Evaluación prospectiva del perfil emético y la eficacia analgésica del ibuprofeno y el metamizol intravenososen el postoperatorio inmediato de la apendicitis agudapediátrica / Prospective evaluation of the emetogenic profile and analgesic efficacy of intravenous ibuprofen and metamizole in the immediate postoperative period of pediatric acute appendicitis

Introducción: En la literatura existen pocas referencias que comparen las distintas alternativas disponibles para controlar el dolor enel postoperatorio inmediato de la apendicitis aguda pediátrica (AAP).Material y métodos: Comparación prospectiva del perfil anal-gésico y emético del ibuprofeno y el metamizol intravenosos en elpostoperatorio inmediato de la AAP, para lo cual se recurre a unamuestra de pacientes operados en 2021 en nuestro centro. Los participantes fueron reclutados a su llegada a Urgencias, obteniéndoseconfirmación histopatológica del diagnóstico en todos ellos. La evaluación del dolor se llevó a cabo cada 8 horas tras la cirugía medianteescalas analógicas visuales validadas, con valoraciones entre los 0 ylos 10 puntos. Se realizó un ANOVA de las medidas repetidas entrelos dos grupos para comparar la evolución del dolor en las 48 horasposteriores a la cirugía.Resultados: La muestra estaba compuesta por un total de 95 pacientes (65% de ellos varones) con una edad media de 9,7 años (DT:3,14). 41 pacientes fueron tratados con ibuprofeno (grupo 1) y 54 conmetamizol (grupo 2). No se hallaron diferencias significativas en lo querespecta al dolor, ni en las comparaciones de las mediciones puntuales,ni en su evolución en las 48 horas posteriores a la cirugía (p= 0,58). Unavez realizado el ajuste correspondiente a la terapia de fluidos recibida,los niños del grupo metamizol tuvieron significativamente más episodioseméticos y necesitaron significativamente más dosis de ondansetrón.Conclusiones: En nuestra cohorte, el ibuprofeno tuvo una eficaciaanalgésica similar y un mejor perfil emético que el metamizol en elpostoperatorio inmediato de la AAP. Se hacen necesarios nuevos estudiosprospectivos, adecuadamente controlados y con mayor tamaño muestralque validen estos hallazgos.(AU)

Background: Literature comparing different alternatives for paincontrol in the immediate postoperative period of pediatric acute appendicitis (PAA) is scarce.Materials and methods: We prospectively compared the analgesicand emetogenic profile of intravenous ibuprofen and metamizole in theimmediate postoperative period of PAA. For this purpose, we used asample of patients operated on in 2021 in our center. Participants wererecruited on arrival at the Emergency Department and histopathologi-cal confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in all of them. Pain wasevaluated every 8 hours after the surgery with validated visual analogscales ranging from 0 to 10 points. Repeated measures ANOVA wasused to compare the evolution of pain in the 48 hours after surgerybetween the two groups. Results: The sample included 95 patients (65% males) with a meanage of 9.7 years (sd: 3.14). 41 patients were treated with Ibuprofen(group 1) and 54 with metamizole (group 2). No significant differ-ences were found in the level of pain either in the comparisons of pointmeasurements or in its evolution in the 48 hours after surgery (p= 0.58).After adjusting for the received fluid therapy, children in the metamizolegroup had significantly more emetic episodes and needed significantlymore doses of ondansetron. Conclusions: In our cohort, ibuprofen had a similar analgesic ef-ficacy and a better emetogenic profile than metamizole in the immediatepostoperative period of PAA. Future prospective, adequately controlledstudies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings.(AU)

Drugs and natural products for the treatment of COVID-19 during 2020, the first year of the pandemic.

This work aimed to show which treatments showed efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); therefore, the results of 37 clinical trials started in 2020 and completed in 2021 are reviewed and discussed here. These were selected from databases, excluding vaccines, computational studies, in silico, in vitro, and those with hyperimmune sera from recovered patients. We found 34 drugs, one vitamin, and one herbal remedy with pharmacological activity against symptomatic COVID-19. They reduced mortality, disease progression, or recovery time. For each treatment, the identifier and type of trial, the severity of the disease, the sponsor, the country where the trial was conducted, and the trial results are presented. The drugs were classified according to their mechanism of action. Several drugs that reduced mortality also reduced inflammation in the most severe cases. These include some that are not considered anti-inflammatory, such as Aviptadil, pyridostigmine bromide, anakinra, imatinib, baricitinib, and bevacizumab, as well as the combination of ivermectin, aspirin, dexamethasone, and enoxaparin. Nigella sativa seeds with honey have also been reported to have therapeutic activity. On the other hand, tofacitinib, novaferon with ritonavir, and lopinavir were also effective, as well as in combination with antiviral therapies such as danoprevir with ritonavir. The natural products colchicine and Vitamin D3 were only effective in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, as was hydroxychloroquine. Drug repositioning has been the main tool in the search for effective therapies by expanding the pharmacological options available to patients.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer qué tratamientos mostraron efectividad contra COVID-19, para lo cual se revisan y discuten los resultados de 37 estudios clínicos iniciados durante 2020 y concluidos en 2021. Estos fueron seleccionados de bases de datos, excluyendo vacunas, estudios computacionales, in silico, in vitro y con sueros hiperinmunes de pacientes recuperados. Se documentaron 34 fármacos, una vitamina y un remedio herbolario, con actividad farmacológica ante COVID-19 sintomático. Estos redujeron la mortalidad, el progreso de la enfermedad, o el tiempo de recuperación. Para cada tratamiento se presenta identificador y tipo de estudio, la gravedad de la enfermedad, patrocinador, país donde se realizó, así como sus resultados. Los fármacos se clasificaron de acuerdo con su mecanismo de acción. Varios fármacos que redujeron la mortalidad también disminuyeron la inflamación en los casos más graves. Esto incluyendo algunos no considerados antiinflamatorios, como el aviptadil, el bromuro de piridostigmina, el anakinra, el imatinib, el baricitinib y el bevacizumab, así como la combinación de ivermectina, aspirina, dexametasona y enoxaparina. También se reportaron con actividad terapéutica las semillas de Nigella sativa con miel. Además, resultaron efectivos el tofacitinib, el novaferón con ritonavir y lopinavir, así como los antivirales en terapias combinadas como el danoprevir con ritonavir. Los productos naturales colchicina y vitamina D3, solo tuvieron actividad en los pacientes en estado leve a moderado de la COVID-19, así como la hidroxicloroquina. El reposicionamiento de fármacos fue la principal herramienta para buscar terapias efectivas ampliando las opciones farmacológicas accesibles a los pacientes.

Drugs and natural products for the treatment of COVID-19 during 2020, the first year of the pandemic / Fármacos y productos naturales para el tratamiento de la COVID-19 durante 2020, el primer año de la pandemia

Abstract This work aimed to show which treatments showed efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); therefore, the results of 37 clinical trials started in 2020 and completed in 2021 are reviewed and discussed here. These were selected from databases, excluding vaccines, computational studies, in silico, in vitro, and those with hyperimmune sera from recovered patients. We found 34 drugs, one vitamin, and one herbal remedy with pharmacological activity against symptomatic COVID-19. They reduced mortality, disease progression, or recovery time. For each treatment, the identifier and type of trial, the severity of the disease, the sponsor, the country where the trial was conducted, and the trial results are presented. The drugs were classified according to their mechanism of action. Several drugs that reduced mortality also reduced inflammation in the most severe cases. These include some that are not considered anti-inflammatory, such as Aviptadil, pyridostigmine bromide, anakinra, imatinib, baricitinib, and bevacizumab, as well as the combination of ivermectin, aspirin, dexamethasone, and enoxaparin. Nigella sativa seeds with honey have also been reported to have therapeutic activity. On the other hand, tofacitinib, novaferon with ritonavir, and lopinavir were also effective, as well as in combination with antiviral therapies such as danoprevir with ritonavir. The natural products colchicine and Vitamin D3 were only effective in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, as was hydroxychloroquine. Drug repositioning has been the main tool in the search for effective therapies by expanding the pharmacological options available to patients.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer qué tratamientos mostraron efectividad contra COVID-19, para lo cual se revisan y discuten los resultados de 37 estudios clínicos iniciados durante 2020 y concluidos en 2021. Estos fueron seleccionados de bases de datos, excluyendo vacunas, estudios computacionales, in silico, in vitro y con sueros hiperinmunes de pacientes recuperados. Se documentaron 34 fármacos, una vitamina y un remedio herbolario, con actividad farmacológica ante COVID-19 sintomático. Estos redujeron la mortalidad, el progreso de la enfermedad, o el tiempo de recuperación. Para cada tratamiento se presenta identificador y tipo de estudio, la gravedad de la enfermedad, patrocinador, país donde se realizó, así como sus resultados. Los fármacos se clasificaron de acuerdo con su mecanismo de acción. Varios fármacos que redujeron la mortalidad también disminuyeron la inflamación en los casos más graves. Esto incluyendo algunos no considerados antiinflamatorios, como el aviptadil, el bromuro de piridostigmina, el anakinra, el imatinib, el baricitinib y el bevacizumab, así como la combinación de ivermectina, aspirina, dexametasona y enoxaparina. También se reportaron con actividad terapéutica las semillas de Nigella sativa con miel. Además, resultaron efectivos el tofacitinib, el novaferón con ritonavir y lopinavir, así como los antivirales en terapias combinadas como el danoprevir con ritonavir. Los productos naturales colchicina y vitamina D3, solo tuvieron actividad en los pacientes en estado leve a moderado de la COVID-19, así como la hidroxicloroquina. El reposicionamiento de fármacos fue la principal herramienta para buscar terapias efectivas ampliando las opciones farmacológicas accesibles a los pacientes.

Comparación potencial de las actividades antiinflamatorias de las formulaciones de enjuague bucal de quercetina y diclofenaco / Potential Comparison of Anti-inflammatory Activities of Quercetin and Diclofenac Mouthwash Formulations

Introduction: Periodontitis is a pandemic, with about 14 percent of people worldwide already suffering from severe periodontitis. Early intervention in the disease could probably reduce its progression and eliminate the need for the extraction of affected teeth. Quercetin is a probable candidate as it has exemplary anti-inflammatory properties. The presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups in them greatly contributes to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Objectives: The study introduces the formulation of Quercetin mouthwash and assesses its anti-inflammatory properties in comparison to Diclofenac sodium. Methods: Quercetin mouthwash was prepared using a commercially procured bioactive agent. One standard nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Diclofenac was used as a reference drug. The percentage inhibition of protein denaturation was calculated and its anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated through Bovine Serum Albumin Assay and Egg Albumin Assay. Results: Quercetin mouthwash showed parallel anti-inflammatory properties and showed a proportionate increase in anti-inflammatory properties with the increase in the concentration of the mouthwash. Comparable inhibition of protein denaturation at 10µl and 50µl concentrations with a proportionate variation of 1 percent (p>0.05) to the control in Egg Albumin Assay and 47 percent and 83 percent denaturation at 10µl and 50µl of Bovine Serum Albumin Assay were observed. Conclusion: Quercetin mouthwash has shown significant anti-inflammatory activity and hence is considered a potent anti-inflammatory agent comparable to Diclofenac sodium. It is found to be a suitable agent as an oral formulation for reducing the progression of inflammatory conditions(AU)

Introducción: La periodontitis es una pandemia, ya que alrededor del 14 por ciento de las personas en todo el mundo padecen periodontitis grave. Una intervención precoz en la enfermedad podría, probablemente, reducir su progresión y eliminar la necesidad de extraer los dientes afectados. La quercetina es un candidato probable, ya que tiene propiedades antiinflamatorias ejemplares. Su presencia de grupos hidroxilos fenólicos contribuye en gran medida a sus actividades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias. Objetivos: El estudio presenta la formulación del colutorio de quercetina y evalúa sus propiedades antiinflamatorias en comparación con el diclofenaco sódico. Métodos: Se preparó un colutorio de quercetina, utilizando un agente bioactivo obtenido comercialmente. Se utilizó como fármaco de referencia un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo estándar, el diclofenaco. Se calculó el porcentaje de inhibición de la desnaturalización de proteínas y se evaluaron sus propiedades antiinflamatorias mediante ensayo con albúmina de suero bovino y con albúmina de huevo. Resultados: El colutorio de quercetina mostró propiedades antiinflamatorias paralelas y mostró un aumento proporcional de las propiedades antiinflamatorias con el aumento de la concentración del colutorio. Se observó una inhibición comparable de la desnaturalización de proteínas a concentraciones de 10µl y 50µl con una variación proporcional del 1 por ciento (p > 0,05), respecto al control en el ensayo de albúmina de huevo y una desnaturalización del 47 por ciento y 83 por ciento a 10µl y 50µl del ensayo de albúmina de suero bovino. Conclusiones: El enjuague bucal de quercetina ha mostrado una actividad antiinflamatoria significativa, por lo que se considera un potente agente antiinflamatorio comparable al diclofenaco sódico. Se considera un agente adecuado como formulación oral para reducir la progresión de las afecciones inflamatorias(AU)

Pelvic Ewing Sarcoma: The Great Mimicker / Sarcoma de Ewing pélvico: o grande imitador

Abstract Ewing sarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor of the pelvis in children and young adults. Even with aggressive treatment, its survival rate is amongst the poorest. Classical presentation may not be the rule. It may simulate clinically, imagiologically and histopathologically other nonmalignant entities. Therefore, its suspicion should not be overlooked. We report two cases of pelvic Ewing sarcoma: the first mimicking eosinophilic granuloma, and the second mimicking osteomyelitis. In the latter, we also report an atypical finding of its natural history: an initial response to antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatment. In both cases, we highlight the possibility of an inconclusive percutaneous bone biopsy and the importance of immunochemistry and cytogenetics for the definitive diagnosis.

Resumo O sarcoma de Ewing é o tumor ósseo maligno da pelve mais comum em crianças e adultos jovens. Mesmo com tratamento agressivo, sua taxa de sobrevivência está entre as piores. A apresentação clássica pode não ser a regra. Ele pode simular clinicamente, imaginologicamente e histopatologicamente outras entidades não malignas. Portanto, sua suspeita não deve ser negligenciada. Relatamos dois casos de sarcoma pélvico: o primeiro imitando granuloma eosinofílico e o segundo imitando osteomielite. Neste último, também relatamos um achado atípico de sua história natural: uma resposta inicial ao antibiótico e ao tratamento anti-inflamatório. Em ambos os casos, destacamos a possibilidade de uma biópsia óssea percutânea inconclusiva e a importância da imunoquímica e da citogenética para o diagnóstico definitivo.

Osteomielitis crònica no bacteriana / Osteomielitis crónica no bacteriana / Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis

Introducció. L’osteomielitis crònica no bacteriana (OCNB)és una entitat poc freqüent en pediatria. Es tracta d’unamalaltia inflamatòria no infecciosa de l’os que sol cursaramb remissions i exacerbacions espontànies. Té una etiologia desconeguda. Sol presentar-se com un dolor ossisubagut, acompanyat o no de clínica sistèmica, i és necessari descartar altres causes, com la neoplàstica o la infecciosa. Les proves d’imatge donen suport al diagnòstic.Observació clínica. Es presenten dos casos de pacients ambdolor ossi insidiós a les extremitats inferiors de diversessetmanes d’evolució, amb alteració de la força i la mobilitat. Ambdós casos s’associen a anorèxia. L’analítica presenta elevació dels paràmetres inflamatoris, VSG (velocitatde sedimentació globular) i PCR (proteïna C reactiva). Lagammagrafia òssia i la ressonància magnètica nuclear permeten fer el diagnòstic d’OCNB. En ambdós casos es fatractament amb antiinflamatoris no esteroidals durant quatre setmanes, i es requereix l’addició de bifosfonats a causad’una resposta parcial.Comentaris. L’OCNB és una causa d’inflamació òssia en elsinfants en què un diagnòstic precoç i la instauració d’untractament efectiu permet evitar complicacions. És important tenir-la en compte en fer el diagnòstic diferencial deldolor ossi insidiós. Un coneixement millor en pot disminuirl’infradiagnòstic. (AU)

Introducción. La osteomielitis crónica no bacteriana (OCNB) esuna entidad poco frecuente en pediatría. Se trata de una enfermedad inflamatoria no infecciosa del hueso que suele cursar conremisiones y exacerbaciones espontáneas. Su etiología es desconocida. Suele presentarse como un dolor óseo subagudo, acompañado o no de clínica sistémica, y es necesario descartar otrascausas como la neoplásica o la infecciosa. Las pruebas de imagenapoyan el diagnóstico.Observación clínica. Se presentan dos casos de pacientes con doloróseo insidioso en extremidades inferiores de varias semanas de evolución con alteración de la fuerza y la movilidad. Ambos casosse asocian a anorexia. A nivel analítico presentan elevación de losparámetros inflamatorios, VSG (velocidad de sedimentación globular) y PCR (proteína C reactiva). La gammagrafía ósea y la resonancia magnética nuclear permiten realizar el diagnóstico de OCNB.En ambos casos se realiza tratamiento con antiinflamatorios noesteroideos durante cuatro semanas, requiriendo la adición de bifosfonatos debido a respuesta parcial.Comentarios. La OCNB es una causa de inflamación ósea en losniños en la que un diagnóstico precoz y la instauración de untratamiento efectivo permite evitar complicaciones. Es importantetenerla en cuenta al realizar el diagnóstico diferencial del doloróseo insidioso. Un mayor conocimiento puede disminuir su infradiagnóstico. (AU)

Introduction. Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNBO) is a rarecondition in pediatrics. It is a non-infectious inflammatory diseaseof the bone that usually results in spontaneous remissions andexacerbations. Its etiology is unknown. It usually presents as subacute bone pain, with or without systemic signs and symptoms. Itis often necessary to rule out other causes such as neoplastic orinfectious. Imaging tests support the diagnosis.Clinical observation. We present two cases of patients with insidious bone pain in the lower extremities of several weeks of evolution with impaired strength and mobility. Both cases were associated with anorexia nervosa. Laboratory evaluation showed elevatedinflammatory parameters, erythrocyte sedimentation rate andC-reactive protein. Bone scintigraphy and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging allowed the diagnosis of CNBO. In both cases,treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was performed for 4 weeks, requiring the addition of bisphosphonates due topartial response.Comments. CNBO is a cause of bone inflammation in children inwhich early diagnosis and effective treatment can prevent complications. It is important to keep this entity in mind when makingthe differential diagnosis of insidious bone pain. Greater knowledgemay decrease its underdiagnosis. (AU)

Úlcera péptica / Peptic ulcer

La enfermedad ulcerosa péptica es una patología frecuente; aunque su incidencia ha disminuido en los últimos años, sigue siendo una causa importante de morbimortalidad asociada a un elevado gasto sanitario. Los factores de riesgo más importantes son la infección por Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) y el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. La mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedad ulcerosa péptica permanecen asintomáticos, siendo la clínica más frecuente la dispepsia, a menudo característica (dispepsia ulcerosa). También puede comenzar con complicaciones como hemorragia digestiva alta, perforación o estenosis. La técnica diagnóstica de elección es la endoscopia digestiva alta. El tratamiento con inhibidores de la bomba de protones, la erradicación de H. pylori y evitar el consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos son la base del tratamiento. Sin embargo, la prevención es la mejor estrategia, incluye una adecuada indicación de inhibidores de la bomba de protones, la investigación y tratamiento de H. pylori, evitar los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos o utilizar aquellos menos gastrolesivos (AU)

Peptic ulcer disease is a frequent pathology; although the incidence has decreased in recent years, it continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with high healthcare costs. The most important risk factors are Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Most patients with peptic ulcer disease remain asymptomatic, with dyspepsia being the most frequent and often characteristic symptom. It can also debut with complications such as upper gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation or stenosis. The diagnostic technique of choice is upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors, eradication of H. pylori and avoiding the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the basis of treatment. However, prevention is the best strategy, it includes an adequate indication of proton pump inhibitors, investigation and treatment of H. pylori, avoiding non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or using those that are less gastrolesive (AU)

[Peptic ulcer]. / Úlcera péptica.

Peptic ulcer disease is a frequent pathology; although the incidence has decreased in recent years, it continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with high healthcare costs. The most important risk factors are Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Most patients with peptic ulcer disease remain asymptomatic, with dyspepsia being the most frequent and often characteristic symptom. It can also debut with complications such as upper gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation or stenosis. The diagnostic technique of choice is upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors, eradication of H. pylori and avoiding the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the basis of treatment. However, prevention is the best strategy, it includes an adequate indication of proton pump inhibitors, investigation and treatment of H. pylori, avoiding non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or using those that are less gastrolesive.

Avaliação da função renal em coelhos utilizando anti inflamatórios não esteroidais (aines) / Evaluation of renal function in rabbits using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (aines)

Introdução: Rins são órgãos vitais para o funcionamento do organismo, fazendo parte do sistema excretor e osmorregulador, cujas funções consistem em realizar a filtração do sangue e excretar produtos finais de diversos metabolismos, além de produzirem hormônios, fundamentais para o corpo humano. Com isso em mente, destaca-se que uma causa comum para o surgimento de doenças renais crônicas é o uso exacerbado de medicamentos anti inflamatórios. Objetivo: Relacionar, por meio da análise de creatinina e a taxa de filtração glomerular, a real influência do uso de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais na função renal. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo experimental, realizado com 8 coelhos com maturidade reprodutiva e peso superior a 1kg, tendo sido escolhidos devido às limitações impostas para animais de pequeno porte, como ratos e camundongos, em exames laboratoriais e de imagem. Resultados: Divididos em 4 grupos, com 2 coelhos em cada um deles, cada qual recebeu um anti-inflamatório não esteroide (AINE) correspondente, administrados por via oral (suspensão). Os coelhos 1 e 2 receberam Ibuprofeno, 3 e 4 Diclofenaco, 5 e 6 Nimesulida e 7 e 8 Cetoprofeno. A avaliação da função renal deu-se pela dosagem periódica da creatinina sérica e a taxa de filtração glomerular, medida por cintilografia renal dinâmica em clínica de medicina nuclear. Os coelhos (grupos 1 e 7) tiveram índices aumentados de creatinina, vindo a óbito por miopatia, e o do grupo 8 teve pneumonia. Após 42 dias de uso da medicação, 5 coelhos apresentaram valores de creatinina considerados normais. Conclusão: Conseguiu-se, por meio do experimento, demonstrar que, apesar de os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais não necessariamente constituírem risco renal significativo, é importante utilizar esses fármacos com cautela, tendo em vista as alterações evidenciadas no estudo

Introduction: Kidneys are vital organs for the functioning of the body, being part of the excretory and osmoregulating system, whose functions consist of performing blood filtration and excreting end products of various metabolisms, in addition to producing hormones, fundamental to the human body. With this in mind, it is noteworthy that a common cause for the emergence of chronic kidney diseases is the exacerbated use of anti-inflammatory drugs. Objective: To relate, through creatinine analysis and glomerular filtration rate, the real influence of the use of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs on renal function. Materials and Methods: Experimental study, performed with 8 rabbits with reproductive maturity and weight greater than 1kg, and were chosen due to the limitations imposed on small animals, such as rats and mice, in laboratory and imaging tests. Results: Divided into 4 groups, with 2 rabbits in each of them, each of which received a corresponding non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) administered orally (suspension). Rabbits 1 and 2 received Ibuprofen, 3 and 4 Diclofenac, 5 and 6 Nimesulida and 7 and 8 Cetoprofen. The evaluation of renal function was performed by periodic measurement of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate, measured by dynamic renal scintigraphy in a nuclear medicine clinic. Rabbits (groups 1 and 7) had increased rates of creatinine, coming to obito for myopathy, and group 8 had pneumonia. After 42 days of medication use, 5 rabbits had creatinine values considered normal. Conclusion: It was possible, through the experiment, to demonstrate that, although non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not necessarily constitute significant renal risk, it is important to use these drugs with caution, considering the changes evidenced in the study

Introducción: Los riñones son órganos vitales para el funcionamiento del organismo, formando parte del sistema excretor y osmorregulador, cuyas funciones consisten en filtrar la sangre y excretar productos finales de diversos metabolismos, además de producir hormonas, fundamentales para el cuerpo humano. Con eso en mente, cabe señalar que una causa común para la aparición de la enfermedad renal crónica es el uso exacerbado de medicamentos antiinflamatorios. Objetivo: Relacionar, mediante el análisis de la creatinina y el filtrado glomerular, la influencia real del uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos sobre la función renal. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio experimental realizado con 8 conejos en madurez reproductiva y con peso superior a 1 kg, habiendo sido elegidos por las limitaciones impuestas para animales pequeños, como ratas y ratones, en pruebas de laboratorio y de imagen. Resultados: Divididos en 4 grupos, con 2 conejos en cada grupo, cada uno de los cuales recibió un fármaco antiinflamatorio no esteroideo (AINE) correspondiente, administrado por vía oral (suspensión). Los conejos 1 y 2 recibieron Ibuprofeno, 3 y 4 Diclofenaco, 5 y 6 Nimesulida y 7 y 8 Ketoprofeno. La evaluación de la función renal se realizó mediante la medición periódica de la creatinina sérica y la tasa de filtración glomerular, medidos por gammagrafía renal dinámica en una clínica de medicina nuclear. Los conejos (grupo 1 y 7) tenían niveles elevados de creatinina, falleciendo por miopatía, y el del grupo 8 tenía neumonía. Después de 42 días de uso de medicamentos, 5 conejos tenían valores de creatinina considerados normales. Conclusión: Fue posible, a través del experimento, demostrar que, aunque los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos no necesariamente constituyen un riesgo renal significativo, es importante utilizar estos fármacos con precaución, frente a los cambios evidenciados en el estudio

Confianza y actitud tras un diagnóstico negativo de alergia a fármacos betalactámicos y/o AINE / Trust and attitude after a negative diagnosis for allergy to betalactam drugs and/or NSAIDs

Objetivo: determinar el grado de confianza en el diagnóstico de exclusión de alergia en pacientes con sospecha de hipersensibilidad a antibióticos betalactámicos y/o AINE. Adicionalmente se pretendía describir la actitud del paciente hacia la toma futura del fármaco que motivó el estudio.Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se seleccionaron 103 pacientes mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos y con un resultado negativo en las pruebas diagnósticas de alergia a betalactámicos y/o AINE. Los participantes fueron evaluados mediante un cuestionario heteroadministrado en la práctica clínica habitual de alergología.Resultados: el grado de confianza hacia la etiqueta previa de alergia fue moderado para antibióticos betalactámicos (6,4/10) y para AINE (6,1/10), elevado hacia el diagnóstico negativo de alergia (betalactámicos: 7,5/10; AINE: 7,9/10), y moderado con relación a la futura toma del fármaco estudiado, tras un diagnóstico negativo de alergia (betalactámicos: 6,7/10; AINE: 6,3/10). El grado de confianza hacia el diagnóstico de exclusión de alergia a betalactámicos o AINE aumenta con relación al conferido previamente por el de sospecha, en ambos fármacos (p= 0,01).Conclusiones: el grado de confianza de los pacientes en el diagnóstico de exclusión de alergia a fármacos betalactámicos y/o AINE es elevado. Sin embargo, la confianza para la toma futura del fármaco que motivó el estudio, tras un diagnóstico negativo de alergia, se reduce a moderada. Los profesionales de la salud deben proporcionar una educación sanitaria efectiva que resuelva las inseguridades hacia la realización de la prueba y refuerce la confianza del paciente para la toma futura del fármaco.(AU)

Objective: to determine the level of trust in the diagnosis excluding allergy in patients with suspected hypersensitivity to betalactam antibiotics and/or NSAIDs. Additionally, it was intended to describe the attitude of patients towards taking in the future the drug which motivated the study.Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted; 103 >18-year old patients were selected, of both genders and with a negative result in diagnostic tests for betalactam drugs and/or NSAIDs. Participants were evaluated through a heteroadministered questionnaire at their usual Allergology clinical practice.Results: the level of trust towards the previous allergy label was moderate for betalactam antibiotics (6.4/10) and for NSAIDs (6.1/10), high towards the negative diagnosis for allergy (betalactam drugs: 7.5/10; NSAIDs: 7.9/10), and moderate regarding taking in the future the drug under study, after a negative diagnosis for allergy (betalactam drugs: 6.7/10; NSAIDs: 6.3/10). The degree of trust towards the diagnosis excluding allergy to betalactam drugs or NSAIDs increased regarding the previous degree for suspected allergy, in both drugs (p= 0.01).Conclusions: there is a high degree of trust in patients regarding their diagnosis excluding allergy to betalactam drugs and/or NSAIDs. However, trust regarding taking in the future the drug which motivated the study, after a negative diagnosis of allergy, was reduced to moderate. Health professionals must provide effective health education that solves uncertainties in terms of conducting the test and reinforces trust by patients for taking the drug in the future.(AU)

Estudio comparativo para evaluar la efectividad del tratamiento con plasma rico en plaquetas y con AINEs en la gonartrosis grado I-II / Comparative study to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with platelet-rich plasma and NSAIDs in grade I-II gonarthrosis

Resumen: Introducción: el envejecimiento poblacional es un fenómeno demográfico a nivel mundial de los últimos 30 años. Dicho aumento de la expectativa de vida conlleva a un incremento en la incidencia de enfermedades degenerativas, principalmente de gonartrosis. Según cálculos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se estima que 10% de la población mayor de 60 años padece de osteoartrosis, 40% de la población mayor de 70 años presenta gonartrosis, cifras que podrían aumentar en la siguiente década. Aproximadamente 80% de las personas mayores de 65 años presentan cambios radiográficos con evidencia de gonartrosis, siendo 10-25% del motivo de visita médica en el primer nivel de atención. El tratamiento con plasma rico en plaquetas intraarticular ha demostrado ser una alternativa terapéutica eficaz. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, cuasiexperimental, no aleatorizado donde se comparó el comportamiento de la gonartrosis grado I y II en 140 pacientes diagnosticados clínica y radiológicamente. Separados en dos grupos de pacientes: primer grupo tratado con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs) y el segundo grupo tratado con infiltración intraarticular con plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP). El mismo se llevó a cabo en la Clínica de Especialidades No. 3 de la Jurisdicción Sanitaria Cuauhtémoc, en la consulta de ortopedia durante el año 2020. La estadística descriptiva se analizó a partir de la elaboración de una Tabla de frecuencias que permitió calcular la media y la desviación estándar, de igual manera la estadística inferencial se analizó a través de la χ2. Resultados: el grupo de edad más afectado por gonartrosis es el de 60 a 69 años de edad con 43.5% del total de pacientes, siendo el sexo femenino el más afectado con 33.5%. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron índice de masa corporal que los ubicaba como sobrepeso y obesos con 39 y 53%, respectivamente. El dolor evolucionó hacia una mejoría en 92% de los pacientes tratados con plasma rico en plaquetas y en 25.7% de los pacientes tratados con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. La capacidad funcional de la articulación de la rodilla se recuperó en 97% de los pacientes tratados con plasma rico en plaquetas y en 35.7% de los tratados con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Conclusiones: el tratamiento de la gonartrosis grado I y II con plasma rico en plaquetas intraarticular es más efectivo que el tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos.

Abstract: Introduction: population aging is a worldwide demographic phenomenon of the last thirty years. This increase in life expectancy leads to an increase in the incidence of degenerative diseases, mainly gonarthrosis. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, 10% of the population over 60 years of age suffers from osteoarthrosis, and 40% of the population over 70 years of age suffers from gonarthrosis, Figures that could increase in the next decade. Approximately 80% of people over 65 years of age present radiographic changes with evidence of gonarthrosis, being 10-25% of the reason for medical visits at the first level of care. Treatment with intra-articular platelet rich plasma has proven to be an effective therapeutic alternative. Material and methods: a prospective, quasi-experimental, non-randomized study was carried out to compare the behavior of grade I and II gonarthrosis in 140 patients diagnosed clinically and radiologically. Separated into two groups of patients, the first group treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the second group treated with intra-articular infiltration with platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The same was carried out in the Specialties Clinic No. 3 of the Cuauhtémoc Health Jurisdiction, in the orthopedics office during the year 2020. Descriptive statistics were analyzed through the elaboration of a frequency Table that allowed us to calculate the mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics were analyzed through the χ2 test. Results: the age group most affected by gonarthrosis is 60 to 69 years of age with 43.5% of the total number of patients, being the female sex the most affected with 33.5%. Most of the patients had a body mass index that placed them as overweight and obese with 39 and 53% respectively. Pain evolved towards improvement in 92% of patients treated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and in 25.7% of patients treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The functional capacity of the knee joint recovered in 97% of the patients treated with PRP and in 35.7% of those treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Conclusions: treatment of grade I and II gonarthrosis with intra-articular platelet-rich plasma is more effective than treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Diagnosis of a Case of Hepatotoxicity Due to Drugs and Herbal Supplements in a Hospital in Pasto, Colombia

The liver is a crucial organ in metabolism, and some substances can induce toxic hepatitis with high morbidity and mortality. Chemical and drug-induced liver disease is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge since it requires extension studies to rule out other entities. We present the case of a 51-year-old female patient without underlying comorbidities, admitted due to symptoms of two-day evolution consisting of progressive jaundice, diarrheal episodes without acholia, or any other additional manifestation. Her condition was caused by the intake of nimesulide, two tablets a day for two days, for pain secondary to a mandibular cyst diagnosed in previous days. During her admission to the emergency room, the patient described chronic consumption of Herbalife® products daily for four years. She presented with elevated transaminases, prolonged prothrombin time (PT), and direct hyperbilirubinemia. Infectious and immunological diseases were ruled out. We decided to start antibiotic and vitamin K coverage. Finally, and by exclusion, a liver biopsy suggested an inflammatory process compatible with drug-induced hepatitis. The woman evolved favorably when the medication and dietary supplement were discontinued. In conclusion, this case constitutes an initial point in advancing research into hepatotoxicity by shared mechanisms of various substances simultaneously, such as what happened to the patient with the parallel use of Herbalife® and nimesulide.

El hígado es un órgano crucial en el metabolismo y algunas sustancias pueden inducir hepatitis toxica con alta morbimortalidad. La enfermedad hepática inducida por sustancias químicas y medicamentos es un desafío tanto diagnostico como terapéutico, puesto que requiere la realización de estudios de extensión para descartar otras entidades. A continuación se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 51 años sin comorbilidades de base, ingresada por clínica de 2 días de evolución consistente en ictericia progresiva, episodios diarreicos sin acolia ni otra manifestación adicional. Aparentemente, su cuadro fue provocado por la administración de nimesulida, 2 tabletas al día por 2 días, contra el dolor secundario a un quiste mandibular diagnosticado en días anteriores. Durante su ingreso a urgencias la paciente describió consumo crónico, a diario desde hace 4 años, de productos de Herbalife®. Cursa con elevación de transaminasas, prolongación del tiempo de protrombina (TP) e hiperbilirrubinemia directa. Se descartan enfermedades infecciosas e inmunológicas. Se decidió iniciar el cubrimiento antibiótico y vitamina K. Finalmente y por exclusión, se realizó una biopsia hepática que sugirió un proceso inflamatorio compatible con hepatitis inducida por fármacos. La mujer evolucionó favorablemente al suspender la medicación y el suplemento dietético referido. En conclusión, el caso expuesto constituye un punto inicial en el avance hacia la investigación en hepatotoxicidad por mecanismos compartidos de diversas sustancias simultáneamente, como lo sucedido a la paciente con el uso paralelo de Herbalife® y de nimesulida.

Anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids / Efeitos anti-inflamatórios dos canabinoides

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of cannabinoids for epileptic syndrome and control of side effects associated with chemotherapy is already widespread and supported by several well-controlled clinical trials. However, the use of these drugs in inflammatory pathologies is sometimes underestimated due to lack of scientific knowledge with a high degree of evidence, non-recognition of the endocannabinoid system as an active participant in these diseases, as well as fear of the stereotype surrounding the use of cannabis derivatives. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids on various physiological systems in which these ligands interact. CONTENTS: Studies cited in this review were obtained by searching Pubmed, Medline, Google Scholar, Scielo, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), LILACS, and through the authors' familiarity with the published literature in this area of interest. Clinical, observational and intervention, experimental, qualitative studies and review articles were all included in the search. Articles were identified using the following descriptors: cannabis and tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol and endocannabinoids and anti-inflammatory inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, a manual revision of relevant references was also performed to capture articles that may not have been picked up through the initial search. The literature investigation was conducted from March 22 to May 2022. CONCLUSION: Cannabinoids show to be a promising therapeutic option in the context of inflammatory diseases, given the complete and complex relationship between the endocannabinoid system and the immune system. The setback to be overcome in the use of cannabinoids as anti-inflammatory drugs includes the synthesis of non-psychoactive cannabinoid receptor agonists while maintaining potent anti-inflammatory activity. Further studies are needed to increase our understanding of cannabinoids and their intricate effects on immune system disorders.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso de canabinoides para síndrome epiléptica e controle de efeitos adversos associados à quimioterapia já é amplamente difundido e apoiado por vários ensaios clínicos bem controlados. Entretanto, o uso destes fármacos em doenças inflamatórias é, por vezes, subestimado pela falta de conhecimento científico com alto grau de evidência, pelo não reconhecimento do sistema endocanabinoide como participante ativo destas doenças, bem como por receio do estereótipo que envolve o uso dos derivados da cannabis. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos anti-inflamatórios e antioxidantes de canabinoides endógenos e exógenos em vários sistemas fisiológicos nos quais esses ligantes interagem. CONTEÚDO: Estudos citados nesta revisão foram obtidos por meio de buscas feitas nas bases de dados Pubmed, Medline, Google Acadêmico, Scielo, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), LILACS, e através da familiaridade dos autores com a literatura publicada nesta área de interesse. Estudos clínicos, observacionais e de intervenção, experimentais, qualitativos e artigos de revisão foram todos incluídos na pesquisa. Os artigos foram identificados usando os seguintes descritores: cannabis , tetraidrocanabinol e canabidiol e endocanabinoides e inflamação anti-inflamatório e estresse oxidativo. Ademais, uma revisão manual nas referências relevantes também foi realizada para captura de artigos que podem não ter sido captados por meio da busca inicial. A investigação na literatura foi realizada no período de 22 de março a 17 de maio de 2022. CONCLUSÃO: Os canabinoides demonstram ser uma opção terapêutica promissora no contexto das doenças inflamatórias, haja vista a completa e complexa relação entre o sistema endocanabinoide e o sistema imune. O revés a ser vencido no uso de canabinoides como fármacos anti-inflamatórios inclui a síntese de agonistas de receptores canabinoides que não sejam psicoativos, mantendo a potente atividade anti-inflamatória. Novos estudos são necessários para aumentar a compreensão dos canabinoides e seus efeitos intrincados sobre distúrbios do sistema imunológico.

Anti-inflammatory treatment after selective laser trabeculoplasty: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of randomized control trials / Tratamento anti-inflamatório após trabeculoplastia seletiva a laser: revisão sistemática da literatura e meta-análise de ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados

ABSTRACT We assessed the effects of anti-inflammatory treatment after selective laser trabeculoplasty through a systematic search of the MEDLINE, COCHRANE, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The outcome measures were intraocular pressure, anterior chamber inflammation, and discomfort. Evidence synthesis was performed using fixed effects or random-effects model according to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q-statistic and I2. For an overall estimate of continuous outcomes, the mean differences and their 95% confidence intervals were applied, while odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were applied for dichotomous outcomes. Six studies were included in all. No significant difference was noted in the patients for intraocular pressure and discomfort when treated with anti-inflammatory drops. However, the patients showed benefit from reduced anterior chamber inflammation in the first postoperative week [FE OR=0.43, 95% CI=(0.19, 0.95), PQ=0.97, I2=0%], with no significant difference between the outcomes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids [FE OR=0.75, 95% CI=(0.20, 2.82), PQ=0.37, I2=0%]. Anti-inflammatory drops reduce anterior chamber inflammation after selective laser trabeculoplasty but showed no effect on the intraocular pressure.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos do tratamento anti-inflamatório após a trabeculoplastia seletiva a laser. Uma busca sistemática foi feita no MEDLINE, COCHRANE e ClinicalTrials.gov. As medidas de resultado foram pressão intraocular, inflamação da câmara anterior e desconforto. A síntese de evidência foi realizada utilizando-se modelo de efeitos fixos ou efeitos aleatórios, de acordo com a heterogeneidade dos estudos incluídos. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada utilizando-se Q-statistic e I². Para uma estimativa global dos resultados contínuos, foram usadas diferenças médias e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% enquanto para resultados dicótomos, usou-se odds ratios e seus intervalos de confiança de 95%. Seis estudos foram incluídos. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada em pacientes tratados com gotas anti-inflamatórias em termos de pressão intraocular e desconforto. No entanto, eles se beneficiaram da redução da inflamação da câmara anterior na primeira semana pós-operatória [FE OR=0,43, IC 95% = (0,19, 0,95), PQ=0,97, I2=0%], sem diferença significativa entre anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais e esteroidais [FE OR=0,75, IC 95% = (0,20, 2,82), PQ=0,37, I2=0%]. Gotas anti-inflamatórias reduzem a inflamação da câmara anterior após trabeculoplastia seletiva a laser, não afetando a pressão intraocular.

Mejoría del dolor, la función y la calidad de vida en dolor lumbar subagudo: ensayo clínico controlado con ejercicio vs. AINES / Improvement of pain, function and quality of life in subacute low back pain: controlled clinical trial with exercise vs. NSAIDs

Introducción. El dolor lumbar es una de las causas más frecuentes de consulta y discapacidad en pacientes, y según su evolución temporal se puede clasificar como agudo, subagudo y crónico. Objetivo. Estimar en pacientes con Dolor Lumbar Subagudo (DLS), la eficacia de un programa de ejercicio comparado con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES). Métodos. Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorio, con enmascaramiento simple en 90 pacientes y DLS con o sin radiculopatía, 46 pacientes fueron asignados a un programa de ejercicio físico y 44 a tratamiento con AINES. El desenlace primario fue la mejoría del dolor y los secundarios mejoría en la función, calidad de vida, ausentismo laboral y depresión con seguimiento a 1, 3 y 6 meses. Resultados. Al mes, no se registró diferencias en el dolor entre los grupos de 8,16 (IC 95 % -2,19 a 18,51), sin embargo, en el grupo de ejercicios hubo una mejoría de 47,3 (SD: 19,8) a 28,8 (SD: 20,5), p <0,001, y en el grupo de AINES de 45,2 (SD: 22,6) a 34,9 (SD: 25,0), p = 0,018. Otras muestras de mejoría se observaron en la función medida por el Índice de Discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI), la cual mejoró al mes en el grupo de ejercicio (p<0,001), mientras,la función física también mejoró al mes en el grupo de ejercicio (p= 0,038). Otra mejoría se observó en el dolor, función y calidad de vida que se mantuvo a los 3 y 6 meses en ambos grupos. Finalmente, La recurrencia fue mayor en el grupo de AINES: 25,5 % vs. 7,1 % (p= 0,04) al mes; 25,5 % vs. 7,1 % (p= 0,04) y 20,5 % vs. 5 % (p= 0,04), a los 3 y 6 meses. Conclusión. El ejercicio supervisado fue más efectivo que los AINES para disminuir la discapacidad y las recurrencias y mejorar la función física en pacientes con DLS.

Introduction. Low back pain is one of the most frequent causes of consultation and disability in patients, and according to its temporal evolution it can be classified as acute, subacute and chronic. Objective. To estimate the efficacy of an exercise program compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with subacute low back pain (LBP). Methods. A randomized, single-masked, controlled clinical trial was conducted in 90 patients and DLS with or without radiculopathy, 46 patients were assigned to a physical exercise program and 44 to NSAID treatment. The primary outcome was improvement in pain and the secondary outcomes were improvement in function, quality of life, work absenteeism and depression with follow-up at 1, 3 and 6 months. Results. At 1 month, there was no difference in pain between groups of 8.16 (95 % CI -2.19 to 18.51), however, in the exercise group there was an improvement from 47.3 (SD: 19.8) to 28.8 (SD: 20.5), p <0.001, and in the NSAID group from 45.2 (SD: 22.6) to 34.9 (SD: 25.0), p = 0.018. Other signs of improvement were seen in function as measured by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), which improved at 1 month in the exercise group (p<0.001), while physical function also improved at 1 month in the exercise group (p= 0.038). Another improvement was observed in pain, function and quality of life which was maintained at 3 and 6 months in both groups. Finally, recurrence was higher in the NSAID group: 25.5 % vs. 7.1 % (p= 0.04) at 1 month; 25.5 % (p= 0.04) at 1 month; 25.5 % (p= 0.038) in the exercise group (p= 0.038) at 1 month.

Atualização em reações de hipersensibilidade aos anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais ­ Parte 2: manifestações clínicas, fenótipos, diagnóstico e manejo / Update on hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ­ Part 2: clinical features, phenotypes, diagnosis, and management

Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINE) são os fármacos mais frequentemente associados a reações de hipersensibilidade (RH) na prática clínica. Na parte 2 dessa atualização sobre as RH aos AINE, discutiremos os aspectos clínicos dessas reações, com foco nos sinais e sintomas, como diferenciar os fenótipos clínicos, fazer a orientação desses pacientes e quando indicar procedimentos complementares, como testes cutâneos, de provocação e dessensibilização.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are a major cause of drug hypersensitivity reactions in clinical practice. In this "Update Part 2", we discuss the clinical picture, including the main signs and symptoms, how to distinguish clinical phenotypes, how to manage affected patients, and when to indicate additional procedures, such as skin testing, challenge, and desensitization.

Efectos antirresortivos y antimicrobianos de los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos en lesiones periapicales / Antiresorptive and antimicrobial effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in periapical lesion

Los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) son un grupo de fármacos que han sido comúnmente prescritos por sus propiedades antiinflamato- rias, antipiréticas y analgésicas, mismas que se deben a la inhibición de la formación de prostaglandinas. Este mecanismo ha sido ampliamente respaldado en la literatura; sin embargo, en la actualidad poco se co- noce sobre las propiedades adicionales de estos medicamentos como el efecto antirresortivo y antimicrobiano. La función antirresortiva se debe principalmente al bloqueo de la producción de prostaglandinas en específico la PGE2, que posee gran potencial osteoclastogénico, esencial para la aparición de lesiones periapicales; asimismo, la acción antimicrobiana de los AINE está relacionada con la afectación directa de la perpetuación de biopelícula, potencian la acción de los antibióticos, entre otros. Dichos efectos combinados podrían contribuir en la cura- ción de lesiones periapicales. El objetivo de este estudio es recopilar información actualizada sobre estas funciones agregadas de los AINE, con el fin de dar a conocer a los profesionales estos beneficios en la terapéutica de las lesiones periapicales (AU)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) are a group of drugs that have been commonly prescribed for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties, which are due to the inhibition of prostaglandin formation. This mechanism has been widely supported in the literature; however, currently little is known about the additional properties of these drugs such as the antiresorptive and antimicrobial effect. The antiresorptive function is mainly due to the blockage of prostaglandin production, specifically PGE2, which has great osteoclastogenic potential, and is essential for the appearance of periapical lesions; likewise, the antimicrobial action of NSAIDs is related to the fact that they directly affect the perpetuation of biofilms, enhance the action of antibiotics, among others. These combined effects could contribute to the healing of periapical lesions. The aim of this study is to gather updated information on these added functions of NSAIDs, in order to inform professionals about these benefits in the therapy of periapical lesion (AU)

Obstrucción intestinal por adherencias: un lienzo en blanco en el que el cirujano elige los colores / Intestinal obstruction due to adherences: a blank canvas on which the surgeon chooses the colors

Introducción. La obstrucción intestinal es una patología de alta prevalencia. Su abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico ha evolucionado acorde con el avance del conocimiento e implementación de la tecnología. El impacto de sus complicaciones obliga a redoblar esfuerzos en pro de lograr una mayor efectividad. Se hizo una aproximación reflexiva al problema, mediante una identificación de los puntos controversiales de interés para el cirujano general. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en varias bases de datos, utilizando dos ecuaciones de búsqueda que emplearon términos seleccionados a partir de los tesauros "Medical Subject Heading" (MeSH) y "Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud" (DeCS). Resultados. Se recolectaron 43 artículos y a partir de ellos se construyó el texto de revisión. La identificación pronta de los posibles candidatos a cirugía, mediante un esquema diagnóstico y terapéutico, se constituye en una prioridad en el manejo de estos pacientes. De igual manera, se efectúan consideraciones en la toma de decisiones con respecto a la vía quirúrgica, así como recomendaciones técnicas operatorias producto de la experiencia y lo reportado en la literatura. Existen factores propios del cirujano, del contexto y del paciente, que inciden en la resolución del problema. Conclusión. La obstrucción intestinal y sus implicaciones clínicas obligan a una reevaluación constante de su estado del arte y avances en el manejo, tendiente a una búsqueda de oportunidades para impactar favorablemente en su curso clínico. Hay estrategias por implementar, inclusive el manejo laparoscópico en casos seleccionados

Introduction. Intestinal obstruction is a pathology of high prevalence. Its diagnostic and therapeutic approach has evolved according to the progress in knowledge and implementation of technology. The impact of its complications makes it necessary to make the efforts to achieve higher effectiveness. A reflexive approach to the problem is made by identifying the controversial points of interest for the general surgeon. Methods. A systematic literature search was carried out in several databases, using two search equations from the review performed in the thesaurus "Medical Subject Heading" (MeSH) and "Descriptors in Health Sciences" (DeCS). Results. A total of 43 articles were collected using the selected methods and the review text was constructed from them. The early identification of possible candidates for surgery, by means of a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm, is a priority in the management of these patients. Likewise, considerations are made in decision-making regarding the laparoscopic vs. traditional approach, as well as operative technical recommendations based on experience and what has been reported in the literature. There are factors specific to the surgeon, the context and the patient that influence the resolution of the problem. Conclusion. Intestinal obstruction and its clinical implications require a constant reevaluation of the state of the art and advances in management, tending to search for opportunities to favorably impact its clinical course. There are strategies to be implemented, including laparoscopic management in selected cases

The antiinflammatory and electrophysiological effects of fingolimod on penicillin-induced rats / Os efeitos antiinflamatórios e eletrofisiológicos do fingolimode em ratos induzidos pela penicilina

Abstract Background The fact that inflammation triggers epileptic seizures brings to mind the antiepileptic properties of anti-inflammatory drugs. Objective To investigate the electrophysiological and anti-inflammatory effects of fingolimod on an experimental penicillin-induced acute epileptic seizure model in rats. Methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (penicillin), positive control (penicillin + diazepam [5 mg/kg]), drug (penicillin + fingolimod [0.3 mg/kg]) and synergy group (penicillin + diazepam + fingolimod). The animals were anesthetized with urethane, and epileptiform activity was induced by intracortical injection of penicillin (500,000 IU). After electrophysiological recording for 125 minutes, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were evaluated by ELISA in the serum of sacrificed animals. Results During the experiment, animal deaths occurred in the synergy group due to the synergistic negative chronotropic effect of diazepam and fingolimod. Although not statistically significant, fingolimod caused a slight decrease in spike-wave activity and spike amplitudes in the acute seizure model induced by penicillin (p > 0.05). Fingolimod decreased serum IL-1β (p < 0.05); fingolimod and diazepam together reduced IL-6 (p < 0.05), but no change was observed in serum TNF-α values. Conclusion Even in acute use, the spike-wave and amplitude values of fingolimod decrease with diazepam, anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory effects of fingolimod will be more prominent in chronic applications and central tissue evaluations. In addition, concomitant use of fingolimod and diazepam is considered to be contraindicated due to the synergistic negative inotropic effect.

Resumo Antecedentes O fato de a inflamação desencadear crises epilépticas traz à mente as propriedades antiepilépticas dos anti-inflamatórios. Objetivo Investigar os efeitos eletrofisiológicos e anti-inflamatórios do fingolimode em um modelo experimental de crise epiléptica aguda induzida por penicilina em ratos. Métodos Trinta e dois ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (penicilina), controle positivo (penicilina + diazepam [5 mg/kg]), droga (penicilina + fingolimode [0,3 mg/kg]) e grupo sinergia (penicilina + diazepam + fingolimode). Os animais foram anestesiados com uretano, e a atividade epileptiforme foi induzida por injeção intracortical de penicilina (500.000 UI). Após registro eletrofisiológico por 125 minutos, IL-1β, TNF-α e IL-6 foram avaliados por ELISA no soro dos animais sacrificados. Resultados Durante o experimento, ocorreram mortes de animais no grupo sinérgico devido ao efeito cronotrópico negativo sinérgico do diazepam e do fingolimode. Embora não seja estatisticamente significativo, o fingolimode causou uma ligeira diminuição na atividade pico-onda e nas amplitudes pico no modelo de convulsão aguda induzida pela penicilina (p > 0,05). O fingolimode diminuiu a IL-1β sérica (p < 0,05); fingolimode e diazepam juntos reduziram a IL-6 (p < 0,05), mas não foi observada alteração nos valores séricos de TNF-α. Conclusão Pensa-se que o efeito anticonvulsivante leve de uma dose única de fingolimode será mais proeminente em aplicações crônicas e em avaliações de tecidos centrais. Além disso, o uso concomitante de fingolimode e diazepam é considerado contraindicado devido ao efeito inotrópico negativo sinérgico.

Atualização em reações de hipersensibilidade aos anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais ­ Parte 1: definições, farmacologia, epidemiologia, fisiopatologia e fatores genéticos / Update on hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ­ Part 1: definitions, pharmacology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and genetics

Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINE) estão entre os medicamentos mais utilizados no mundo e são os fármacos mais frequentemente associados à ocorrência de reações de hipersensibilidade na América Latina. As reações têm grande variabilidade de apresentações clínicas e, consequentemente, com abordagem terapêutica difícil. Nesta revisão, abordamos aspectos farmacológicos dos AINE, bem como as definições, epidemiologia e fisiopatologia das reações de hipersensibilidade aos AINE. Por fim, discutimos aspectos genéticos associados à intolerância e alergia a esses fármacos.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used medications worldwide and the drugs most frequently associated with the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions in Latin America. The clinical presentation of the reactions varies widely, which makes them difficult to treat. In this review, we address pharmacological aspects of NSAIDs, as well as the definitions, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs. Finally, we discuss genetic factors associated with intolerance and allergy to these drugs.