Effects of Alternative Cassava and Taro Feed on the Carcass and Meat Quality of Fattening Pigs Reared under Ecuadorian Backyard Systems.

Ecuadorian small producers use crossbred animals with a low level of genetic improvement, which are fed with alternative feeds to decrease production costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of geographical location and three diets according to the amount of cassava and taro incorporated into the feed (T1 conventional feed; T2 and T3 with 32% and 42% of cassava and taro, respectively) in pigs reared under the backyard system. The results did not show many differences between the treatments for morphological traits; however, between geographical locations, significant differences were evidenced. The fat content from the first rib was higher in the T1 group. The intramuscular fat percentage was higher in the T1 group, contrary to the protein levels, which were higher in the T3 group in Esmeraldas and the T2 group in Ro Chico. In the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its attached organs, differences were found in the empty stomach weight, full and empty small intestine weight, liver weight, and total GIT weight, with the T2 and T3 groups having the largest and heaviest. Cassava and taro did not affect the morphometric behavior and quality of the carcass but increased the amount of protein in the meat and the weight of the GIT. Geographical location was also observed to have a significant effect.

Utilização de resíduos de frutos na produção e composição nutricional da larva de Tenebrio molitor / Use of fruit residues in the production and nutritiona l composition of the larva of Tenebrio Molito larva

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de resíduos de frutos típicos brasileiros sobre o perfil nutricional da larva de Tenebrio molitor. O delineamento experimental foi o bloco casualizado, onde foram testadas quatro dietas diferentes para o desenvolvimento de larvas do T. molitor. O tratamento controle foi composto de trigo, soja e milho, enquanto os outros três tratamentos consistiram em dietas suplementadas com 50% de subprodutos da extração de macaúba, buriti e cacau. Foram realizados quatro tratamentos com quatro repetições entre maio e junho de 2019. Os dados foram analisados através dos testes ANOVA e Holm-Sidak, onde valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As larvas de T. molitor completaram seu ciclo de vida em todas as dietas testadas, entretanto, na dieta suplementada com cacau, o desenvolvimento em número de larvas foi reduzido em relação aos outros grupos. A farinha dos animais alimentados com a dieta à base de cacau apresentou um teor de proteínas inferior quando comparada à do ao grupo controle (p<0,001). Dietas à base de buriti, cacau e macaúba apresentaram quantidades maiores de extrato etéreo (p<0,018, <0,012 e <0,003, respectivamente). Concluiu-se que a suplementação de Tenébrios com dietas à base de buriti e macaúba pode ser uma boa estratégia para a melhoria do perfil nutricional da farinha de T. molitor, fornecendo quantidades favoráveis de proteínas e minerais. No tocante ao uso do cacau, estudos futuros para avaliar a presença de componentes alcaloides e seus efeitos diretos na suplementação animal devem ser conduzidos, o que pode representar uma limitação deste estudo.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of typical Brazilian fruit residues on the nutritional profile of the Tenebrio Molitor larva. The experimental design was a randomized block, where four different diets were tested for the development of T. molitor larvae. The control treatment consisted of wheat, soy, and corn, while the other three treatments consisted of diets supplemented with 50% of by-products derived from macauba, buriti, and cocoa extraction. Four treatments were carried out with four repetitions between May and June 2019. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Holm-Sidak tests, where p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. T. molitor larvae completed their life cycle in all tested diets; however, the development in number of larvae in the diet supplemented with cocoa was reduced compared to the other groups. The flour of animals fed with a cocoa-based diet showed had a lower protein level when compared to the control group (p<0.001). Diets based on buriti, cacoa, and macaúba presented higher amounts of ether extract (p<0.018, <0.012, and <0.003, respectively). It is concluded that the supplementation of Tenebrios with diets based on buriti and macaúba can be a good strategy to improve the nutritional profile of T. molitor flour, providing favorable amounts of proteins and minerals. Regarding the use of cocoa, further studies to assess the presence of alkaloids and their direct effects on animal supplementation must be conducted, which may represent a limitation of this study.

Marine species as safe source of LC-PUFA and micronutrients: Insights in new promising marine food in Peru.

Seafood could be a promising way to supplement healthy fatty acids and trace elements to the Peruvian diet. Seafood from northern Peru was characterized with the highest relative concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), while in the center region marine species had the lowest As and Pb contents. Peruvian marine species are rich in LC-PUFAs and micro-nutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), including species considered as potentially edible (e.g. Cycloxanthops sexdecimdentatus), but also non-edible species (e.g. Caulerpa filiformis). Nevertheless, it is crucial to consider toxic metals, e.g. As and Cd, which could pose a risk for consumers. High levels of beneficial LC-PUFAs and micro-nutrients would be taken up (up to 80% of the recommended values) when the Peruvian population would consume the estimated safe amount of seafood. Scoring species for fatty acid and metal content resulted in gastropods (e.g. Bursa ventricosa) as being the least beneficial species.

Use of a mixture of vegetal (Jatropha curcas) and animal (fish silage) byproducts as protein source in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diets

This study evaluated growth responses of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei by testing different combinations of Jatropha curcas kernel meal (JCK) and tilapia waste silage (FS) as dietary protein sources under laboratory and pond conditions. A reference diet (RD) based on fish meal was elaborated to contain 35% crude protein and 434 kcal/g; then, five isoproteic and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated from RD with different FS/JCK proportions as follows: 75%FS/0%JCK; 56.25%FS/13.25%JCK; 26.5%FS/30.89%JCK; 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK; and 0%FS/53%JCK. For the laboratory trial, shrimp (2.90 g) were stocked at 10 m2 in an indoor recirculating system during 90 days. There were differences among the growth parameters of diets. Mean weight gain fluctuated from 6.71±0.61 g observed for the shrimp fed the 75%FS/ 0%JCK diet, to 9.70±0.61 g for the group fed the RD. The RD and 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK diet obtained the highest mean final weight (above 12 g), weight gain (above 9 g), and specific growth rate values (above 1.6%/day). Average final survival was 90.97%. The RD and 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK diets were used for the pond trial. Shrimp (0.49 g) were stocked at 10 m2 within 1-m3 cages into the pond for 35 days. Weight gain (3.47 g) and survival (93.33%) of shrimps were similar between the diets. Quadratic equations with the laboratory data indicated that the maximum responses for growth parameters correspond to FS and JKC inclusion levels in the range of 27.83 to 29.00%, and 32.25 to 33.64%, respectively. A combination of 18.75% FS/39.75%JCK meals as protein source is a potential alternative to effectively substitute FM in practical diets for L. vannamei at the studied ages under both laboratory and pond conditions.(AU)

Avaliação econômica de dietas com diferentes níveis de substituição do grão de sorgo por grão de aveia preta para terminação de novilhos em confinamento

The economic evaluation of the use of four substitution levels (0; 33; 66 e 100%) of sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) by oat grain (Avena strigosa) in the concentrate of diet of steers during feedlot finishing, was studied. The animals, 19 months old and with initial average weight of 381kg, were fed a diet with 60% of roughage and 40% of concentrate, containing crude protein for a weight gain of 1.2kg/animal/day. During the adaptation period and the first half of the experimental period (35 days) the roughage used was sorghum silage, during the second half of the experimental period (32 days) the roughage used was corn silage (Zea mays). When sorghum silage was used the costs of the diet per animal per day were R$ 1.062; 0.970; 0.865 and 0.725, respectively, for the substitution levels 0; 33; 66 and 100%. The diet costs to produce 1kg of weight gain were R$ 0.82; 0.74; 0.78 and 0.65, respectively. When corn silage was used, the cost of the diets increased as a result of the increase in dry matter intake and the higher production cost of corn silage, however, the daily weight gain was maintained close to 1.2kg animal-1 as preconized. The costs per animal per day of diets containing corn silage were R$ 1.401; 1.208; 1.063 and 0.906 and R$ 1.083; 1.011; 0.799 and 0.916 for the production of 1kg of weight gain, respectively, for the substitution levels 0; 33; 66 and 100%. Total costs of the different diets per animal during the whole period of 67 days were R$ 82.517; 72.959; 64.587 and 54.645, resulting a gross income per animal of R$ 95.22; 92.20; 89.66 and 77.46, originating a positive difference of R$ 12.70; 19.24; 25.07 and 22.81 per animal, respectively, for substitution levels 0; 33; 66 and 100%.

Foi estudada a economicidade da utilização de quatro níveis de substituição (0; 33; 66 e 100%) do grão de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) por grão de aveia preta (Avena strigosa) na fração concentrado da dieta de novilhos, na fase de terminação em confinamento. Os animais, com idade média inicial de 19 meses e peso médio inicial de 381kg, foram alimentados com dieta composta por 60% de volumoso e 40% de concentrado, contendo proteína bruta para ganho de peso de 1,2kg animal-1 dia-1. No período de adaptação de sete dias e na primeira metade do período experimental (35 dias), o volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de sorgo forrageiro, na segunda metade do período experimental (32 dias), o volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de milho (Zea mays). Quando foi utilizada a silagem de sorgo, os custos das dietas por animal por dia foram de R$ 1,062; 0,970; 0,865 e 0,725, respectivamente, para os níveis de substituição de 0; 33; 66 e 100%. Já os custos das dietas para produção de 1kg de ganho de peso foram de R$ 0,82; 0,74; 0,78 e 0,65, respectivamente. Quando foi utilizada a silagem de milho, os custos das dietas aumentaram em função do aumento no consumo de matéria seca e do maior custo de produção da silagem de milho. No entanto, foi mantido o ganho de peso médio diário próximo ao preconizado (1,2kg animal-1). Os custos das dietas por animal por dia que continham silagem de milho foram de R$ 1,401; 1,208; 1,063 e 0,906 e R$ 1,083; 1,011; 0,799 e 0,916 para produção de 1kg de ganho de peso, respectivamente, para os níveis de substituição de 0; 33; 66 e 100%. Os custos totais das diferentes dietas por animal no período de 67 dias foram de R$ 82,517; 72,959; 64,587 e 54,645, sendo obtida uma receita bruta por animal de R$ 95,22; 92,20; 89,66 e 77,46, originando uma diferença positiva de R$ 12,70; 19,24; 25,07 e 22,81 por animal, respectivamente, para os níveis de substituição de 0; 33; 66 e 100%.

Avaliação econômica de dietas com diferentes níveis de substituição do grão de sorgo por grão de aveia preta para terminação de novilhos em confinamento

The economic evaluation of the use of four substitution levels (0; 33; 66 e 100%) of sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) by oat grain (Avena strigosa) in the concentrate of diet of steers during feedlot finishing, was studied. The animals, 19 months old and with initial average weight of 381kg, were fed a diet with 60% of roughage and 40% of concentrate, containing crude protein for a weight gain of 1.2kg/animal/day. During the adaptation period and the first half of the experimental period (35 days) the roughage used was sorghum silage, during the second half of the experimental period (32 days) the roughage used was corn silage (Zea mays). When sorghum silage was used the costs of the diet per animal per day were R$ 1.062; 0.970; 0.865 and 0.725, respectively, for the substitution levels 0; 33; 66 and 100%. The diet costs to produce 1kg of weight gain were R$ 0.82; 0.74; 0.78 and 0.65, respectively. When corn silage was used, the cost of the diets increased as a result of the increase in dry matter intake and the higher production cost of corn silage, however, the daily weight gain was maintained close to 1.2kg animal-1 as preconized. The costs per animal per day of diets containing corn silage were R$ 1.401; 1.208; 1.063 and 0.906 and R$ 1.083; 1.011; 0.799 and 0.916 for the production of 1kg of weight gain, respectively, for the substitution levels 0; 33; 66 and 100%. Total costs of the different diets per animal during the whole period of 67 days were R$ 82.517; 72.959; 64.587 and 54.645, resulting a gross income per animal of R$ 95.22; 92.20; 89.66 and 77.46, originating a positive difference of R$ 12.70; 19.24; 25.07 and 22.81 per animal, respectively, for substitution levels 0; 33; 66 and 100%.

Foi estudada a economicidade da utilização de quatro níveis de substituição (0; 33; 66 e 100%) do grão de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) por grão de aveia preta (Avena strigosa) na fração concentrado da dieta de novilhos, na fase de terminação em confinamento. Os animais, com idade média inicial de 19 meses e peso médio inicial de 381kg, foram alimentados com dieta composta por 60% de volumoso e 40% de concentrado, contendo proteína bruta para ganho de peso de 1,2kg animal-1 dia-1. No período de adaptação de sete dias e na primeira metade do período experimental (35 dias), o volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de sorgo forrageiro, na segunda metade do período experimental (32 dias), o volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de milho (Zea mays). Quando foi utilizada a silagem de sorgo, os custos das dietas por animal por dia foram de R$ 1,062; 0,970; 0,865 e 0,725, respectivamente, para os níveis de substituição de 0; 33; 66 e 100%. Já os custos das dietas para produção de 1kg de ganho de peso foram de R$ 0,82; 0,74; 0,78 e 0,65, respectivamente. Quando foi utilizada a silagem de milho, os custos das dietas aumentaram em função do aumento no consumo de matéria seca e do maior custo de produção da silagem de milho. No entanto, foi mantido o ganho de peso médio diário próximo ao preconizado (1,2kg animal-1). Os custos das dietas por animal por dia que continham silagem de milho foram de R$ 1,401; 1,208; 1,063 e 0,906 e R$ 1,083; 1,011; 0,799 e 0,916 para produção de 1kg de ganho de peso, respectivamente, para os níveis de substituição de 0; 33; 66 e 100%. Os custos totais das diferentes dietas por animal no período de 67 dias foram de R$ 82,517; 72,959; 64,587 e 54,645, sendo obtida uma receita bruta por animal de R$ 95,22; 92,20; 89,66 e 77,46, originando uma diferença positiva de R$ 12,70; 19,24; 25,07 e 22,81 por animal, respectivamente, para os níveis de substituição de 0; 33; 66 e 100%.