.

Propósito vital y su relación con las actividades extracurriculares y laborales en estudiantes universitarios

Resumen: El inicio de los estudios universitarios constituye un momento de transición y crisis. Poseer un propósito vital (PV) puede contribuir a la adaptación de los estudiantes. Las actividades extracurriculares y laborales son contextos con potencial para el desarrollo del PV. Este trabajo se propone indagar la relación entre la participación en actividades extracurriculares y laborales con el sentido de PV de estudiantes que inician sus estudios universitarios. Como objetivo secundario se realizó la validación de la Escala de Propósito Vital para Estudiantes Universitarios (EPVE). Por lo tanto, esta investigación se dividió en dos fases. En total participaron 232 estudiantes de ambos sexos (mujeres, 60.3%). En la primera fase se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la EPVE. Los resultados indican que posee una adecuada validez de contenido y factorial, y una buena consistencia interna. En la segunda fase, se seleccionaron de la muestra total a los estudiantes que iniciaban sus estudios universitarios y se encontraban en la adultez emergente (n = 160). Se comparó el sentido de PV en función de la participación en las actividades, y se analizó la relación entre el PV y el grado de vinculación percibida entre las actividades y la carrera. Los resultados indicaron que la participación en actividades laborales se asocia a una menor identificación de PV. Sin embargo, cuando se perciben vinculadas a la carrera universitaria, se asocia a una mayor identificación de PV.

Abstract: The beginning of university studies constitutes a moment of transition and crisis. Having a purpose in life (PL) can contribute to students' adaptation. Extracurricular and work activities are contexts with potential for the development of PL. This work aims to investigate the relationship between participation in extracurricular and work activities with the sense of PL in students who begin their university studies. As a secondary objective, the validation of the Purpose in Life Scale for University Students (PLSS) was carried out. Therefore, this research was divided in two stages. A total of 232 students of both sexes participated (women, 60.3%). In the first stage, the psychometric properties of the PLSS were analyzed. The results indicate that it has adequate content and factor validity, and good internal consistency. In the second stage, students who were beginning their university studies and were emerging adults (n = 160) were selected from the total sample. The sense of PL was compared based on the participation in activities, and the relationship between PL and the degree of perceived link between activities and career was analyzed. The results indicated that the participation in work activities was associated with a lower identification of PL. However, when it was perceived as linked to a university career, it was associated with a greater identification of PL.

Resumo: O início dos estudos universitários constitui um momento de transição e crise. Possuir um propósito vital (PV) pode contribuir para a adaptação dos alunos. As atividades extracurriculares e laborais são contextos com potencial para o desenvolvimento da PV. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre a participação em atividades extracurriculares e laborais com o sentido de PV de estudantes que iniciam seus estudos universitários. Como objetivo secundário, foi realizada a validação da Escala de Propósito Vital para Estudantes Universitários (EPVE). Portanto, esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. No total, participaram 232 alunos de ambos os sexos (mulheres, 60,3%). Na primeira fase, foram analisadas as propriedades psicométricas do EPVE. Os resultados indicam que possui validade de conteúdo e fatorial adequada e boa consistência interna. Na segunda fase, foram selecionados do total da amostra alunos que estavam iniciando seus estudos universitários e em fase adulta emergente (n = 160). Comparou-se o sentido de PV em função da participação nas atividades, e analisou-se a relação entre PV e o grau de vínculo percebido entre atividades e carreira. Os resultados indicam que a participação em atividades laborais está associada a uma menor identificação de PV. No entanto, quando percebidos como vinculados a uma carreira universitária, associa-se a uma maior identificação de PV.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional Estado en una muestra argentina / Confirmatory Factor Analysis of State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in an Argentine Sample

Resumen La desregulación emocional es un constructo multidimensional determinado por formas poco adaptativas de responder frente a las emociones. Las personas adultas emergentes (i.e., entre 18 y 25/30 años de edad), particularmente universitarias, son vulnerables a involucrarse en comportamientos riesgosos en contextos emocionales. La Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional Estado (S-DERS) resulta adecuada para medir dimensiones de desregulación emocional momentánea en esta población; sin embargo, no se conocen estudios confirmatorios de su estructura factorial ni estudios de adaptación al idioma español. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la S-DERS. Se evaluaron 178 adultos emergentes universitarios argentinos (18-28 años; 53.9% mujeres; Medad= 22.03; DE ±2.06). Se analizó la estructura y la consistencia interna del modelo original (S-DERS; cuatro factores: aceptación, conciencia, claridad y modulación) y un modelo alternativo (S-DERS-R; 3 factores) sin el factor claridad. Ambos modelos presentaron un ajuste satisfactorio de su estructura factorial y valores aceptables de consistencia interna, a excepción de la subescala claridad. Mayormente, para las subescalas aceptación y modulación y puntajes totales de ambos modelos, se obtuvieron evidencias de validez convergente con dos escalas de desregulación emocional rasgo concurrente con una escala de afecto positivo y negativo y predictiva con una medida de activación emocional. Los resultados muestran propiedades psicométricas adecuadas. S-DERS-R, que prescinde del factor claridad, mejora el ajuste y mantiene valores de consistencia interna aceptables respecto a S-DERS. Se espera que este instrumento sea útil en estudios transversales y longitudinales de la desregulación emocional estado en universitarios.

Abstract: Emotion dysregulation is a multidimensional construct determined by maladaptive ways of responding to emotions. Emerging adults (i.e., aged from 18 to 25/30), particularly college students, are vulnerable to involvement in risky behaviors under emotions. The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) became suitable to measure facets of momentary emotion dysregulation in this population; however, there are no confirmatory studies or studies of adaptation to the Spanish language. The aim of this study was to examine psychometric properties of S-DERS. A sample of 178 Argentine emerging college-age adults was evaluated (18-28 years old; 53.9% women; Mage= 22.03; DE ± 2.06). Internal structure and consistency of the original model (i.e., S-DERS; four factors: Nonacceptance, Awareness, Clarity, Modulation) and an alternative model without Clarity (i.e., S-DERS-R; three factors) was analyzed. Both models presented a factor structure with satisfactory fit and acceptable values of internal consistency, with the exception of the Clarity subscale. Mainly to Nonacceptance and Modulation subscales, we observed evidence of convergent validity with two-trait emotion dysregulation scales, concurrent validity with a positive and negative affect scale, and predictive validity with an emotion arousal measure. Results show suitable sychometric properties. The S-DERS-R model (i.e., without Clarity factor) improves the model fit and maintains acceptable internal consistency values with respect to the S-DERS model. This instrument is expected to be useful in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of state emotion dysregulation in college students.

Estrategias de afrontamiento en adultos de la zona centro-sur de Chile durante la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19 / Coping Strategies in Adults in the Central-South Zone of Chile, During the Health Contingency due to COVID-19

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar las estrategias de afrontamiento personales y familiares en el desarrollo de la experiencia de confinamiento, por causa de la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19, en población adulta de la zona centro-sur de Chile. El estudio fue de tipo cuantitativo, con un diseño de tipo transversal, asociativo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 251 personas, 139 (55.4%) mujeres y 112 (44.6%) hombres, con un rango etario de 18 a 40 años. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron el Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (CSI) y la Escala de Evaluación Personal del Funcionamiento Familiar en Situaciones de Crisis (F-COPE). El análisis de los datos se realizó al emplear SPSS 22 y considerar un intervalo de confianza del 95% para el desarrollo de estadística descriptiva, pruebas de diferencias de medias t de Student, pruebas de correlación r de Pearson y ANOVA de una vía. Los resultados muestran que el afrontamiento individual se relaciona positivamente con el familiar, encontrando diferencias significativas según género y edad. Se discuten los hallazgos de acuerdo a los antecedentes teóricos y empíricos revisados.

Abstract: The aim of the research was to determine the personal and family coping strategies as the confinement experience developed, due to the COVID-19 health contingency, in an adult population of the south-central zone of Chile. The study was quantitative, with a cross-sectional, associative design. The sample consisted of 251 young adults, 139 (55.4%) women, and 112 (44.6%) men, with an age range of 18 to 40 years. The instruments applied were the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) and the Personal Evaluation Scale of Family Functioning in Crisis Situations (F-COPE). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's r correlation tests, Student's t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results show that an individual's coping is positively related to his/her family one, with significant differences according to gender and age. The findings are discussed according to the reviewed theoretical and empirical background.

Reciprocal associations between affectual, associational, and normative solidarity with parents during children's early to established adulthood.

Intergenerational solidarity has become increasingly important to understand, as close family members mobilize the provision of social support across generations and contribute to family wellbeing. However, less is known about continuity and change in normative (eldercare norms), affectual, and associational solidarity with mothers and fathers as children emerge into full or established adulthood. Therefore, we focused on reciprocal associations between three dimensions of intergenerational solidarity (normative, affectual, and associational) as reported by young-adult children from their early twenties to late thirties. Data were derived from respondents in the Longitudinal Study of Generations: daughters reported about relationships with 291 mother-father pairs and sons reported about relationships with 309 mother-father pairs in 2000, 2005, and 2016. Autoregressive cross-lagged models prospectively predicted mutual influences among the three dimensions of solidarity across daughter-parent and son-parent relationships. In addition, multiple group analysis was conducted to examine the children's gender difference. We found that normative solidarity and emotional closeness with mothers were mutually reinforcing in daughters' and sons' parental relationships. However, normative solidarity predicted emotional closeness with fathers in both daughter-parent and son-parent relationships. The study concludes that sons and daughters establish eldercare norms based on emotional components of solidarity with mothers, and suggest that filial duty is a key reason why mother-child relations become close over the family life course.

La solidaridad intergeneracional se ha vuelto cada vez más importante de comprender, ya que los familiares cercanos movilizan el apoyo social entre las generaciones y contribuyen al bienestar familiar. Sin embargo, se sabe poco acerca de la continuidad y el cambio en la solidaridad normativa (las normas de cuidado de los adultos mayores), afectiva y asociativa con las madres y los padres a medida que los hijos entran en la adultez completa o definitiva. Por lo tanto, nos centramos en las asociaciones recíprocas entre las tres dimensiones de solidaridad intergeneracional (normativa, afectiva y asociativa) según lo informado por los hijos jóvenes-adultos desde sus veinte hasta sus cuarenta años. Los datos se tomaron de personas encuestadas en el Estudio Longitudinal de Generaciones: las hijas informaron acerca de las relaciones con 291 pares de madres y padres y los hijos informaron acerca de las relaciones con 309 pares de madres y padres en los años 2000, 2005 y 2016. Los modelos autorregresivos de retardo cruzado predijeron prospectivamente influencias mutuas entre las tres dimensiones de solidaridad en las relaciones entre la hija y el padre/la madre y las relaciones entre el hijo y el padre/la madre. Además, se realizaron análisis multigrupo para analizar la diferencia de género de los hijos. Descubrimos que la solidaridad normativa y la cercanía emocional con las madres se reforzaron mutuamente en las relaciones parentales de las hijas y los hijos. Sin embargo, la solidaridad normativa predijo la cercanía emocional con los padres tanto en las relaciones entre la hija y el padre/la madre como en las relaciones entre el hijo y el padre/la madre. En el estudio se llega a la conclusión de que los hijos y las hijas establecen normas de cuidado de los adultos mayores basándose en los componentes emocionales de la solidaridad con las madres, y se sugiere que el deber filial es un motivo clave por el cual las relaciones entre madre e hijos se vuelven cercanas durante el transcurso de la vida familiar.

Sentido de vida en personas adultas mayores semi-institucionalizadas

RESUMEN Introducción: El envejecimiento poblacional impone la necesidad de prever servicios de salud de calidad y especializados, así como un soporte psicológico y social adecuado para la promoción del bienestar de las personas mayores. Objetivo: Caracterizar el sentido de vida en personas mayores semi-institucionalizadas de la ciudad de Santa Clara, Cuba. Métodos: Se asumió un enfoque cualitativo con un diseño fenomenológico. Se emplearon como técnicas la entrevista en profundidad, el Registro de la Actividad Método Directo e Indirecto y el Cuestionario PIL. Los datos fueron procesados mediante el análisis de contenido y la triangulación de datos. Resultados: Como principales resultados se señala que, en las personas mayores participantes, se apreciaron limitaciones en las dimensiones experiencias de sentido, metas y tareas y dialéctica destino-libertad. Discusión: El sentido de vida en las personas mayores participantes se configuró en torno a la salud, los contactos sociales y familiares, las metas propias, la necesidad de trascendencia, la libertad, la felicidad y la participación. La ausencia de sentido se asoció a la carencia de un objetivo específico, a la incapacidad de legar sus conocimientos y experiencias de vida; así como a llevar una vida rutinaria.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Population aging imposes the need to provide quality and specialized health services, as well as adequate psychological and social support to promote the well-being of the elderly. Objective: To characterize the meaning of life in semi-institutionalized elderly people in the city of Santa Clara, Cuba. Methods: A qualitative approach with a phenomenological design was assumed. The in-depth interview, the Direct and Indirect Method Activity Record and the PIL Questionnaire were used as techniques. The data were processed through content analysis and data triangulation. Results: As main results, it is pointed out that, in the elderly participants, limitations were seen in the dimensions experiences of meaning, goals and tasks and the destination-freedom dialectic. Discussion: The sense of life in the participating elderly people was configured around health, social and family contacts, their own goals, the need for transcendence, freedom, happiness and participation. The absence of meaning was associated with the lack of a specific objective, the inability to pass on their knowledgement and life experiences; as well as leading a routine life.

What do you really want? Change in goals and life satisfaction during Emerging Adulthood in Brazil / ¿Tienes ganas de qué? Cambios en las metas y en la satisfacción de vida en adultos emergentes en Brasil

Abstract Aim and Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of goals may affect the satisfaction in life of Brazilian emerging adults in different developmental stages and, what characteristics they associate with adulthood. Method: Participants were 970 Brazilian youth aged from 18 to 30 years old (M = 22.8; SD = 3.4). The instruments we used were a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Aspiration Index and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis to elicit the characteristics related with becoming an adult, as well as ANOVAs to test if there was a difference between the endorsement of intrinsic or extrinsic goals based on sociodemographic characteristics; and if there was a difference, did it affect their satisfaction with life. Results: Results showed that the most important characteristic to be considered an adult was to be financially independent and to be responsible for oneself, while the least important were to be married and to have children. There was a significant difference in the importance participants gave to intrinsic goals based on sex and age. Consistently with previous research, we found that giving greater importance to intrinsic goals had a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction. However, different sets of goals were deemed important according to the developmental stage youth were in, and these changes had in turn a significant effect on life satisfaction. Conclusions: Finally, we found that prioritizing intrinsic goals contributes to greater life satisfaction in general. This study acknowledges that there are individual and contextual factors that may propel youth to choose their goals in order to attend these demands, regardless of their impact on life satisfaction.

Resumen Objetivo e introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue investigar como diferentes tipos de metas pueden afectar la satisfacción con la vida de adultos emergentes brasileños en diferentes etapas de su desarrollo, y definir qué características ellos asocian con la edad adulta. Método: Participaron 970 jóvenes brasileños con edades entre 18 y 30 años (M = 22.8; DE = 3.4). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Índice de Aspiraciones y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Ejecutamos un análisis descriptivo para elucidar cuáles fueron las características asociadas con volverse adultos. Luego, ANOVAs para verificar si había diferencia en su endoso de metas intrínsecas o extrínsecas basada en sus características sociodemográficas; y en caso de que la hubiese, si esta afectaba su nivel de satisfacción con la vida. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la característica más importante para ser considerado un adulto es ser financieramente independiente y ser responsable de sí mismo, mientras que las menos importantes fueron estar casados y tener hijos. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la importancia que los participantes dieron a las metas intrínsecas, con base en el sexo y la edad. Consistentemente con investigaciones previas, encontramos que dar mayor importancia a metas intrínsecas está positiva y significativamente relacionado con la satisfacción con la vida. Sin embargo, diferentes grupos de metas fueron encontradas como más importantes en diferentes etapas del desarrollo de los jóvenes, y esos cambios, a su vez, tuvieron un efecto significativo en la satisfacción con la vida. Conclusiones: Finalmente, aunque dar importancia a las metas intrínsecas está asociada con una mayor satisfacción con la vida en general. Este estudio contribuyó a reconocer que existen factores individuales y contextuales que impulsan a los jóvenes hacia la elección de dichas metas para atender estas demandas, independientemente de su impacto en la satisfacción con la vida.

Becoming what you are seeking: Building Relational Self-Awareness in emerging adults.

Emerging adults are attempting to navigate a rapidly shifting and immensely complicated landscape of modern love, often without meaningful sex and relationship education. Although individually oriented relationship education programs for emerging adults make a difference in the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of the recipients (Simpson et al., Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2018, 47, 477) and most emerging adults report they yearn for relationship education (Weissbourd et al., The talk: How adults can promote young people's healthy relationships and prevent misogyny and sexual harassment, 2017), these programs are not widely available. Educators who are working with emerging adults in a classroom or psychoeducational setting are well-positioned to help emerging adults identify and enact healthy and purposeful relational and sexual choices. The first part of the paper orients readers to the "topography" of the modern love landscape by describing four macro cultural themes that impact the intimate lives of emerging adults. The second part of the paper introduces relationship educators to Relational Self-Awareness (Solomon, Loving Bravely: 20 lessons of self-discovery to help you get the love you want, New Harbinger, 2017), an integrative approach to helping emerging adults understand the self-in-relationship. Each of the five pillars of Relational Self-Awareness is defined and operationalized, and specific recommendations are provided for how educators can integrate these pillars into their existing curricula. Clinical implications and future directions are offered.

Los adultos emergentes están intentando orientarse ante un panorama de amor moderno rápidamente cambiante e inmensamente complicado, generalmente sin sexo significativo ni educación sobre las relaciones. Aunque los programas de educación sobre las relaciones para adultos emergentes con orientación individual marcan una diferencia en el conocimiento, las actitudes y las creencias de los destinatarios (Simpson et al., 2018), y la mayoría de los adultos emergentes informan que desean recibir educación sobre las relaciones (Weissbourd et al., 2017), estos programas no son ampliamente accesibles. Los educadores que trabajan con adultos emergentes en un aula o en un entorno psicoeducativo están bien posicionados para ayudarlos a identificar y a adoptar elecciones sexuales y relacionales saludables y significativas. La primera parte del artículo guía a los lectores por la "topografía" del panorama del amor moderno mediante la descripción de cuatro temas macroculturales que repercuten en las vidas íntimas de los adultos emergentes. En la segunda parte del artículo se presenta la autoconciencia relacional (Solomon, 2017) a los educadores sobre relaciones, un enfoque integrador para ayudar a los adultos emergentes a comprender el yo en las relaciones. Se definen y se operacionalizan cada uno de los cinco pilares de la autoconciencia relacional, y se dan recomendaciones específicas sobre cómo los educadores pueden integrar estos pilares en sus planes de estudio existentes. Se comentan las consecuencias clínicas y las futuras direcciones del estudio.

Adultez e o fenômeno nem-nem: gênero, educação e mercado de trabalho / Adulthood and the neet phenomenon: gender, education and labor market / Adultez y el fenómeno nini: género, educación y mercado de trabajo

O presente estudo objetivou investigar os fatores relacionados à condição "nem-nem" entre jovens à luz do conceito de adultez emergente e das transformações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho. A amostra foi composta de 224 jovens que não estudam e nem trabalham. Os instrumentos foram um questionário sociodemográfico e duas questões abertas sobre os motivos dos jovens estarem sem estudar e trabalhar, e sobre suas perspectivas de futuro. As respostas provenientes das questões abertas foram submetidas a estatísticas textuais. Os resultados revelaram que jovens na condição nem-nem vivenciam aspectos típicos da adultez emergente, e que essas vivências são atravessadas por aspectos como gênero, escolaridade, experiência de trabalho, pela precariedade do mercado de trabalho e a forma como a mesma afeta a juventude em particular.

The present study aimed to investigate the factors related to the neither-nor condition among young people in the light of the concept of emerging adulthood and the transformations that occurred in the world of work. The sample consisted of 224 young people who neither study nor work. The instruments were a sociodemographic questionnaire and two open questions about why young people are not studying and working, and about their future prospects. Answers from open questions were submitted to textual statistics. The results revealed that young people in the neither-nor condition experience typical aspects of emerging adulthood, and that these experiences are crossed by aspects such as gender, education, previous work experience, the precariousness of the labor market and the way it is affects youth in particular.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los factores relacionados con la condición de ni-ni entre los jóvenes a la luz del concepto de adultez emergente y las transformaciones ocurridas en el mundo laboral. La muestra estuvo formada por 224 jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan. Los instrumentos fueron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y dos preguntas abiertas sobre por qué los jóvenes no estudian ni trabajan, y sobre sus perspectivas de futuro. Las respuestas de las preguntas abiertas se enviaron a las estadísticas textuales. Los resultados revelaron que los jóvenes en la condición ni-ni experimentan aspectos típicos de la adultez emergente, y que estas experiencias son atravesadas por aspectos como el género , la educación, la experiencia laboral previa, la precariedad del mercado laboral y la forma en que se encuentra afecta a los jóvenes en particular.