Temporal resource continuity for egg parasitoids of Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) during winter on irrigated maize crops and edge grasses.

Little is known about winter-season parasitism of eggs of the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis DeLong (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), an important pest of maize throughout the Americas. Our study, conducted in Mexico, aimed to characterize winter-season parasitism of corn leafhopper eggs on maize crops cultivated with drip irrigation and on wild grasses that grow on the edges of maize crops when maize is not present. Maize leaves baited with D. maidis eggs were used to trap the egg parasitoids in the field. In the first year (2022), parasitism of D. maidis eggs was investigated in maize fields planted contiguously on different dates (asynchronous planting). In the second year (2023), parasitism of D. maidis eggs was evaluated in edge grasses and in adjacent maize crops planted on the same date (synchronous). The highest percentage of parasitism (53%), percentage of emergence, and total abundance of egg parasitoids were found in asynchronous maize fields. Here, Anagrus virlai Triapitsyn (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), Paracentrobia subflava (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), and Pseudoligosita sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) wasps were found parasitizing the D. maidis eggs, with P. subflava being the most abundant. In wild edge grasses, only P. subflava was found, showing low levels of parasitism, while in synchronous maize, P. subflava increased its percentage of parasitism (up to 37%), percentage of emergence, and abundance, during winter. These results suggest that P. subflava acts as an efficient biological control agent of D. maidis in irrigation-grown maize crops during the winter season, and that edge grasses are overwinter habitats for P. subflava.

High toxicity of agro-industrial wastewater on aquatic fauna of a South American stream: Mortality of aquatic turtles and amphibian tadpoles as bioindicators of environmental health.

The aim of this study was to characterize an aquatic system of Santa Fe province (Argentina) receiving wastewater from agro-industrial activities (mainly dairy) by in situ assessment (fauna mortality, physicochemical, microbiological, and pesticide residues measurement), and ecotoxicity bioassays on amphibian tadpoles. Water and sediment samples were obtained from the Los Troncos Stream (LTS), previous to the confluence with the "San Carlos" drainage channel (SCC), and from the SCC. Biological parameters (mortality and sublethal biomarkers) were used to evaluate ecotoxicity during 10-day exposure of Rhinella arenarum tadpoles to LTS and SCC samples. Nine pesticides were detected in both LTS and SCC. Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia, and coliform count recorded in SCC greatly exceeded limits for aquatic life protection. At SCC and LTS after the confluence with SCC, numerous dying and dead aquatic turtles (Phrynops hilarii) were recorded. In the ecotoxicity assessment, no mortality of tadpoles was observed in LTS treatment, whereas total mortality (100%) was observed in SCC treatments in dilution higher than 50% of water and sediment. For SCC, median lethal concentration and the 95% confidence limits was 18.30% (14.71-22.77) at 24 h; lowest-observed and no-observed effect concentrations were 12.5% and 6.25%, respectively. Oxidative stress and neurotoxicity were observed in tadpoles exposed to 25% SCC dilution treatment. In addition, there was a large genotoxic effect (micronuclei test) in all sublethal SCC dilution treatments (6.25%, 12.5%, and 25%). These results alert about the high environmental quality deterioration and high ecotoxicity for aquatic fauna of aquatic ecosystems affected by agro-industrial wastewater. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Great mortality of turtles was observed in a basin with a high load of agro-industrial wastewater. San Carlos Channel (SCC), where effluents are spilled, is environmentally deteriorated. The water-sediment matrix of SCC caused 100% lethality in tadpoles. SCC dilutions caused neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity on tadpoles.

Caracterización de la avifauna presente en la Orinoquía Colombiana

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar la avifauna presente en la granja agroecológica Ekonukos de la Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, como fuente de información para la descripción y desarrollo de futuros modelos de aviturismo, educación ambiental y acciones de conservación en el área de estudio. Materiales y métodos. Se definieron cuatro zonas de acuerdo con su cobertura vegetal o uso del suelo (Zona de edificaciones o habitable-ZE, Bosque secundario BS, Zona de cultivos ZC y Pastizales o zona abierta-Pza). En cada zona se estableció un punto de observación con radio fijo, se realizaron observaciones y se practicaron recorridos mediante transectos lineales. Las especies registradas fueron identificadas y categorizadas por tipo de hábitat (ZE, BS, ZC o Pza), alimentación, frecuencia de registros y estado de amenaza o conservación. Resultados. Se encontraron 84 especies de aves, distribuidas en 18 órdenes, 34 familias y 74 géneros. El orden Passeriformes presentó la mayor riqueza de especies al igual que las familias Tyrannidae y Thraupidae. Del total de especies, 79 corresponden a poblaciones residentes, cuatro a migratorias boreales y una migratoria austral. A demás, la especie Amazona farinosa está en estado de amenaza, en la categoría NT o casi amenazada. Conclusiones. Las especies encontradas constituyen un aporte importante para el conocimiento de la avifauna local e invita a realizar acciones de restauración y manejo de la flora del sitio de estudio, con el fin de generar una mejor conectividad con las áreas cercanas y oferta alimenticia para las especies encontradas.

ABSTRACT Objective. Characterize the avifauna present in the Ekonukos agroecological farm of the Minuto de Dios University Corporation, generating base information for the description and development of future models of avitourism, environmental education and conservation actions in the study area. Materials and methods. Four zones were defined according to their vegetation cover or land use (Building or habitable zone-ZE, Secondary forest BS, ZC cultivation zone and Grasslands or open zone-Pza). In each zone an observation point with a fixed radius was established and observations were made. Additionally, tours were made using linear transects. The registered species were identified and categorized by habitat type (ZE, BS, ZC or Pza), diet, frequency of records, and threat or conservation status. Results. 84 species of birds were found, distributed in 18 orders, 34 families and 74 genera. The order Passeriformes presented the highest species richness, as did the families Tyrannidae and Thraupidae. Of the total species, 79 correspond to resident populations, four to boreal migratory and one southern migratory. On the other hand, regarding the threatened status, the farinosa Amazon species was found to be in the NT or almost threatened category. Conclusions. These results constitute an important contribution to the knowledge of local birds and invite to carry out restoration and management actions of the flora of the study site, in order to generate better connectivity with nearby areas and food supply for the species found.

Beta Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Communities Increases in Time after Crop Establishment of Peruvian Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis).

(1) Background: Beta diversity, i.e., the variance in species compositions across communities, has been pointed out as a main factor for explaining ecosystem functioning. However, few studies have directly tested the effect of crop establishment on beta diversity. We studied beta diversity patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities associated to sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) after crop establishment. (2) Methods: We molecularly characterized the AM fungal communities associated to roots of sacha inchi in plots after different times of crop establishment, from less than one year to older than three. We analyzed the patterns of alpha, beta, and phylogenetic diversity, and the sources of variation of AM fungal community composition. (3) Results: Beta diversity increased in the older plots, but no temporal effect in alpha or phylogenetic diversity was found. The AM fungal community composition was driven by environmental factors (altitude and soil conditions). A part of this variation could be attributed to differences between sampled locations (expressed as geographic coordinates). Crop age, in turn, affected the composition with no interactions with the environmental conditions or spatial location. (4) Conclusions: These results point out towards a certain recovery of the soil microbiota after sacha inchi establishment. This fact could be attributed to the low-impact management associated to this tropical crop.

The impact of agroecosystem on ecological footprint: Fresh evidence in the perspective of existing agriculture and green Pakistan / O impacto do agroecossistema na pegada ecológica: novas evidências para a perspectiva da agricultura verde existente no Paquistão

The focus of this research study investigated the impact of agroecosystem on the ecological footprint in Pakistan, using the time series data over the period from 1990 to 2019. The econometric methods of time series were employed to investigate the long-term association between an agroecosystem and ecological footprint. After performing the stationarity tests Johansen approach was employed. Results of the Johansen method imply that long-term co-integration exists between the exogenous and endogenous variables. Moreover, the ARDL model was performed and long-run results were validated by the bound testing approach. The elasticity of the short-run form of the ARDL model reveals that agricultural land, employment, energy consumption, fertilizer use, and biomass burned dry matter in agriculture have a positive relationship with the agroecosystem. In contrast in the log-run form of ARDL agricultural land, employment, energy consumption, fertilizer use in agriculture and temperature have a positive impact on ecological footprint. Results of the impulse response function revealed that employment and fertilizer use in agriculture have positive while energy consumption and livestock in number have a negative influence on the ecological footprint. Thus, rigorous practices of agriculture for higher production put extra pressure on the agroecosystem. As a result, the stability of the agroecosystem deteriorates and reduces. To minimize the ecological ecosystem, modern technology is required to reduce carbon emission, enhance greener production and improve the biocapacity of the land in the country. This study would help the researcher, planner, policymaker and academicians to provide a proper guideline and vision to provide sustainable food and environment.

O foco deste estudo é investigar o impacto do agroecossistema na pegada ecológica no Paquistão, usando os dados de séries temporais no período de 1990 a 2019. Os métodos econométricos de séries temporais foram empregados para investigar a associação de longo prazo entre um agroecossistema e a pegada ecológica. Após a realização dos testes de estacionaridade, a abordagem de Johansen foi empregada. Os resultados do método de Johansen implicam que existe cointegração de longo prazo entre as variáveis exógenas e endógenas. Além disso, o modelo ARDL foi realizado e os resultados de longo prazo foram validados pela abordagem de teste vinculado. A elasticidade da forma de curto prazo do modelo ARDL revela que terras agrícolas, emprego, consumo de energia, uso de fertilizantes e biomassa queimada na agricultura têm uma relação positiva com o agroecossistema. Em contraste, na forma log-run das terras agrícolas ARDL, o emprego, o consumo de energia, o uso de fertilizantes na agricultura e a temperatura têm um impacto positivo na pegada ecológica. Os resultados da função impulso resposta revelam que o emprego e o uso de fertilizantes na agricultura são positivos enquanto o consumo de energia e a pecuária em número têm uma influência negativa na pegada ecológica. Assim, práticas rigorosas de agricultura para maior produção colocam uma pressão extra sobre o agroecossistema. Como resultado, a estabilidade do agroecossistema se deteriora e reduz. Para minimizar o ecossistema ecológico, é necessária tecnologia moderna para reduzir a emissão de carbono, aumentar a produção mais verde e melhorar a biocapacidade da terra no país. Este estudo ajudaria o pesquisador, planejador, formulador de políticas e acadêmicos a ter uma orientação e visão adequadas para fornecer alimentos e meio ambiente sustentáveis.

The impact of agroecosystem on ecological footprint: Fresh evidence in the perspective of existing agriculture and green Pakistan / O impacto do agroecossistema na pegada ecológica: novas evidências para a perspectiva da agricultura verde existente no Paquistão

ABSTRACT: The focus of this research study investigated the impact of agroecosystem on the ecological footprint in Pakistan, using the time series data over the period from 1990 to 2019. The econometric methods of time series were employed to investigate the long-term association between an agroecosystem and ecological footprint. After performing the stationarity tests Johansen approach was employed. Results of the Johansen method imply that long-term co-integration exists between the exogenous and endogenous variables. Moreover, the ARDL model was performed and long-run results were validated by the bound testing approach. The elasticity of the short-run form of the ARDL model reveals that agricultural land, employment, energy consumption, fertilizer use, and biomass burned dry matter in agriculture have a positive relationship with the agroecosystem. In contrast in the log-run form of ARDL agricultural land, employment, energy consumption, fertilizer use in agriculture and temperature have a positive impact on ecological footprint. Results of the impulse response function revealed that employment and fertilizer use in agriculture have positive while energy consumption and livestock in number have a negative influence on the ecological footprint. Thus, rigorous practices of agriculture for higher production put extra pressure on the agroecosystem. As a result, the stability of the agroecosystem deteriorates and reduces. To minimize the ecological ecosystem, modern technology is required to reduce carbon emission, enhance greener production and improve the biocapacity of the land in the country. This study would help the researcher, planner, policymaker and academicians to provide a proper guideline and vision to provide sustainable food and environment.

RESUMO: O foco deste estudo é investigar o impacto do agroecossistema na pegada ecológica no Paquistão, usando os dados de séries temporais no período de 1990 a 2019. Os métodos econométricos de séries temporais foram empregados para investigar a associação de longo prazo entre um agroecossistema e a pegada ecológica. Após a realização dos testes de estacionaridade, a abordagem de Johansen foi empregada. Os resultados do método de Johansen implicam que existe cointegração de longo prazo entre as variáveis ​​exógenas e endógenas. Além disso, o modelo ARDL foi realizado e os resultados de longo prazo foram validados pela abordagem de teste vinculado. A elasticidade da forma de curto prazo do modelo ARDL revela que terras agrícolas, emprego, consumo de energia, uso de fertilizantes e biomassa queimada na agricultura têm uma relação positiva com o agroecossistema. Em contraste, na forma log-run das terras agrícolas ARDL, o emprego, o consumo de energia, o uso de fertilizantes na agricultura e a temperatura têm um impacto positivo na pegada ecológica. Os resultados da função impulso resposta revelam que o emprego e o uso de fertilizantes na agricultura são positivos enquanto o consumo de energia e a pecuária em número têm uma influência negativa na pegada ecológica. Assim, práticas rigorosas de agricultura para maior produção colocam uma pressão extra sobre o agroecossistema. Como resultado, a estabilidade do agroecossistema se deteriora e reduz. Para minimizar o ecossistema ecológico, é necessária tecnologia moderna para reduzir a emissão de carbono, aumentar a produção mais verde e melhorar a biocapacidade da terra no país. Este estudo ajudaria o pesquisador, planejador, formulador de políticas e acadêmicos a ter uma orientação e visão adequadas para fornecer alimentos e meio ambiente sustentáveis.

Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants and chlorpyrifos in Tadarida brasiliensis tissues from an agricultural production area in Argentina.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic and persistent compounds, with chronic toxicity that cause negative effects on the environment and organisms. The chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide and represent the main insecticide currently used in many countries. The concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and chlorpyrifos were evaluated in liver, muscle, and gonad of females and males of Tadarida brasiliensis in an agricultural production area in Argentina. Pollutants were quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The general total concentration pattern among tissues was gonad > muscle > liver, with a higher ratio of pesticides (OCPs + chlorpyrifos) over PCBs in muscle and liver, while gonads showed higher concentrations of PCBs. The predominance of DDTs and endosulfans evidences the bioavailability of these compounds despite their use has ceased. Chlorpyrifos was the main pesticide detected in almost all samples of both sexes, probably due to its current intensive use. More researches about ecology and activity patterns is paramount in order to understand more accurately the accumulation and possible negative effects of these pollutants.

Adaptability and Stability of Safflower Genotypes for Oil Production.

The study aimed to analyze the agronomic performance of 11 safflower genotypes using adaptability and stability methods, while identifying safflower genotypes with stable behavior and a high grain yield in different environments of the Brazilian Cerrado. Ten lines and a cultivar of safflower were evaluated in four environments in the Brazilian conditions. Our results revealed the genotypes P30, P35, P9, P11, and P31 to be superior for grain yield and P43, P7, P11, and P31 to be superior for oil content. The lowest Wricke index, an indication of genotype stability, was observed for P9 (0.41%), which is considered the most stable genotype, followed by P35 (1.29%) and P31 (1.98%). For the predictability of the behavior of genotypes in the environments, P7 (80.85%), P35 (86.10%), P31 (85.90%), and P9 (97.42%) were considered predictable genotypes. The genotypes P11 (1045.6 kg ha-1 and 19.7%) and P21 (952.7 kg ha-1 and 20.6%) are recommended for cultivation in this region, considering both their grain yield and oil content. Safflower is viable to use out of season in the Brazilian Cerrado. The crop can generate profits for farmers and be used for oil production in periods of uncertain corn production.

Side-effects of pesticides on non-target insects in agriculture: a mini-review.

Climate change mediated by anthropogenic activity induces significant alterations on pest abundance and behavior and a potential increase in the use of agrochemicals for crop protection. Pesticides have been a tool in the control of pests, diseases, and weeds of agricultural systems. However, little attention has been given to their toxic effects on beneficial insect communities that contribute to the maintenance and sustainability of agroecosystems. In addition to pesticide-induced direct mortality, their sublethal effects on arthropod physiology and behavior must be considered for a complete analysis of their impact. This review describes the sublethal effects of pesticides on agriculturally beneficial insects and provides new information about the impacts on the behavior and physiology of these insects. The different types of sublethal effects of pesticides used in agriculture on pollinators, predators, parasitoids, and coprophagous insects were detailed.

Riqueza vegetal en patios familiares del trópico mexicano: hallazgos desde la teoría de polos de desarrollo / Species richness in residential yards of the Mexican tropics: findings from development pole theory

Resumen La riqueza de especies existentes en el patio familiar es el resultado de la coincidencia de procesos sociales, económicos, culturales y ambientales, que suceden más allá de sus límites físicos. Una teoría aún vigente para comprender estos factores externos es la teoría de polos de desarrollo. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer la riqueza de especies vegetales comestibles versus ornamentales en patios familiares de 13 comunidades de Paso de Ovejas, Veracruz y la influencia que tiene en ello el polo de desarrollo más cercano (cabecera municipal). Se aplicó una encuesta consistente en 443 cuestionarios, a través de un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo accidental. En el análisis de los datos se usó estadística descriptiva e inferencial (componentes principales) y los índices de familiaridad (IF), valor de uso (IVU) y consenso del informante (ICF). Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la riqueza de especies ornamentales versus comestibles está relacionada con la lejanía o cercanía al polo de desarrollo. La influencia de este polo afecta la dinámica socioeconómica familiar, cuyos miembros, si bien evidencian un alto grado de familiaridad con las especies existentes en sus patios familiares, también expresan la generación de condiciones de posibilidad para que parte de ellas (especies comestibles) puedan ser progresivamente abandonadas en su uso y manejo, como sucede en una comunidad de la ruta 3. Se concluye que, en la determinación de la riqueza de especies del patio familiar interviene el polo de desarrollo, como un factor exógeno, el cual trastoca la dinámica familiar en las comunidades que lo circundan. Dicha información se considera relevante para los tomadores de decisiones en el diseño de estrategias de fortalecimiento de este agroecosistema tradicional.

Abstract The richness of plant species in residential yards is the result of the coincidence of social, economic, cultural and environmental processes that occur beyond their physical boundaries. A still relevant theory to understand these external factors is the Theory of Poles of Development. The objective of this research was to know the richness of edible versus ornamental plant species in residential yards of 13 communities in Paso de Ovejas, Veracruz, and the influence that the development pole (municipal head) has on it. 443 questionnaires were administered through a non-probabilistic accidental type sampling procedure. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics (main components), and the application of indexes of Familiarity (IF), Use Value (IVU) and Informant Consensus (ICF). The results obtained suggest that the richness of ornamental versus edible species is influenced by the distance or proximity to the development pole. The influence of this development pole will affect family socioeconomic dynamics, whose members show a high degree of familiarity with the species existing in their family yards, but also express that the generation of conditions of possibility in such a way that part of edible species can be progressively abandoned in their use and management, as happens in a community on route 3. It is concluded that the determination of the species richness of residential yards is influenced by the development pole as an exogenous factor, which disrupts family dynamics in the surrounding communities. Such information is considered relevant for decision makers in the design of strategies to strengthen this traditional agroecosystem.

Multivariate analysis to characterize flaxseed production environments in Brazil / Análise multivariada para caracterizar ambientes de produção de linhaça no Brasil

The environments for flaxseed production and its soil-plant-atmosphere relationship, it is essential for distinguish and adapt them to the soil and crop management to obtain high sustainable yields and food diversification. Our goal was to characterize the main edaphoclimatic conditions for flaxseed production in South-Central, Brazil. The experiments were carried out in two locations representative of the edaphoclimatic conditions of South-Central, Brazil: 1 - Dourados, MS, with an Aw climate and LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico (Haplustox) and 2 - Curitibanos, SC, with a Cfb climate and CAMBISSOLO HÚMICO (Haplumbrept), both cultivated with four flaxseed varieties: Aguará and Caburé from Argentina, UFSC (reddish-brown color) and Golden (golden-yellow color) from Brazil, grown under no-tillage system and few resources. Data from weather (air temperature and rainfall), plant growth, soil chemical and physical-hydric attributes, and postharvest quality of flaxseed were monitored. The data were submitted to Pearson's correlation matrix (P < 0.05) and multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). PCA segregated edaphoclimatic environments and varieties into four distinct groups. Each edaphoclimatic condition there was specific attributes discriminated by PCA ( > 78%). The lowest plant height ( < 0.85m), shorter cycle length (120-142 days) and high yield (≈1.13 Mg ha-1), especially golden-yellow flaxseed, were found in Dourados. The soil organic carbon and rainfall acted directly in Curitibanos, while charge balance and air temperature responded in Dourados influence flaxseed production. Soil physical and grain attributes were similar between the environments investigated. Both agricultural environments showed feasibility for flaxseed sustainable production in Brazil, it is important to emphasize that these results are pioneers, especially the edaphoclimatic conditions from Dourados.(AU)

Os ambientes de produção de linhaça e sua relação solo-planta-atmosfera é fundamental para distinguilos e adaptá-los ao manejo do solo e da cultura para obtenção de elevados rendimentos sustentáveis e diversificação alimentar. Nosso objetivo foi caracterizar as principais condições edafoclimáticas para a produção de linhaça no Centro-Sul, Brasil. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em dois locais representativos das condições edafoclimáticas do Centro-Sul, Brasil: 1 - Dourados, MS, com clima Aw e LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico (Haplustox) e 2 - Curitibanos, SC, com clima Cfb e CAMBISSOLO HÚMICO (Haplumbrept), ambas cultivadas com quatro variedades de linhaça: Aguará e Caburé da Argentina, UFSC (coloração marrom-avermelhada) e Dourada (coloração amarelo-ouro) do Brasil, cultivadas em sistema plantio direto e baixo input. Foram monitorados dados de clima (temperatura do ar e precipitação), crescimento da planta, atributos químicos e físico-hídricos do solo e qualidade póscolheita da semente de linhaça. Os dados foram submetidos à matriz de correlação de Pearson's (P < 0,05) e a análise multivariada de componentes principais (PCA). O PCA segregou os ambientes edafoclimáticos e variedades em quatro grupos distintos. Em cada condição edafoclimática a PCA identificou atributos específicos que os diferenciaram (> 78%). A menor altura de planta ( < 0,85m), menor comprimento do ciclo (120-142 dias) e alto rendimento (≈1,13 Mg ha-1), especialmente a linhaça amarelo-ouro, foram encontrados em Dourados. O carbono orgânico do solo e a chuva atuaram diretamente no ambiente de Curitibanos, enquanto o balanço de carga e a resposta a temperatura do ar em Dourados influenciam a produção de linhaça. Os atributos físicos dos grãos e do solo foram semelhantes entre os ambientes investigados. Ambos os ambientes agrícolas apresentaram viabilidade para a produção sustentável de linhaça no Brasil, é importante ressaltar que esses resultados são pioneiros, principalmente nas condições edafoclimáticas de Dourados.(AU)

Diversity of sarcosaprophagous Diptera (Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae) in organic and conventional mango plantations in the Brazilian semi-arid region

ABSTRACT Increase on intensive monocultures is an important threat to Caatinga biodiversity decrease. The use of chemical insecticides directly affects insect natural enemies of crops, but also non-target species. We aimed to test whether the diversity of sarcosaprophagous flies would be affected by agricultural management (conventional and organic). Adult dipterans were collected monthly, from July 2015 to January 2016, using a grid composed of 12 suspended traps distant 20 m from each other, baited with 150 g of sardine or bovine spleen, in each type of management. We first calculated α-diversity by Hill numbers, then evaluated the difference of diversity metrics by ANOVA. We also graphically visualise the species composition distribution by NMDS. We recorded a total of 4,651 specimens of 15 Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae species. Chrysomya spp. were the dominant species (93.7% of all blowflies). Sarcophagidae species were sampled in low abundance, but with exclusive presence of some species in each treatment (e.g. B laesoxipha stallengi and Ravinia belforti in organic management). Although there was no difference on sarcosaprophagous fly diversity between treatments, we demonstrate empirically that mango plantations in the Caatinga harbour diverse and abundant assemblages of sarcosaprophagous dipterans, whose richness of species is comparable to other ecosystems such as rainforests and urban areas. Our results expand the known geographical range for forensically relevant species by providing a checklist of sarcosaprophagous dipterans that can thrive in agroecosystems in the Caatinga and, potentially, colonize cadavers disposed in that type of environment.

Can agroecological management increase functional diversity of birds in rice fields? / ¿Puede el manejo agroecológico incrementar la diversidad funcional de aves en campos de arroz?

Introduction: Recognition of the variety of ecosystem services that biodiversity performs in agroecosystems is one of the basic principles of agroecology. Because indices of functional diversity may be directly related with ecosystem services, an assessment of functional diversity can be useful for evaluating ecosystem services provided under agroecological management. Objective: We compared functional diversity of birds found in rice fields under conventional and agroecological management in the rice zone of Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Our objective was to determine whether agroecological management of rice is associated with a higher functional diversity and a different functional composition of birds than conventional management. Methods: We surveyed birds eight times, roughly every 15 days between November 2017 and March 2018, from beginning of sowing to before harvest, in both types of rice fields. Birds were sampled by a combined technique of line transects and point counts at four sites in each type of management. We calculated indices of functional diversity and composition based on morphologic and trophic attributes of birds detected in each type of field. Results: Functional richness, divergence and dispersion were higher under agroecological management. Only differences in functional richness between managements reflected differences in species richness. Community-level weighted means of trait values by sample varied between management types. An insectivorous diet, pursuit as a foraging method, and air and shrubs as foraging substrates were traits best represented under agroecological management. Conclusions: Our results suggest that agroecological management of rice crops is related with a higher functional diversity of birds than conventional practices, suggesting that agroecological management may enhance the provision of ecosystem services by birds in rice agroecosystems.

Introducción: El reconocimiento de la variedad de servicios ecosistémicos de la biodiversidad en los agroecosistemas es uno de los principios básicos de la agroecología. Debido a que los índices de diversidad funcional pueden estar directamente relacionados con los servicios ecosistémicos, la evaluación de la diversidad funcional representa una estrategia adecuada para evaluar estos servicios en agroecosistemas bajo manejo agroecológico. Objetivo: Se comparó la diversidad funcional de aves entre arroceras bajo manejo convencional y agroecológico en la zona arrocera de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. El objetivo fue determinar si el manejo agroecológico del arroz se asocia con una mayor diversidad funcional y con una diferente composición funcional de aves en relación con el manejo convencional. Métodos: Se muestrearon las aves mediante 8 conteos repetidos aproximadamente cada 15 días entre noviembre 2017 y marzo 2018, desde el comienzo de la siembra hasta antes de la cosecha, en ambos tipos de arroceras. Los muestreos fueron realizados mediante una técnica mixta combinando transectas de línea y puntos de conteo en cuatro sitios por tipo de manejo. Se calcularon índices de diversidad y composición funcional con base en atributos morfológicos y tróficos de las aves registradas. Resultados: La riqueza, la divergencia y la dispersión funcional fueron más altos bajo manejo agroecológico. Solamente en el caso de la riqueza funcional las diferencias reflejaron únicamente la variación de la riqueza de especies. La media ponderada a nivel de ensamble de los valores de los rasgos por muestra varió entre los tipos de manejo, estando la dieta insectívora, la persecución como método de forrajeo, y el aire y los arbustos como sustrato de forrajeo mejor representados bajo manejo agroecológico. Conclusión: Los resultados sugirieron que el manejo agroecológico del arroz se relaciona con una mayor diversidad funcional de aves que las prácticas de manejo convencional, sugiriendo que el manejo agroecológico puede mejorar la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos por aves en cultivos de arroz.

Estimación de la sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de arveja en el municipio de Ipiales, Nariño-Colombia / Estimation of the sustainability of farm producers of vegetables in the municipality of Ipiales, Nariño-Colombia

RESUMEN Los agroecosistemas muestran una gran heterogeneidad en cuanto a las prácticas y características, debido a que dependen de las lógicas de la agricultura familiar, convirtiéndose en un recurso potencialmente valioso, cuando se estudia el uso y el soporte del medio productivo. Es por ello, que esta investigación evaluó el sistema de arveja (Pisum sativum L.) en el municipio de Ipiales, a través de una metodología multidimensional, usando 26 indicadores, agrupados en cuatro dimensiones de sustentabilidad agroecológica. La estimación, se realizó sobre 30 fincas, que representaron tres tipos de campesinos, previamente descritos, como C1, C2 y C3; los resultados permitieron identificar los Puntos Críticos de Sustentabilidad (PCS) y el Índice General de Sustentabilidad (IGS) del sistema, estableciendo que las diferentes situaciones sociales, ambientales, económicas y técnico-productivas determinan la existencia de PCS específicos. El IGS tuvo una calificación de 2,65, para C1; 2,90, para C2 y 2,62, para C3, evidenciando medidas de monitoreo y de manejo, que se deberían discutir en la región, para disminuir las externalidades generadas por el modelo productivo.

ABSTRACT Agroecosystems present great heterogeneity in terms of practices and characteristics, since they depend on the logic of family farming, which makes them a potentially valuable resource when studying the use and support of the productive environment. For this reason, this research evaluated the pea system (Pisum sativum L.) in the municipality of Ipiales, through a multidimensional methodology that uses 26 indicators grouped into four dimensions of agroecological sustainability. The estimation was made on 30 farms that represented three types of farmers previously described as C1, C2 and C3; the results allowed identifying the Critical Points of Sustainability (CPS) and the General Index of Sustainability (GIS) of the system. It was established that the different social, environmental, economic and technical-productive situations determine the existence of specific CPS, the GIS had a rating of 2.65 for C1, 2.90 for C2 and 2.62 for C3, this evidenced monitoring and management measures that should be discussed in the region to reduce the externalities generated by the production model.

Multi-Scale Landscape Influences on Genetic Diversity and Adaptive Traits in a Neotropical Savanna Tree.

Changes in landscape structure can affect essential population ecological features, such as dispersal and recruitment, and thus genetic processes. Here, we analyze the effects of landscape metrics on adaptive quantitative traits variation, evolutionary potential, and on neutral genetic diversity in populations of the Neotropical savanna tree Tabebuia aurea. Using a multi-scale approach, we sampled five landscapes with two sites of savanna in each. To obtain neutral genetic variation, we genotyped 60 adult individuals from each site using 10 microsatellite loci. We measured seed size and mass. Seeds were grown in nursery in completely randomized experimental design and 17 traits were measured in seedlings to obtain the average, additive genetic variance (V a ) and coefficient of variation (CV a %), which measures evolvability, for each trait. We found that habitat loss increased genetic diversity (He) and allelic richness (AR), and decreased genetic differentiation among populations (F ST ), most likely due to longer dispersal distance of pollen in landscapes with lower density of flowering individuals. Habitat amount positively influenced seed size. Seeds of T. aurea are wind-dispersed and larger seeds may be dispersed to short distance, increasing genetic differentiation and decreasing genetic diversity and allelic richness. Evolvability (CV a %) in root length decreased with habitat amount. Savanna trees have higher root than shoot growth rate in the initial stages, allowing seedlings to obtain water from water tables. Landscapes with lower habitat amount may be more stressful for plant species, due to the lower plant density, edge effects and the negative impacts of agroecosystems. In these landscapes, larger roots may provide higher ability to obtain water, increasing survival and avoiding dying back because of fire. Despite the very recent agriculture expansion in Central Brazil, landscape changes are affecting neutral and adaptive variation in T. aurea. Several populations have low additive genetic variation for some traits and thus, may have limited evolvability, which may jeopardize species long-term persistence. The effect of habitat loss on highly variable neutral loci may only be detected after a certain threshold of population size is attained, that could become dangerously small masking important losses of heterozygosity endangering species conservation.

Agricultural Landscape Heterogeneity Matter: Responses of Neutral Genetic Diversity and Adaptive Traits in a Neotropical Savanna Tree.

Plants are one of the most vulnerable groups to fragmentation and habitat loss, that may affect community richness, abundance, functional traits, and genetic diversity. Here, we address the effects of landscape features on adaptive quantitative traits and evolutionary potential, and on neutral genetic diversity in populations of the Neotropical savanna tree Caryocar brasiliense. We sampled adults and juveniles in 10 savanna remnants within five landscapes. To obtain neutral genetic variation, we genotyped all individuals from each site using nine microsatellite loci. For adaptive traits we measured seed size and mass and grown seeds in nursery in completely randomized experimental design. We obtained mean, additive genetic variance (V a ) and coefficient of variation (CV a %), which measures evolvability, for 17 traits in seedlings. We found that landscapes with higher compositional heterogeneity (SHDI) had lower evolutionary potential (CV a %) in leaf length (LL) and lower aboveground dry mass (ADM) genetic differentiation (Q ST ). We also found that landscapes with higher SHDI had higher genetic diversity (He) and allelic richness (AR) in adults, and lower genetic differentiation (F ST ). In juveniles, SHDI was also positively related to AR. These results are most likely due to longer dispersal distance of pollen in landscapes with lower density of flowering individuals. Agricultural landscapes with low quality mosaic may be more stressful for plant species, due to the lower habitat cover (%), higher cover of monocropping (%) and other land covers, and edge effects. However, in landscapes with higher SHDI with high quality mosaic, forest nearby savanna habitat and the other environments may facilitate the movement or provide additional habitat and resources for seed disperses and pollinators, increasing gene flow and genetic diversity. Finally, despite the very recent agriculture expansion in Central Brazil, we found no time lag in response to habitat loss, because both adults and juveniles were affected by landscape changes.

Diversity of parasitoid wasps in conventional and organic guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) cultivation areas in the Brazilian Amazon / Diversidade de vespas parasitoides em áreas de cultivo de guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) convencional e orgânico na Amazônia brasileira

We surveyed parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) in two guarana plantations in the central Brazilian Amazon (one conventionally, and one organically managed), as well as in adjacent forest and edge areas between crop and forest. We evaluated differences between management systems in parasitoid diversity and abundance, and assessed the importance of the surrounding matrix as a source of parasitoid wasps for guarana cultivation. Parasitoid wasp richness, abundance and taxonomic composition (at family level) were compared between plantations, and among habitats within plantations. Wasps were sampled using Malaise and Moericke traps. A total of 25,951 parasitoid wasps (10,828 in the conventional, and 15,123 in the organic crop area) were collected, and were distributed in 11 superfamilies and 38 families. In the conventional management area, the greatest abundance and richness of parasitoids were recorded in the adjacent forest, while, in the organic management area, the greatest abundance and richness were recorded in the crop-forest edge. Parasitoid wasp family richness was not influenced by management system and habitat but varied significantly between trap types. Average wasp abundance varied significantly between management systems. The presence of adjacent forest in both cultivation areas likely contributed to a greater abundance and richness of parasitoid wasps, showing the importance of preserving forest areas near the plantations.(AU)

Pesquisamos vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera) em duas plantações de guaraná na Amazônia central brasileira (uma convencional e outra manejada organicamente), bem como em florestas adjacentes e áreas de borda entre cultivo e floresta. Avaliamos as diferenças entre os sistemas de manejo na diversidade e abundância de parasitoides e a importância da matriz circundante como fonte de vespas parasitoides para o cultivo de guaraná. A riqueza de vespas parasitoides, abundância e a composição taxonômica (em nível de família) foram comparadas entre as plantações e entre os habitats nas plantações. As vespas foram amostradas usando armadilhas Malaise e Moericke. Foram coletadas 25.951 vespas parasitoides (10.828 em área de cultivo convencional e 15.123 em cultivo orgânico), distribuídas em 11 superfamílias e 38 famílias. Na área de manejo convencional, a maior abundância e riqueza de parasitoides foi registrada na floresta adjacente, enquanto na área de manejo orgânico, a maior abundância e riqueza foram registradas na borda da floresta. A riqueza de famílias de vespas parasitoides não foi influenciada pelo sistema de manejo e habitat, mas variou significativamente entre os tipos de armadilhas. A abundância média de vespas variou significativamente entre os sistemas de manejo. A presença de floresta adjacente em ambas as áreas de cultivo provavelmente contribuiu para uma maior abundância e riqueza de vespas parasitoides, mostrando a importância de preservar as áreas florestais próximas às plantações.(AU)

Diversity of parasitoid wasps in conventional and organic guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) cultivation areas in the Brazilian Amazon

We surveyed parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) in two guarana plantations in the central Brazilian Amazon (one conventionally, and one organically managed), as well as in adjacent forest and edge areas between crop and forest. We evaluated differences between management systems in parasitoid diversity and abundance, and assessed the importance of the surrounding matrix as a source of parasitoid wasps for guarana cultivation. Parasitoid wasp richness, abundance and taxonomic composition (at family level) were compared between plantations, and among habitats within plantations. Wasps were sampled using Malaise and Moericke traps. A total of 25,951 parasitoid wasps (10,828 in the conventional, and 15,123 in the organic crop area) were collected, and were distributed in 11 superfamilies and 38 families. In the conventional management area, the greatest abundance and richness of parasitoids were recorded in the adjacent forest, while, in the organic management area, the greatest abundance and richness were recorded in the crop-forest edge. Parasitoid wasp family richness was not influenced by management system and habitat but varied significantly between trap types. Average wasp abundance varied significantly between management systems. The presence of adjacent forest in both cultivation areas likely contributed to a greater abundance and richness of parasitoid wasps, showing the importance of preserving forest areas near the plantations. (AU)

Biomasa microbiana y respiración basal del suelo bajo sistemas agroforestales con cultivos de café / Microbial biomass and basal soil respiration under agroforestry systems with coffee crops

RESUMEN La actividad microbiológica es esencial para mantener la calidad de los suelos y los sistemas agroforestales surgen como alternativa, para el manejo agroecológico y sostenible del suelo. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de las variedades de café (Caturra y Catuaí) y de las fluctuaciones por épocas climáticas, sobre algunas propiedades microbiológicas del suelo, como indicadores de calidad, en un sistema agroforestal. Las muestras de suelo, se tomaron en la capa superior, a 5cm de profundidad, durante un año en épocas seca y lluviosa. Las mayores emisiones de CO2, se observaron en los suelos con la variedad Catuaí, en época seca. Los niveles de carbono de la biomasa microbiana (Cmic) no mostraron diferencias entre las variables estudiadas. Los valores obtenidos para el cociente metabólico (qCO2) fueron mayores en los suelos con la variedad Catuaí, mientras que el cociente microbiano (qMic) presentó los mayores valores en los suelos con la variedad Caturra. El cociente de eficiencia metabólica (qCO2.Corg -1) no mostró diferencias entre los suelos estudiados; sin embargo, sus niveles fueron más altos para las muestras tomadas durante la época seca. La microbiota del suelo denotó sensibilidad a los cambios por época climática de muestreo y tipo de variedad cultivada, mientras que las constantes ecofisiológicas resultaron sensiblemente apropiadas, para evaluar la calidad del suelo.

ABSTRACT The microbiological activity is essential to maintain soil quality, and agroforestry systems emerge as an alternative to the agro-ecological and sustainable land management. This work evaluated the effect of the Caturra and Catuaí coffee varieties, and the weather fluctuation on some microbiological properties of the soil, as indicators of quality in an agroforestry system. The soil samples were taken from the top layer with a depth of 5cm, during a year in dry and rainy seasons. The highest CO2 emissions were observed in soils with the Catuaí variety, in the dry season. On the other hand, Carbon levels of the microbial biomass (Cmic) did not show differences between the variables studied. The values obtained for the metabolic quotient (qCO2) were higher in soils with the Catuaí variety; while the microbial quotient (qMic) presented the highest values in soils with the Caturra variety. The metabolic efficiency ratio (qCO2.Corg-1) showed no differences between the studied soils, however, their levels were higher for the samples taken during the dry season. Soil microbiota showed sensitivity to changes by climatic period and by the type of variety, while the constant eco-physiological were substantially appropriate to evaluate soil quality and sensitive to changes by climatic period and variety of coffee grown in these agroecosystems.

The demography of a resource specialist in the tropics: Cecropia trees and the fitness of three-toed sloths.

Resource specialists persist in a narrow range of resources. Consequently, the abundance of key resources should drive vital rates, individual fitness, and population viability. While Neotropical forests feature both high levels of biodiversity and numbers of specialist species, no studies have directly evaluated how the variation of key resources affects the fitness of a tropical specialist. Here, we quantified the effect of key tree species density and forest cover on the fitness of three-toed sloths ( Bradypus variegatus), an arboreal folivore strongly associated with Cecropia trees in Costa Rica, using a multi-year demographic, genetic, and space-use dataset. We found that the density of Cecropia trees was strongly and positively related to both adult survival and reproductive output. A matrix model parametrized with Cecropia-demography relationships suggested positive growth of sloth populations, even at low densities of Cecropia (0.7 trees ha-1). Our study shows the first direct link between the density of a key resource to demographic consequences of a tropical specialist, underscoring the sensitivity of tropical specialists to the loss of a single key resource, but also point to targeted conservation measures to increase that resource. Finally, our study reveals that previously disturbed and regenerating environments can support viable populations of tropical specialists.