Medicinal plants and their popular use in Boa Esperança Settlement, Piracanjuba, Goiás, Brazil / Plantas medicinales y su uso popular en el asentamiento de Boa Esperança, Piracanjuba, Goiás, Brasil

Abstract: The present study showed medicinal plants and their popular use in the rural settlement Boa Esp erança, in Piracanjuba, GO, Brazil. Data were collected from November 2017 to February 2018. A total of 176 species (mostly native) were sampled with the predominance of use to treat respiratory, gastrointestinal problems, kidney stones and various types o f infections. The species with the highest number of informations were Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk.; Morus sp.; Pterodon emarginatus Vogel; Qualea grandiflora Mart. and Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank) Pilg. With the exception of C. regium , the oth ers species had the maximum use agreement value. The study showed a high richness of species used by settlers. The dissemination of this knowledge of medicinal plants, with an emphasis on native plants, can assist in strengthening the cultural knowledge of the local community, encouraging the environmental conservation of various medicinal species used in the region.

Resumen: El presente estudio mostró pla ntas medicinales y su uso popular en el asentamiento rural Boa Esperança, en Piracanjuba, GO, Brasil. Los datos se recolectaron desde noviembre de 2017 hasta febrero de 2018. Se muestrearon un total de 176 especies (en su mayoría nativas) con predominio de uso para tratar problemas respiratorios, gastrointestinales, cálculos renales y diversos tipos de infecciones. Las especies con mayor número de información fueron Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk.; Morus sp.; Pterodon emarginatus Vogel; Qualea grandiflora Mar t. y Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank) Pilg. Con la excepción de C. regium , las otras especies tuvieron el valor de acuerdo de uso máximo. El estudio mostró una gran riqueza de especies utilizadas por los colonos. La difusión de este conocimiento de las plantas medicinales, con énfasis en las plantas nativas, puede ayudar a fortalecer el conocimiento cultural de la comunidad local, fomentando la conservación ambiental de diversas especies medicinales utilizadas en la región.

Taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in the agrarian reform rural settlements, Brazil / Complexo teníase-cisticercose em assentamentos da reforma agrária, Brasil

Thousands of families live in agrarian reform rural settlements, these existing in Brazil since the 1980s. Factors such as agglomerations of families living in the same environment and the production of domestic animals can promote the transmission and maintenance of zoonosis in these areas. The epidemiology and geographic distribution of zoonotic diseases in settlement communities need to be highlighted. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of the teniasis-cysticercosis complex in the agrarian reform rural settlements in the state of Minas Gerais. A total of 497 family farming properties, distributed in 52 settlements, were randomly selected and sampled. Biological samples of humans, cattle and pigs were collected and processed. Survey questionnaires were applied in each family farming property to collect data on animal production as well as sanitary, hygienic and social conditions of each family. Human fecal samples were analyzed for detection of teniasis infection, while animal blood samples were collected and subjected to serological testing to detect the cysticercosis infection. A total of three (0.35%) positive cases of human teniasis were identified, 64 (4.2%) of bovine cysticercosis and 17 (3.3%) of swine cysticercosis. Prevalence per family farming unit was 0.6% (3/497) of taeniasis through fecal test, 5.8% (17/294) for swine cysticercosis and 11.1% (52/469) for bovine cysticercosis. The spatial profile for human teniasis and swine cysticercosis were clustered in two different regions, while bovine cysticercosis showed a dispersed geographical distribution. Two risk factors were associated with the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis: stream as source of water (p=0.009) and the environment as destination of sewage (p=0.031), while burning of garbage was shown to be a significant protective factor (p<0.001). Risk factor for swine cysticercosis was associated with the presence of free range pigs (p=0.008) and the environment as the destination of sewage (p≤0.024). The low number of positive human taeniasis did not allow statistical analysis. These zoonotic diseases represent a significant risk to public health because of their occurrence in livestock which are produced for both beef consumption and for commercialization. Significant endemic areas in the state of Minas Gerais have been determined in this study, and these discoverments suggest the importance of further investment in public health education about teniasis-cysticercosis transmission, the improvement of sanitary facilities for the settlements such as source and treatment of water and adequate destination of sewage. Integrated actions between the human, animal and environmental health sectors, at local and regional levels are needed, aiming at the adoption of effective public policies for the control and eradication of the teniasis-cysticercosis complex where the disease occurs.

Milhares de famílias vivem nos assentamentos da reforma agrária, criados no Brasil desde a década de 1980. Fatores como aglomerações de famílias convivendo no mesmo ambiente de produção de animais domésticos podem favorecer a transmissão e manutenção de zoonoses nessas áreas. A epidemiologia e distribuição geográfica das doenças zoonóticas nas comunidades assentadas precisam ser destacadas. Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetivou investigar a prevalência, fatores de risco e distribuição espacial do complexo teníase-cisticercose nos assentamentos rurais da reforma agrária no estado de Minas Gerais. Um total de 497 propriedades da agricultura familiar, distribuídas em 52 assentamentos, foram selecionadas e amostradas aleatoriamente. Amostras biológicas de humanos, bovinos e suínos foram coletadas e processadas. Questionários epidemiológicos foram aplicados em cada propriedade para a coleta de dados sobre a produção animal, condições sanitárias, higiênicas e sociais de cada família. Amostras fecais humanas foram analisadas para detecção de infecção por teníase, e amostras de sangue de animais foram coletadas e submetidas a testes sorológicos para detecção de infecção por cisticercose. Foram encontrados três (0,35%) casos positivos para teníase humana, 64 (4,2%) para cisticercose bovina e 17 (3,3%) para cisticercose suína. A prevalência por unidade de agricultura familiar foi de 0,6% (3/497) para teníase por exame fecal, 5,8% (17/294) para cisticercose suína e 11,1% (52/469) para cisticercose bovina. O perfil espacial da teníase humana e da cisticercose suína agrupou-se em duas regiões distintas, enquanto a cisticercose bovina apresentou distribuição geográfica dispersa. Dois fatores de risco estiveram associados à ocorrência de cisticercose bovina: riacho como fonte de água (p=0,009) e meio ambiente como destino de esgoto (p=0,031), enquanto a queima de lixo mostrou-se um fator de proteção significativo (p<0,001). O fator de risco para cisticercose suína foi associado à presença de suínos caipira (p=0,008) e ao meio ambiente como destino do esgoto (p≤0,024). Estas doenças zoonóticas representam um risco significativo para a saúde pública devido à sua ocorrência em rebanhos que são produzidos tanto para consumo de carne quanto para comercialização. Neste estudo os assentamentos analisados se configuram em áreas endêmicas no estado de Minas Gerais, e esses achados sugerem a importância de maiores investimentos na educação em saúde pública, melhoria das instalações sanitárias dos assentamentos como fonte e tratamento de água e destinação adequada de esgoto. São necessárias ações integradas entre os setores de saúde humana, animal e ambiental, em âmbito local e regional, visando a adoção de políticas públicas efetivas de controle e erradicação do complexo teníase-cisticercose onde estiver presente.

Economía política de la política agraria en Colombia: de la Ley 200 de 1936 al Acuerdo de Paz de 2016 / Political economy of agricultural policy in Colombia: from Law 200 of 1936 to the 2016 Peace Agreement / Economia política da política agrícola na Colômbia: da Lei 200 de 1936 ao Acordo de Paz de 2016

RESUMEN En esta investigación se estudia la política agraria en Colombia y su relación con el conflicto entre campesinos y terratenientes, entorno a los activos productivos rurales. Se aborda la discusión sobre el acceso a la tierra y se examina cada uno de los planes nacionales de desarrollo, para elaborar una trazabilidad histórica de la política agraria en Colombia durante el periodo 1936-2016. El problema de investigación se deriva de la persistencia de la pobreza y marginación social de la población rural, identificada en la Misión Rural y reconocida en el Acuerdo de Paz de 2016. Se concluye que la configuración histórica del Estado fue incorporando los intereses de las estructuras de poder económico y político de cada momento. Cuando el Estado quiso resolver el conflicto por la tierra, la capacidad ejecutiva de las instituciones era limitada y tergiversada por los grupos de interés dominantes que tenían la ventaja de redactar las leyes y aplicarlas de acuerdo con sus preferencias. Por esta razón las condiciones socioeconómicas de los campesinos siguen siendo parecidas a las que tenían hace un siglo. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL P16, P26, O12, O13, O43

ABSTRACT This research studies agrarian policy in Colombia and its relationship with the conflict between peasants and landowners, around rural productive assets. The discussion on access to land is approached and each one of the national development plans is examined, to elaborate a historical traceability of the agrarian policy in Colombia during the period 1936-2016. The research problem stems from the persistence of poverty and social marginalization of the rural population, identified in the rural mission and recognized in the 2016 peace agreement. It is concluded that the historical configuration of the State was incorporating the interests of the economic and political power structures of each moment. When the State wanted to resolve the conflict over land, the executive capacity of the institutions was limited and distorted by the dominant interest groups who had the advantage of writing the laws and applying them according to their preferences. For this reason, the socioeconomic conditions of the peasants continue to be similar to those they had a century ago. JEL CLASSIFICATION P16, P26, O12, O13, O43

RESUMO Esta pesquisa estuda a política agrária na Colômbia e sua relação com o conflito entre camponeses e proprietários de terras em torno dos ativos produtivos rurais. Aborda-se a discussão sobre o acesso à terra e examina-se cada um dos planos nacionais de desenvolvimento, para elaborar uma rastreabilidade histórica da política agrária na Colômbia durante o período 1936-2016. O problema de pesquisa decorre da persistência da pobreza e marginalização social da população rural, identificada na Missão Rural e reconhecida no Acordo de Paz 2016. Conclui-se que a configuração histórica do Estado foi incorporando os interesses das estruturas do poder econômico e político de cada momento. Quando o Estado queria resolver o conflito de terras, a capacidade executiva das instituições era limitada e distorcida pelos grupos de interesse dominantes que tinham a vantagem de redigir as leis e aplicá-las de acordo com suas preferências. Por isso, as condições socioeconômicas dos camponeses continuam semelhantes às de um século atrás. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL P16, P26, O12, O13, O43

Deforestation Trajectories on a Development Frontier in the Brazilian Amazon: 35 Years of Settlement Colonization, Policy and Economic Shifts, and Land Accumulation.

We examine deforestation processes in Apuí, a deforestation hotspot in Brazil's state of Amazonas and present processes of land-use change on this Amazonian development frontier. Settlement projects attract agents whose clearing reflects land accumulation and the economic importance of deforestation. We used a mixed-method approach in the Rio Juma Settlement to examine colonization and deforestation trajectories for 35 years at three scales of analysis: the entire landscape, cohorts of settlement lots divided by occupation periods, and lots grouped by landholding size per household. All sizes of landholdings are deforesting much more than before, and current political and economic forces favoring the agribusiness sector foreshadow increasing rates of forest clearing for pasture establishment in Apuí. The area cleared per year over the 2013-2018 period in Apuí grew by a percentage more than twice the corresponding percentage for the Brazilian Amazon as a whole. With the national congress and presidential administration signaling impunity for illegal deforestation, wealthy actors, and groups are investing resources in land grabbing and land accumulation, with land speculation being a crucial deforestation factor. This paper is unique in providing causal explanations at the decision-maker's level on how deforestation trajectories are linked to economic and political events (period effects) at the larger scales, adding to the literature by showing that such effects were more important than aging and cohort effects as explanations for deforestation trajectories. Additional research is needed to deepen our understanding of relations between land speculation, illegal possession of public lands, and the expansion of agricultural frontiers in Amazonia.

Deforestation dynamics in Brazil's Amazonian settlements: Effects of land-tenure concentration.

Brazil's Amazon deforestation is a major global and national environmental concern, and the ability to model and project both its course and the effect of different policy options depends on understanding how this process occurs at present and how it might change in the future. The present paper addresses one key factor in Amazon deforestation: land-tenure concentration in settlements. Brazil's policies for establishing and regulating settlement projects represent critical government decisions shaping the landscape in the 5 × 106 km2 Legal Amazonia region. We used remote-sensing data and information provided by the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) to evaluate the effect of land-tenure concentration in a settlement project (Projeto de Assentamento) located in a frontier area where cattle-ranching is expanding. We identified the actors and their deforestation patterns in the Matupi settlement in the southern part of Brazil's state of Amazonas. We spatially identified actors who concentrated "lots" (the parcels of land distributed to individual settlers) in 2011 and assessed whether the concentration was done by individual landholders or by "families" (where members merged their lots and the clearing was done together). Deforestation rates (1995-2011) were estimated for each type of actor and the trajectory of deforestation in the settlement (cumulative deforestation to 1994 and annual deforestation 1995-2016) was also analyzed. Concentrators occupied 28% (9653 ha) of the settlement and 29% of the lots (152 lots) analyzed; the numbers of lots concentrated ranged from two to ten. Concentrators of two lots and non-concentrators were the predominant actor types in the settlement. The mean annual clearing per landholding for concentrators of two lots (families: 4.1 ± 2.8 ha (mean ± SD); individuals: 5.1 ± 4.6 ha) was greater than for non-concentrators (1.7 ± 1.2 ha), despite their having similar patterns of small clearings. Concentrators of three or more lots had mean annual clearing per landholding between 6.2 ± 12.2 ha and 23.9 ± 38.7 ha and, the pattern of patches cleared per year >34 ha in area was predominant. The deforestation rate per lot was higher among concentrators as compared to non-concentrators, showing that lot concentration speeds deforestation. Analysis of deforestation patterns helps to better understand the process of lot concentration by spatially identifying the predominant patterns of each type of actor. The approach used in our study could assist authorities in identifying and monitoring land-tenure concentration in settlements. Agrarian-reform policymakers need to monitor this process, since it speeds deforestation in Amazonian settlement projects, as well as undermining the social objectives of the agrarian-reform program.

Territórios e alianças políticas do pós-ambientalismo / Territories and political alliances of post-environmentalism

O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir com o debate acerca do desmatamento no contexto da evolução das políticas de gestão fundiária e territorial na Amazônia, destacando seu papel relevante para o reconhecimento de direitos políticos de categorias sociais minoritárias. A associação do desmatamento na Amazônia sempre esteve correlacionada a problemas sociais e envolve diferentes agentes e fatores causadores conforme a área de abrangência e o momento de sua realização. Procuram-se evidenciar alguns dos principais fatores institucionais que contribuem para pôr em xeque as conquistas do modelo socioambiental por meio de um estudo de caso no assentamento rural categoria Projeto Agroextrativista Praialta-Piranheira, Pará. Essa análise permite concluir que a falta de coerência institucional representa um aspecto estrutural cujo desconhecimento incapacita a compreensão das dinâmicas territoriais da Amazônia.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the driving forces of deforestation in the context of the evolution of land use and land management policies, emphasizing their role in the recognition of political rights of minority social groups. The underlying causes of deforestation in the Amazon have always been correlated with social problems and the use of labor in conditions similar to slavery. Such dynamics involves different agents and causative factors embedded in a complex web of historical factors, political forces and economic cycles. This paper emphasizes some of the leading institutional factors that contribute to understanding the achievements of the social-environmental model by means of a case study in the rural settlement "Projeto Agroextrativista Praialta-Piranheira", in Pará, Brazil. This analysis allowed us to conclude that the lack of institutional coherence is a structural aspect that hinders a better context-driven understanding of the territorial dynamics of Amazonia.

Perfil dos produtores rurais de dois assentamentos nos municípios de Brejo Alegre e Birigui, estado de São Paulo / Profile of farmers from two settlements in the municipalities of Brejo Alegre and Birigui, state São Paulo / Perfil de los agricultores en dos asentamientos en los municipios de Brejo Alegre y Birigui, estado de São Paulo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil do produtor rural de dois Assentamentos localizados nos Municípios de Brejo Alegre e Birigui, estado de São Paulo. Um total de 66 propriedades foi visitado, entrevistando-se o membro familiar que possuía maior relacionamento com as atividades econômicas. De acordo com suas respostas, as propriedades apresentavam em média 18,4 hectares, sendo 81,8% destinados à bovinocultura, 69,7% à agricultura (soja, milho e sorgo), 47% à olericultura, 34,9% cultivavam eucalipto e uma minoria, 3%, destinavam parte da área à fruticultura. Em relação às espécies de animais nas propriedades predominam cães (93,9%), a seguir aves (84,8%) e bovinos (80,3%). Os lotes possuíam um mínimo de uma e o máximo de cinco casas e com uma média de três filhos por família. Sobre benfeitorias e construções, verificou-se que todas possuíam cerca; 80,3% curral; 28,7% barracão e 1,5% silo. O tempo de permanência do proprietário do Assentamento I era de 25 anos e do Assentamento II a posse ocorreu há 12 anos. Com relação à faixa etária dos titulares, observou-se que apresentavam idade avançada, sendo que 34,8% tinham mais de 60 anos. Quanto à escolaridade dos titulares do lote, os dados apontaram que 19,7% eram analfabetos e a maioria, 42,4%, possuíam o ensino fundamental incompleto. Antes da posse da terra, a maioria dos produtores, 87,8%, já se dedicava à atividade agropecuária. Apenas 19,7% dos donos necessitaram de algum tipo de financiamento para a construção de suas casas, todas as casas eram de alvenaria; o abastecimento hídrico predominante era por poços e nenhum tipo de análise ou tratamento de água era realizado. A maioria dos moradores, 95,4%, possuía fossa rudimentar; um entrevistado citou não possuir energia elétrica; 89,4% do lixo era coletado pela prefeitura. [...](AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of farmers from two settlements located in the municipalities of Brejo Alegre and Birigui, state São Paulo. A total of 66 properties were visited, interviewing the family member who had the greater relationship with economic activity. According to their responses, the properties had an average of 18.4 hectares and 81.8% for the cattle, 69.7% for agriculture (soy, corn and sorghum), 47% for horticulture, 34.9% cultivated eucalyptus and a minority, 3% of the area, destined to fruit production. In relation to animal species in the properties, dogs predominate (93.9%), then birds (84.8%) and calves (80.3%). The lots had a minimum of one and a maximum of five houses and an average of three children per family. About constructions and improvements, it was found that all had approximately; 80.3% stall; barrack 28.7% and 1.5% silo. The time permanence of the owner was 25 years in the Settlement II and in the Settlement I possession had occurred 12 years ago. The members had advanced age, on what 34.8% over 60 years. As for schooling of the lot holders, the data showed that 19.7% were illiterate and the majority, 42.4%, had not finished elementary school. Before the ownership of the land, most of the producers, 87.8%, had already been engaged in farming. Only 19.7% of the owners needed some financing for the construction of their houses, all were of masonry; the predominant water supply was by wells and no analysis or water treatment was performed. Most of residents, 95.4%, had rudimentary fossa; one respondent quoted do not have electricity; 89.4% of the waste was collected by the prefecture. Regarding the access to communication, 92.3% listened to the radio; all had television and 15.4%, computer with internet access. For transportation, 44.6% had motorcycle and 72.3% car.[...](AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el perfil de los agricultores de dos asentamientos ubicados en los municipios de Brejo Alegre y Birigui, Estado de São Paulo. Un total de 66 propiedades fueron visitadas, se pregunto al miembro de la familia a que tenía una mayor relación con la actividad económica. De acuerdo con sus respuestas, las propiedades tenían un promedio de 18,4 hectáreas y 81,8% para el ganado, al 69,7% la agricultura (soja, maíz y sorgo), 47% para la horticultura, el 34,9% de eucalipto cultivado y una minoría, 3% de la superficie destinada a la producción de fruta. En relación con las especies animales predominan propiedades con perros (93,9%), a continuación, aves (84,8%) y terneros (80,3%). Muchos tenían un mínimo de uno y un máximo de cinco casas y un promedio de tres hijos por familia. Acerca de construcciones y mejoras se encontró que todos tenían aproximadamente: corral de 80.3%; galpón 28,7% y 1,5% silo. El tempo que se queda el propietario Asentamiento I fue de 25 años, en el Asentamiento II y la posesión ocurrió hace 12 años. En cuanto a la edad de los miembros, se observó que tenían la edad avanzada de los cuales 34,8% más de 60 años. En cuanto a la educación de los titulares del lote, los datos mostraron que el 19,7% eran analfabetos y la mayoría, el 42,4% no había terminado la escuela primaria. Antes de que la propiedad de la tierra, la mayor parte de los productores, el 87,8% ya se dedicaba a la agricultura. Sólo el 19,7% de los propietarios necesitaba un poco de financiamiento para la construcción de sus casas, todos eran de albañileria; el abastecimiento de agua predominante era de pozos y ningun tipo análisis o tratamiento de agua se llevó a cabo.La mayoría de los residentes, 95,4% tenían fosa rudimentaria; uno de los encuestados citó no tener electricidad; 89,4% de los residuos se recoge por la municipalidad.[...](AU)

Perfil dos produtores rurais de dois assentamentos nos municípios de Brejo Alegre e Birigui, estado de São Paulo / Profile of farmers from two settlements in the municipalities of Brejo Alegre and Birigui, state São Paulo / Perfil de los agricultores en dos asentamientos en los municipios de Brejo Alegre y Birigui, estado de São Paulo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil do produtor rural de dois Assentamentos localizados nos Municípios de Brejo Alegre e Birigui, estado de São Paulo. Um total de 66 propriedades foi visitado, entrevistando-se o membro familiar que possuía maior relacionamento com as atividades econômicas. De acordo com suas respostas, as propriedades apresentavam em média 18,4 hectares, sendo 81,8% destinados à bovinocultura, 69,7% à agricultura (soja, milho e sorgo), 47% à olericultura, 34,9% cultivavam eucalipto e uma minoria, 3%, destinavam parte da área à fruticultura. Em relação às espécies de animais nas propriedades predominam cães (93,9%), a seguir aves (84,8%) e bovinos (80,3%). Os lotes possuíam um mínimo de uma e o máximo de cinco casas e com uma média de três filhos por família. Sobre benfeitorias e construções, verificou-se que todas possuíam cerca; 80,3% curral; 28,7% barracão e 1,5% silo. O tempo de permanência do proprietário do Assentamento I era de 25 anos e do Assentamento II a posse ocorreu há 12 anos. Com relação à faixa etária dos titulares, observou-se que apresentavam idade avançada, sendo que 34,8% tinham mais de 60 anos. Quanto à escolaridade dos titulares do lote, os dados apontaram que 19,7% eram analfabetos e a maioria, 42,4%, possuíam o ensino fundamental incompleto. Antes da posse da terra, a maioria dos produtores, 87,8%, já se dedicava à atividade agropecuária. Apenas 19,7% dos donos necessitaram de algum tipo de financiamento para a construção de suas casas, todas as casas eram de alvenaria; o abastecimento hídrico predominante era por poços e nenhum tipo de análise ou tratamento de água era realizado. A maioria dos moradores, 95,4%, possuía fossa rudimentar; um entrevistado citou não possuir energia elétrica; 89,4% do lixo era coletado pela prefeitura. [...]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of farmers from two settlements located in the municipalities of Brejo Alegre and Birigui, state São Paulo. A total of 66 properties were visited, interviewing the family member who had the greater relationship with economic activity. According to their responses, the properties had an average of 18.4 hectares and 81.8% for the cattle, 69.7% for agriculture (soy, corn and sorghum), 47% for horticulture, 34.9% cultivated eucalyptus and a minority, 3% of the area, destined to fruit production. In relation to animal species in the properties, dogs predominate (93.9%), then birds (84.8%) and calves (80.3%). The lots had a minimum of one and a maximum of five houses and an average of three children per family. About constructions and improvements, it was found that all had approximately; 80.3% stall; barrack 28.7% and 1.5% silo. The time permanence of the owner was 25 years in the Settlement II and in the Settlement I possession had occurred 12 years ago. The members had advanced age, on what 34.8% over 60 years. As for schooling of the lot holders, the data showed that 19.7% were illiterate and the majority, 42.4%, had not finished elementary school. Before the ownership of the land, most of the producers, 87.8%, had already been engaged in farming. Only 19.7% of the owners needed some financing for the construction of their houses, all were of masonry; the predominant water supply was by wells and no analysis or water treatment was performed. Most of residents, 95.4%, had rudimentary fossa; one respondent quoted do not have electricity; 89.4% of the waste was collected by the prefecture. Regarding the access to communication, 92.3% listened to the radio; all had television and 15.4%, computer with internet access. For transportation, 44.6% had motorcycle and 72.3% car.[...]

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el perfil de los agricultores de dos asentamientos ubicados en los municipios de Brejo Alegre y Birigui, Estado de São Paulo. Un total de 66 propiedades fueron visitadas, se pregunto al miembro de la familia a que tenía una mayor relación con la actividad económica. De acuerdo con sus respuestas, las propiedades tenían un promedio de 18,4 hectáreas y 81,8% para el ganado, al 69,7% la agricultura (soja, maíz y sorgo), 47% para la horticultura, el 34,9% de eucalipto cultivado y una minoría, 3% de la superficie destinada a la producción de fruta. En relación con las especies animales predominan propiedades con perros (93,9%), a continuación, aves (84,8%) y terneros (80,3%). Muchos tenían un mínimo de uno y un máximo de cinco casas y un promedio de tres hijos por familia. Acerca de construcciones y mejoras se encontró que todos tenían aproximadamente: corral de 80.3%; galpón 28,7% y 1,5% silo. El tempo que se queda el propietario Asentamiento I fue de 25 años, en el Asentamiento II y la posesión ocurrió hace 12 años. En cuanto a la edad de los miembros, se observó que tenían la edad avanzada de los cuales 34,8% más de 60 años. En cuanto a la educación de los titulares del lote, los datos mostraron que el 19,7% eran analfabetos y la mayoría, el 42,4% no había terminado la escuela primaria. Antes de que la propiedad de la tierra, la mayor parte de los productores, el 87,8% ya se dedicaba a la agricultura. Sólo el 19,7% de los propietarios necesitaba un poco de financiamiento para la construcción de sus casas, todos eran de albañileria; el abastecimiento de agua predominante era de pozos y ningun tipo análisis o tratamiento de agua se llevó a cabo.La mayoría de los residentes, 95,4% tenían fosa rudimentaria; uno de los encuestados citó no tener electricidad; 89,4% de los residuos se recoge por la municipalidad.[...]

Deforestation and Carbon Stock Loss in Brazil's Amazonian Settlements.

We estimate deforestation and the carbon stock in 2740 (82 %) of the 3325 settlements in Brazil's Legal Amazonia region. Estimates are made both using available satellite data and a carbon map for the "pre-modern" period (prior to 1970). We used data from Brazil's Project for Monitoring Deforestation in Amazonia updated through 2013 and from the Brazilian Biomes Deforestation Monitoring Project (PMDBBS) updated through 2010. To obtain the pre-modern and recent carbon stocks we performed an intersection between a carbon map and a map derived from settlement boundaries and deforestation data. Although the settlements analyzed occupied only 8 % of Legal Amazonia, our results indicate that these settlements contributed 17 % (160,410 km2) of total clearing (forest + non-forest) in Legal Amazonia (967,003 km2). This represents a clear-cutting of 41 % of the original vegetation in the settlements. Out of this total, 72 % (115,634 km2) was in the "Federal Settlement Project" (PA) category. Deforestation in settlements represents 20 % (2.6 Pg C) of the total carbon loss in Legal Amazonia (13.1 Pg C). The carbon stock in remaining vegetation represents 3.8 Pg C, or 6 % of the total remaining carbon stock in Legal Amazonia (58.6 Pg C) in the periods analyzed. The carbon reductions in settlements are caused both by the settlers and by external actors. Our findings suggest that agrarian reform policies contributed directly to carbon loss. Thus, the implementation of new settlements should consider potential carbon stock losses, especially if settlements are created in areas with high carbon stocks.

De sem-terra a sem-terra: memórias e identidades / From landless to landless: memories and identities

O artigo analisa a contribuição da memória no processo de enraizamento e de reconstrução da identidade social de trabalhadores em assentamentos de reforma agrária. Estudamos as lembranças da trajetória de vida de um trabalhador rural assentado vinculado ao MST (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-Terra) escolhido, intencionalmente, em razão da faixa etária, da experiência com o trabalho rural e da participação em movimentos sociais de luta pela terra. As informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas, que combinaram relatos orais de histórias de vida com perguntas exploratórias, além de análise documental. As categorias família, trabalho e participação política permitiram compreender a relação entre os quadros de memória, o processo de construção das diferentes personagens componentes da identidade, assim como o diálogo estabelecido entre elas e os princípios organizativos do MST. A identidade Sem-Terra tanto é produto dessas relações quanto é por elas ressignificada no processo de lembrar.

The article analyzes the memory contribution in the process of re-rooting and reconstruction of workers' social identity in agrarian reform settlements. We studied the remembrances of the life path of a settled rural worker linked to the MST - Movement of Landless Rural Workers, chosen on purposely on account of age band, experience as a rural worker and participation in social movements struggling for land. Information was obtained through interviews, which combined verbal statements of life history with exploratory questions, besides documental analysis. The categories family, work and political participation allowed understanding the relationship between memory pictures, the process of construction of the different characters composing the identity, as well as the dialogue established amongst them and the organizational principles of the MST. The identity Landless is a product of those relationships as much as is re-signified by them in the remembering process.

Histórico e os limites da reforma agrária na contemporaneidade brasileira / History and limits of the agrarian reform in the Brazilian contemporary time

Objetiva-se reconstituir a trajetória da questão fundiária (e agrária) na experiência de maior concentração de riqueza e recursos vivenciada no âmbito do sistema capitalista, partindo-se da premissa de que a crescente desigualdade do modelo brasileiro passa necessariamente pela questão agrária. Num segundo momento, procede-se à análise dos limites atualmente colocados a qualquer possibilidade de uma Reforma Agrária ampla e estrutural, dados pelo avanço do agronegócio nos últimos dez anos, pela desmobilização política de parcela significativa da sociedade no que se refere a esta questão e pelos próprios limites estruturais da economia brasileira nos quadros da globalização financeira. O texto será dividido em seis sessões: a) colonização e origens do latifúndio; b) O modelo agroexportador e a ruptura incompleta; c) a questão agrária e a industrialização brasileira; d) a questão agrária e o agronegócio; e) os limites da reforma agrária na contemporaneidade; f) considerações finais.

This paper aims at reconstructing the history of the land (agrarian) issue considering the greatest concentration of wealth and resources in the capitalist system. The standpoint is that the growing inequality of the Brazilian model is related to the agrarian issue. Secondly, we analyze the limits ­currently placed on any possibility of a comprehensive and structural agrarian reform, due to the advancement of the agribusiness over the last ten years, the political demobilization of a significant portion of society that put this issue aside, and the limits of the Brazilian economy in the context of the financial globalization. The paper is divided into six parts: a) colonization and origins of the large landed estates; b) the agro-export model and the incomplete rupture; c) the agrarian issue and the Brazilian industrialization; d) the agrarian issue and the agribusiness; e) the limits of the agrarian reform in the contemporary time; f) final considerations.

O fenômeno da pluriatividade no meio rural: atividade agrícola de base familiar / The phenomenon of pluriactivity in rural areas: family-based farming

O artigo busca explorar as contradições presentes na categoria pluriatividade para explicar a permanência da agricultura familiar/camponesa no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Nesse sentido, resgata da teoria social marxista, em autores como o próprio Marx, Lenin e Kautsky, subsídios teórico-metodológicos para compreender o trabalho agrícola de base familiar na atualidade em suas dimensões econômico, social e política.

The article aims at exploring the contradictions of the category pluriactivity to explain the persistence of family-based/peasant farming in the state of Rio de Janeiro. To do so, we take theoretical-methodological ideas from the Marxist social theory developed by Marx himself, Lenin and Kautsky, to understand the current family-based farming in its economic, social and political dimensions.

Diagnóstico socioeconômico em assentamentos rurais no município de Tamarana - PR / Diagnóstico socioeconômico em assentamentos rurais no município de Tamarana - PR

A questão agrária brasileira, retomada, principalmente, nos anos 80 e 90 pelos movimentos sociais rurais, tem motivado diversos estudos acadêmicos e programas governamentais. A compreensão dos mecanismos de geração de renda dentro das unidades produtivas e das condições de vida das famílias dos agricultores assentados é relevante para a promoção do desenvolvimento destas famílias e do país. Com destaque neste contexto, está o município de Tamarana, localizado no norte do estado do Paraná, onde foram assentadas, até o ano de 2008, 401 famílias de agricultores familiares em 17 assentamentos rurais. A importância dos agricultores familiares assentados neste município motivou a pesquisa apresentada neste trabalho. Os objetivos do estudo foram: realizar um diagnóstico socioeconômico nos sete assentamentos rurais; contribuir no estudo de sistemas de produção e de agricultores para a instalação de redes de referência; e contribuir para a elaboração de políticas públicas e planos de ação de extensão rural. A metodologia, estudo de caso, utilizada para as entrevistas e o tratamento dos dados se mostrou de grande utilidade para aplicação em outros casos. Os dados primários foram obtidos por meio de entrevista pessoal com 133 famílias de agricultores e os dados secundários em fontes bibliográficas. Os dados utilizados neste trabalho fazem parte da base de dados do Projeto Redes de Referências para Agricultura Familiar. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram visualizar as características sociais e econômicas das famílias assentadas e a grande variabilidade de renda e tipos de sistemas de produção e de combinações dentro dos sistemas. As rendas das famílias são provenientes de várias fontes, principalmente da produção agropecuária, concentrada nos sistemas de produção de grãos, leite e olerícolas, do trabalho externo e de aposentadorias. As famílias estão satisfeitas por possuírem a terra, terem um local para habitação e produzirem o alimento para sobrevivência.

Brazilian agrarian issue, resumed especially in the 80s and 90s by rural social movements, has motivated several academic studies and governmental programs. The understanding of the mechanisms of income generation within productive units and life conditions of the settled farmers' families is relevant for promoting the development of these families and the country. In this context, Tamarana, a town located in northern Paraná where 401 families of family farmers were settled in 17 rural settlements until 2008, stands out. The importance of family farmers settled in this town motivated the research presented in this work. The purposes of the study were to conduct a socioeconomic diagnosis in the seven rural settlements, contribute with the study of the agricultural production systems as well as of the farmers' for the establishments of reference networks in rural settlements and provide information that contribute to the elaboration of public policies and plans of action of the rural area. The methodology, case study, used for the interviews and the dealing with the data was considered very useful for other cases. Primary data were obtained by means of personal interviews with 133 farmers' families and the secondary data in several bibliographical sources. The data used in this work are part of the database of the Projeto Redes de Referências para Agricultura Familiar. The results of the research enabled the visualization of the social and economic characteristics of the settled families and the great variability of income and types of production systems and combinations within the systems. The families' income come from several sources, especially the agricultural production, concentrated in production systems of the milk, grain and horticulture, the work carried out outside the settlement and the retirements. The families are satisfied for owning their own land, having a place to live and produce the food for survival.

O problema administrativo na política de assentamentos do Brasil: o caso da fazenda Cascata na Bahia / The administrative issue in Brazil's settlement policy: the case of Cascata farm in Bahia

O presente artigo é resultado de um estudo que toma como objeto de observação o estado da Bahia e tendo como objetivo contribuir para o aprimoramento da política de reforma agrária no Brasil. Para essa análise foi selecionado o assentamento de Cascata, localizado no município de Aurelino Leal, na região do extremo sul da Bahia. Esse recorte regional revelou-se interessante por dois motivos principais: por representar as primeiras experiências dos programas de assentamentos no estado da Bahia; e por refletir experiências de desenvolvimento socioeconômico sustentável, em forma de cooperativas, envolvendo a maioria dos assentamentos da região estudada.

Socioeconomic diagnosis in the seven rural settlements in Tamarana - PR / Diagnóstico socioeconômico em assentamentos rurais no município de Tamarana - PR

Brazilian agrarian issue, resumed especially in the 80s and 90s by rural social movements, has motivated several academic studies and governmental programs. The understanding of the mechanisms of income generation within productive units and life conditions of the settled farmers families is relevant for promoting the development of these families and the country. In this context, Tamarana, a town located in northern Paraná where 401 families of family farmers were settled in 17 rural settlements until 2008, stands out. The importance of family farmers settled in this town motivated the research presented in this work. The purposes of the study were to conduct a socioeconomic diagnosis in the seven rural settlements, contribute with the study of the agricultural production systems as well as of the farmers for the establishments of reference networks in rural settlements and provide information that contribute to the elaboration of public policies and plans of action of the rural area. The methodology, case study, used for the interviews and the dealing with the data was considered very useful for other cases. Primary data were obtained by means of personal interviews with 133 farmers families and the secondary data in several bibliographical sources. The data used in this work are part of the database of the Projeto Redes de Referências para Agricultura Familiar. The result

A questão agrária brasileira, retomada, principalmente, nos anos 80 e 90 pelos movimentos sociais rurais, tem motivado diversos estudos acadêmicos e programas governamentais. A compreensão dos mecanismos de geração de renda dentro das unidades produtivas e das condições de vida das famílias dos agricultores assentados é relevante para a promoção do desenvolvimento destas famílias e do país. Com destaque neste contexto, está o município de Tamarana, localizado no norte do estado do Paraná, onde foram assentadas, até o ano de 2008, 401 famílias de agricultores familiares em 17 assentamentos rurais. A importância dos agricultores familiares assentados neste município motivou a pesquisa apresentada neste trabalho. Os objetivos do estudo foram: realizar um diagnóstico socioeconômico nos sete assentamentos rurais; contribuir no estudo de sistemas de produção e de agricultores para a instalação de redes de referência; e contribuir para a elaboração de políticas públicas e planos de ação de extensão rural. A metodologia, estudo de caso, utilizada para as entrevistas e o tratamento dos dados se mostrou de grande utilidade para aplicação em outros casos. Os dados primários foram obtidos por meio de entrevista pessoal com 133 famílias de agricultores e os dados secundários em fontes bibliográficas. Os dados utilizados neste trabalho fazem parte da base de dados do Projeto Redes de Referên

Ocupações de terra, acampamentos e demandas ao Estado: uma análise em perspectiva comparada / Occupations de terres, campements et demandes adressées à l'État: analyse de perspective comparée / Land occupations, landless camps, and demands on the State: an evaluation from a comparative perspective

Based on the observation that land occupations with camps currently place an unavoidable demand on the Brazilian state for land expropriation and redistribution, the article analyzes the sociogenesis of this discourse. The authors seek to: examine how the first landless camps emerged; understand how men and women mobilized to occupy land; and identify relations between the original landless camps in Brazil and the current ones. The article takes a comparative approach, focusing on the individuals involved in the first land occupations in the South, Southeast, and Northeast of the country. In the conclusion, the authors show how such discourse draws on individual initiatives and the intersection between historical processes, the constitution of movements, and the response by the Brazilian state.

À partir du constat que les occupations de terres suivies de campements constituent actuellement au Brésil un langage incontournable employé pour demander à l'État l'expropriation et la redistribution des terres, dans cet article on analyse la sociogenèse de ce langage. On cherche à examiner comment ont été mis en place les premiers campements, comment hommes et femmes se sont disposés à occuper des terres, et identifier les relations entre ces campements et ceux de nos jours. On se sert d'une approche comparative dont le fil conducteur est le groupe d’individus engagé dans les premières occupations au sud, sud-est et nord-est du Brésil. On voit que le langage est tributaire d'initiatives individuelles, du croisement de processus historiques, de la constitution de mouvements et de la façon d'écouter de l'État brésilien.

[Agrarian change and regional settling in Chile]. / Cambio agrario y poblamiento regional en Chile.

"This study analyzes the effect of agrarian change on regional settling dynamics in Chile during the last 35 years. The transformations of agrarian structure have produced important changes in the spatial configuration of country-city relations, particularly regarding the new features of rural-urban migration in regional contexts. Whereas until the sixties rural-urban migration was associated with an occupational shift from agriculture to urban employment, after the seventies this relation practically disappeared, leaving a virtual disassociation between the territorial mobility of the population and the occupational mobility of the labor force. This disassociation is a central trait of the current regional pattern of country-city relations." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Diversifying crops: the Nicaraguan experiment.

PIP: Over 1/2 of Nicaragua's population lives in the Pacific Plains where cotton has been grown intensively for 40 years. This single-crop economy has led to massive deforestation, wind and water erosion has affected the soil, and extensive use of pesticides has deposited excessive amounts of DDT in the breast milk of nursing mothers. After the downfall of the Somoza dictatorship the subsequent agrarian reform has been hampered by lack of information and training on sustainable methods of farming. The Pikin Guerrero project is a sustainable development experiment involving 2200 peasant families jointly run by the Nicaraguan Institute for Natural Resources and the Environment (IRENA) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN). The farmers grow corn and beans while exhausting the area's natural resources through forest clearing with the result of spreading erosion of fragile soils. 400 farmers have reshaped their production systems with the help of experts. Annual crops have become more diverse: yucca, 10 varieties of bean, 3 of pineapple, and 4 of corn, plus coffee, mango, bananas, and avocado. Soil conservation practices have been introduced, and farmers have built terraces. The initial pilot project comprised 5000 hectares, it is being expanded to cover another 10,000 hectares. The introduction of family planning to the local people is the next undertaking.^ieng

[In the America of mountain ranges, the brief summer of Indian agrarian movements (1970-1991)]. / Dans l'Amerique des cordilleres, le bref ete des mouvements paysans indiens (1970-1991).

PIP: Important rural Indian movements appeared almost simultaneously in the early 1970s in 3 countries, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Guatemala, which had the distinction of remaining the most rural and the most Indian countries of Latin America. A similar movement with similar characteristics arose in a rural and Indian region of Colombia, a largely urban and mestizo country. Each movement constituted a particular response to the same problems in different contexts. This work provides a comparative analysis of the historical context, development, constitution, and functioning of Bolivian katarisme, the Ecuarrunari movement in Ecuador, the Regional Committee of the Indigenous of Cauca (CRIC) in Colombia, and the Committee of Peasant Unity (CUC) in Guatemala. The indigenous peasant movements were defined in relation to national-populist models of development and integration: limitations and failures of national-populism in Bolivia and to some extent also in Ecuador, marginalization of the Indian populations vis a vis modernization processes in Ecuador and Colombia, or a crisis caused by blockage of participation in the sociopolitical system in Guatemala. The movements appeared in the context of strong peasant communities left at the margin of processes of integration, but also in contexts where the social dynamics were reinforced by reforms and modernization during a long period of precarious reconstitution of communities sometimes dating back to the 1930s. Another contributing factor in some cases was the dissolution of peonage and other forms of servitude on the great estates. An Indian elite whose emergence was related to modernization of the communities is present in all the movements. It is composed of educated and partially urbanized young people who have maintained ties to the communities, of leaders trained in cooperative or union activity, of promoters of new religious currents, and others affected by change. The leaders belong to modern organizations that wish to make Indians actors in cultural, social, or political affairs at the regional or national level previously dominated by non-Indians. The peasant Indian movements are above all interested in issues of land and agrarian development, but they are not exclusively peasant. Some of the members are not agricultural workers, and their concerns exceed those of a simple peasant society. Diverse influences have been exercised on the formation and development of the movements. Progressive sectors of the Catholic Church were influential in almost all. The movements encountered opposition from class and national adversaries interested in maintaining the status quo, and also often experienced distrust, misunderstanding, or paternalistic attitudes on the part of nonpeasant organizations working for change. The future is uncertain for all of the movements, despite notable past successes for some of them.^ieng

Constitution, 5 October 1988.

PIP: This document contains major provisions of the constitution adopted by Brazil on 5 October 1988. This constitution seeks to promote the welfare of all citizens without discrimination. The equality of all citizens is guaranteed, and the equal rights of women are specifically mentioned. Property rights are also guaranteed and defined. Female inmates are granted the right to remain with their children while breast feeding. Workers are guaranteed a minimum wage, a family allowance for dependents, maternity/paternity leave, specific incentives to protect the labor market for women, retirement benefits, free day care for preschool-age children, pay equity, and equal rights between tenured and sporadically employed workers. Agrarian reform provisions are given, including the authority to expropriate land. Social and economic policies to promote health are called for, and public health services are to be decentralized, to be integrated, and to foster community participation. Pension plan and social assistance provisions are outlined as are duties of the state in regard to education. The amount of money to be dedicated to education is set out, and a national educational plan is called for to achieve such goals as the eradication of illiteracy, the universalization of school attendance, the improvement of instruction, and the provision of vocational training. Specific measures are set out to protect and preserve the environment. Family policy deals with issues of marriage, the definition of a family, divorce, the right to family planning services, and the deterrence of domestic violence. Social protection provisions cover mothers and children, handicapped persons, and protection of minors. Finally, the customs and rights of Indians are protected, with special provisions given to protect land tenure and to protect the rights of Indians in water resource development and prospecting and mining activities.^ieng