Measured and predicted resting metabolic rate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to compare measured and estimated resting metabolic rate (RMR) predicted by selected equations in patients with nonactive inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on an outpatient university clinic regimen. RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: Seventy-two adult (≥20 years) IBD patients (45 with Crohn's disease-CD) had RMR measured (mRMR) by indirect calorimetry and also estimated by predictive equations (Cunningham, Henry, Anjos et al., and Marra et al.). Body composition was assessed by DXA. Absolute Bias (estimated - mRMR) and % Bias (Bias/mRMR) were calculated. Agreement was assessed as the limit of agreement (LoA) in the Bland & Altman approach. RESULTS: There was no difference in age, body composition and mRMR between individuals with CD (5414.2 ± 1023.7 kJ/day) and ulcerative colitis (5443.9 ± 1008.9 kJ/day). Among the equations, only the Anjos et al.'s population-specific equation (-52.1 [642.0] kJ/day, P = 0.493; LoA: -1311; 1206 kJ/d) accurately estimated RMR. The equations of Marra et al. produced the highest % Bias (24.1 ± 14.8%). The Bland & Altman plots showed that the range of the LoA was relatively similar for all equations. In the simple regression analysis, the model with FFM resulted in a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.51 for DC 0.74 for UC) compared to the model that included BM (R2 = 0.35 for DC and 0.65 for UC). CONCLUSIONS: Among the equations analyzed, only Anjos et al.'s accurately estimated RMR in outpatients with nonactive IBD. However, caution is advised when applying it at the individual level, due to the wide observed LoA.

Relationship between energetic gap and sensitivity to anti- programmed cell death 1 immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer patients: The ELY-2 Study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We previously reported in the ELY prospective study that increased resting energy expenditure (REE) - so-called hypermetabolism - worsened tumor response, 6-month progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Here, we investigated the effect of caloric coverage on the sensitivity to ICI. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed a multicentric database of mNSCLC patients treated with ICI. All patients had a baseline nutritional assessment including REE measured with indirect calorimetry and a dietitian estimation of food intakes. Measured/theoretical REE ≥ 110% defined hypermetabolism. Intakes ≥ 90% of estimated needs defined caloric coverage. The primary endpoint was PFS. Secondary endpoints included response rate and OS. RESULTS: Among 162 patients, 84 (51.9%) were normometabolic, and 78 (48.1%) hypermetabolic. In hypermetabolic patients, 40 (51.3%) met their caloric needs (group A) while 38 (48.7%) did not (group B). Median PFS was 4.3 vs. 1.9 months in groups A and B, respectively (HR: 0.49, 95%CI [0.31-0.80], p = 0.004). The PFS achieved in the group A and in normometabolic patients were similar (HR: 0.99, 95%CI [0.65-1.51], p = 0.95). In multivariate analysis, caloric coverage was independently associated with improved PFS in hypermetabolic patients (HR: 0.56, 95%CI [0.31 - 0.99], p = 0.048). Among hypermetabolic patients, the median OS was higher in the group A (HR: 0.58, 95%CI [0.35-0.95], p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Energy supply is a critical determinant of the sensitivity to ICI in NSCLC patients. A randomized study to evaluate the benefit of early nutritional intervention is warranted.

What could be the reasons for not losing weight even after following a weight loss program?

INTRODUCTION: Approximately four million people worldwide die annually because of obesity. Weight loss is commonly recommended as a first-line therapy in overweight and obese patients. Although many individuals attempt to lose weight, not everyone achieves optimal success. Few studies point out that weight loss eventually slows down, stagnates or reverses in 85% of the cases. RESEARCH QUESTION: What could be the reasons for not losing weight even after following a weight loss program? METHODS: A scoping review of the literature was performed using weight loss-related search terms such as 'Obesity,' 'Overweight,' 'Lifestyle,' 'weight loss,' 'Basal Metabolism,' 'physical activity,' 'adherence,' 'energy balance,' 'Sleep' and 'adaptations. The search involved reference tracking and database and web searches (PUBMED, Science Direct, Elsevier, Web of Science and Google Scholar). Original articles and review papers on weight loss involving human participants and adults aged > 18 years were selected. Approximately 231 articles were reviewed, and 185 were included based on the inclusion criteria. DESIGN: Scoping review. RESULTS: In this review, the factors associated with not losing weight have broadly been divided into five categories. Studies highlighting each subfactor were critically reviewed and discussed. A wide degree of interindividual variability in weight loss is common in studies even after controlling for variables such as adherence, sex, physical activity and baseline weight. In addition to these variables, variations in factors such as previous weight loss attempts, sleep habits, meal timings and medications can play a crucial role in upregulating or downregulating the association between energy deficit and weight loss results. CONCLUSION: This review identifies and clarifies the role of several factors that may hinder weight loss after the exploration of existing evidence. Judging the effectiveness of respective lifestyle interventions by simply observing the 'general behavior of the groups' is not always applicable in clinical practice. Each individual must be monitored and advised as per their requirements and challenges.

Adequacy of basal metabolic rate prediction equations in individuals with severe obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The determination of energy requirements in clinical practice is based on basal metabolic rate (BMR), frequently predicted by equations that may not be suitable for individuals with severe obesity. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the accuracy and precision of BMR prediction equations in adults with severe obesity. Four databases were searched in March 2021 and updated in May 2023. Eligible studies compared BMR prediction equations with BMR measured by indirect calorimetry. Forty studies (age: 28-55 years, BMI: 40.0-62.4 kg/m2) were included, most of them with a high risk of bias. Studies reporting bias (difference between estimated and measured BMR) were included in the meta-analysis (n = 20). Six equations were meta-analyzed: Harris & Benedict (1919); WHO (weight) (1985); Owen (1986); Mifflin (1990); Bernstein (1983); and Cunningham (1980). The most accurate and precise equations in the overall analysis were WHO (-12.44 kcal/d; 95%CI: -81.4; 56.5 kcal/d) and Harris & Benedict (-18.9 kcal/d; 95%CI -73.2; 35.2 kcal/d). All the other equations tended to underestimate BMR. Harris & Benedict and WHO were the equations with higher accuracy and precision in predicting BMR in individuals with severe obesity. Additional analyses suggested that equations may perform differently according to obesity BMI ranges, which warrants further investigation.

The alpha-1A adrenergic receptor regulates mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the mouse heart.

AIMS: The sympathetic nervous system regulates numerous critical aspects of mitochondrial function in the heart through activation of adrenergic receptors (ARs) on cardiomyocytes. Mounting evidence suggests that α1-ARs, particularly the α1A subtype, are cardioprotective and may mitigate the deleterious effects of chronic ß-AR activation by shared ligands. The mechanisms underlying these adaptive effects remain unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that α1A-ARs adaptively regulate cardiomyocyte oxidative metabolism in both the uninjured and infarcted heart. METHODS: We used high resolution respirometry, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) enzyme assays, substrate-specific electron transport chain (ETC) enzyme assays, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and proteomics to characterize mitochondrial function comprehensively in the uninjured hearts of wild type and α1A-AR knockout mice and defined the effects of chronic ß-AR activation and myocardial infarction on selected mitochondrial functions. RESULTS: We found that isolated cardiac mitochondria from α1A-KO mice had deficits in fatty acid-dependent respiration, FAO, and ETC enzyme activity. TEM revealed abnormalities of mitochondrial morphology characteristic of these functional deficits. The selective α1A-AR agonist A61603 enhanced fatty-acid dependent respiration, fatty acid oxidation, and ETC enzyme activity in isolated cardiac mitochondria. The ß-AR agonist isoproterenol enhanced oxidative stress in vitro and this adverse effect was mitigated by A61603. A61603 enhanced ETC Complex I activity and protected contractile function following myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these novel findings position α1A-ARs as critical regulators of cardiomyocyte metabolism in the basal state and suggest that metabolic mechanisms may underlie the protective effects of α1A-AR activation in the failing heart.

Energy allocation is revealed while behavioural performance persists after fire disturbance.

Metabolic physiology and animal behaviour are often considered to be linked, positively or negatively, according to either the performance or allocation models. Performance seems to predominate over allocation in natural systems, but the constraining environmental context may reveal allocation limitations to energetically expensive behaviours. Habitat disturbance, such as the large-scale fire that burnt wetlands of Biebrza National Park (NE Poland), degrades natural ecosystems. It arguably reduces food and shelter availability, modifies predator-prey interactions, and poses a direct threat for animal survival, such as that of the wetland specialist root vole Microtus oeconomus. We hypothesized that fire disturbance induces physiology-behaviour co-expression, as a consequence of changed environmental context. We repeatedly measured maintenance and exercise metabolism, and behavioural responses to the open field, in a root voles from post-fire and unburnt locations. Highly repeatable maintenance metabolism and distance moved during behavioural tests correlated positively, but relatively labile exercise metabolism did not covary with behaviour. At the same time, voles from a post-fire habitat had higher maintenance metabolism and moved shorter distances than voles from unburnt areas. We conclude there is a prevalence of the performance mechanism, but simultaneous manifestation of context-dependent allocation constraints of the physiology-behaviour covariation after disturbance. The last occurs at the within-individual level, indicating the significance of behavioural plasticity in the context of environmental disturbance.

Effect of the body mass index, basal metabolic rate, and body fat on the radiofrequency echographic multi-spectrometry (REMS)-based bone mineral density and fracture risk: a cross-sectional study.

Radiofrequency echographic multi-spectrometry (REMS) is a method to assess bone mineral density (BMD) of the axial skeleton, fragility score (FS), body mass index (BMI), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and body fat (BF) in %. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the BMI, BMR, and BF on the BMD and fracture risk with REMS. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 313 women, aged 20-90 years who underwent a screening for osteoporosis with REMS. Kruskal-Wallis was used to analyze the differences in BMI, BMR, and BF between the groups according to the BMD: normal BMD, osteopenia and osteoporosis and differences in the FS, fracture risk assessment (FRAX) for major osteoporotic fractures and for hip fractures (HF) according to the BMI groups: underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese, and extreme obese. Linear regression was used to assess the correlations BMI-BMD, BMR-BMD, and BF-BMD. BMI, BMR, and BF differed significantly between the groups according to the BMD (p < 0.001, p = 0.028, and p < 0.001, respectively). BMR showed high positive correlation to BMD (R = 0.765) with 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.715, 0.807] and significance of p < 0.001. BMI correlated significantly to BMD (p < 0.001), the correlation was low positive (R = 0.362) with 95% CI [0.262, 0.455]. In the BMI groups, there was significant difference in FRAX for HF and FS with p value 0.014 and < 0.001, respectively. Subjects with low BMI, BMR, and BF are at high risk for osteoporosis. Underweight women show significantly high fracture risk, assessed with FRAX and FS.

Tasa metabólica basal y presión arterial en adultos normotensos e hipertensos de la población peruana, 2022

Objetivo: analizar la correlación y variaciones en los niveles de la tasa metabólica basal (TMB) con la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en adultos normotensos e hipertensos de la población peruana. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo y transversal en base a datos de la encuesta nacional demográfica y de salud-2022 (ENDES) que estuvo conformada por 18032 mujeres y 13646 hombres mayores de 18 años. Las variables fueron: sexo, TMB, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. Se realizó la prueba chi-cuadrado, t de Student, Odds ratio crudo y ajustado por regresión logística binaria y la correlación de Spearman. Resultados: las mujeres con presión sistólica alta tuvieron una tasa TMB de 1130 mientras que en normotensas fue de 1246. Las mujeres con TMB baja tuvieron hipertensión con mayor frecuencia que las mujeres con TMB normal. En hombres, la hipertensión se presentó con mayor frecuencia en el grupo de TMB normal. En adultos hipertensos, la presión sistólica y la TMB se correlacionaron baja y negativamente, siendo más negativa en mujeres, mientras que la presión diastólica se correlacionó baja y positivamente en ambos sexos, siendo mayor en mujeres. En normotensos, la correlación entre presión sistólica y TMB fue muy baja y positiva en mujeres, mientras que en hombres fue baja y positiva mientras que la correlación entre presión diastólica y TMB fue baja y positiva en ambos sexos. Conclusiones: la TMB baja se asocia a hipertensión en mujeres, mientras que en hombres la hipertensión está asociada a una TMB normal. Asimismo, la TMB se correlaciona negativamente con la presión arterial en hipertensos y positivamente en normotensos de la población peruana.

Objective: To analyze the correlation and variations in the levels of the basal metabolic rate (BMR) with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive adults in the Peruvian population. Methodology: An observational, analytical, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was carried out based on data from the national demographic and health survey-2022 (ENDES), which consisted of 18,032 women and 13,646 men over 18 years of age. The variables were: sex, BMR, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The chi-square test, Student's t test, crude Odds ratio and adjusted by binary logistic regression and Spearman correlation were applied. Results: Women with high systolic pressure had a TMB rate of 1130 while in normotensive women it was 1246. Women with low TMB had hypertension more frequently than women with normal TMB. In men, hypertension occurred more frequently in the normal TMB group. In hypertensive adults, systolic pressure and BMR were low and negatively correlated, being more negative in women, while diastolic pressure was low and positively correlated in both men and women, being higher in women. In normotensive individuals, the correlation between systolic pressure and BMR was very low and positive in women, while in men it was low and positive while the correlation between diastolic pressure and BMR was low and positive in men and women. Conclusions: Low BMR is associated with hypertension in women, while in men hypertension is associated with a normal BMR. Likewise, BMR is negatively correlated with blood pressure in hypertensives and positively in normotensives in the Peruvian population.

Oligo-Carrageenan Kappa Increases Expression of Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Photosynthesis, C, N, and S Assimilation, and Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.

To analyze the effect of oligo-carrageenan (OC) kappa in the stimulation of growth in Arabidopsis thaliana, plants were sprayed on leaves with an aqueous solution of OC kappa at 1 mg mL-1, 5 times every 2 days and cultivated for 5 or 15 additional days. Plants treated with OC kappa showed an increase in rosette diameter, fresh and dry weight, and primary root length. Plants treated with OC kappa once and cultivated for 0 to 24 h after treatment were subjected to transcriptomic analyses to identify differentially expressed genes, mainly at 12 h after treatment. Transcripts encoding proteins involved in growth and development and photosynthesis were upregulated as well as enzymes involved in primary metabolism. In addition, plants treated with OC kappa once and cultivated for 0 to 96 h showed increased levels of transcripts encoding enzymes involved in C, N, and S assimilation at 6 and 12 h after treatment that remain increased until 96 h. Therefore, OC kappa increased the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis, C, N, and S assimilation, and growth in A. thaliana.

The resting metabolic rate of people with severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

People with severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia and related psychoses and bipolar disorder, are at greater risk for obesity compared with people without mental illness. An altered resting metabolic rate (RMR) may be a key driving factor; however, published studies have not been systematically reviewed. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether the RMR of people with SMI assessed by indirect calorimetry differs from (i) controls, (ii) predictive equations and (iii) after administration of antipsychotic medications. Five databases were searched from database inception to March 2022. Thirteen studies providing nineteen relevant datasets were included. Study quality was mixed (62 % considered low quality). In the primary analysis, RMR in people with SMI did not differ from matched controls (n 2, standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0·58, 95 % CI -1·01, 2·16, P = 0·48, I2 = 92 %). Most predictive equations overestimated RMR. The Mifflin-St. Jeor equation appeared to be most accurate (n 5, SMD = -0·29, 95 % CI -0·73, 0·14, P = 0·19, I2 = 85 %). There were no significant changes in RMR after antipsychotic administration (n 4, SMD = 0·17, 95 % CI -0·21, 0·55, P = 0·38, I2 = 0 %). There is little evidence to suggest there is a difference in RMR between people with SMI and people without when matched for age, sex, BMI and body mass, or that commencement of antipsychotic medication alters RMR.

Accuracy of Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equations in Sport Climbers.

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) represents the energy required to maintain vital body functions. In dietary practice, RMR is determined by predictive equations on the basis of using body weight or fat-free mass. Our study aimed to assess whether predictive equations used to estimate RMR are reliable tools for estimating the energy requirements of sport climbers. The study included 114 sport climbers whose RMR was measured with a Fitmate WM. Anthropometric measurements were performed with X-CONTACT 356. The resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry and was compared with the RMR estimated by 14 predictive equations on the basis of using body weight/fat-free mass. All equations underestimated RMR in male and female climbers, except for De Lorenzo's equation in the group of women. The De Lorenzo equation demonstrated the highest correlation with RMR in both groups. The results of the Bland-Altman tests revealed an increasing measurement error with increasing metabolism for most of the predictive equations in male and female climbers. All equations had low measurement reliability according to the intraclass correlation coefficient. Compared with the indirect calorimetry measurement results, none of the studied predictive equations demonstrated high reliability. There is a need to develop a highly reliable predictive equation to estimate RMR in sport climbers.

Predicted resting metabolic rate and prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke.

PURPOSE: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) could represent metabolic health status. This study aims to examine the association of the predicted RMR with 1-year poor functional outcome and all-cause mortality in patients with ischemic stroke as a proxy of metabolic profile. METHODS: A total of 15,166 patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) from the Third China National Stroke Registry (CNSR-III) were enrolled in this study. The Harris-Benedict equation based on sex, age, weight, and height was used to predict RMR. The primary endpoints were poor functional outcome defined as ≥3 modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score and all-cause mortality within 1 year. The association between predicted RMR and prognosis was assessed by multivariable regression analysis. Besides that, subgroup analysis of age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) with predicted RMR was also performed. RESULTS: 12.85% (1657) individuals had poor functional outcome and 2.87% (380) died of whatever causes within 1 year. An inverse association was found between predicted RMR with poor functional outcome and all-cause mortality. Compared to the lowest quartile, the highest quartile was significantly associated with lower risk of poor functional outcome (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.43 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33-0.56]) and all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.44 [95% CI 0.28-0.71]). No significant interaction was between predicted RMR and specified subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Predicted RMR by the Harris-Benedict equation seems to be an independent protective predictor of poor functional outcome and all-cause mortality after ischemic stroke as a metabolic proxy.

Resting metabolic rate in relation to incident disability and mobility decline among older adults: the modifying role of frailty.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in resting metabolic rate (RMR), the largest component of daily total energy expenditure, with aging have been shown in various studies. However, little is known about the associations between RMR and health outcomes in later life. AIMS: To analyze whether RMR is associated with incident disability and mobility decline in a 10-year longitudinal study, as well as the moderating role of frailty in these associations. METHODS: Data from 298 older adults aged 70 and over from the Frailty and Dependence in Albacete (FRADEA) study in Spain were used, including a baseline measurement in 2007-2009 and a follow-up measurement 10 years later. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. Outcomes were incident disability in basic activities of daily living (BADL, Barthel Index), incident disability in instrumental ADL (IADL, Lawton index), and mobility decline (Functional Ambulation Categories scores). Fried's frailty phenotype was used as an indicator of frailty. Logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Fully adjusted and stratified analyses revealed that only in the pre-frail/frail group, a higher RMR was associated with a lower risk of incident BADL disability (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.23-0.96, p = 0.037), incident IADL disability (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.18-0.84, p = 0.017), and mobility decline (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.14-0.64, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study looking at the associations between RMR and functional health using a longitudinal research design. The results suggest that RMR could be used as an early identifier of a specific resilient group within the pre-frail and frail older population, with a lower risk of further health decline.

Accuracy of Resting Energy Expenditure Estimation Equations in Polio Survivors.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of 4 equations validated for the general population to determine resting energy expenditure (REE) in polio survivors. DESIGN: A descriptive, ambispective, single-center observational cohort study of minimal risk care. SETTING: Tertiary university care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: DATAPOL database of polio survivors followed up in a specialist department (N=298). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: REE measurement by indirect calorimetry and estimated REE using 4 equations and comparing the values with indirect calorimetry. Analysis of correlations between measured REE and weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) and indicators of severity of polio sequelae. RESULTS: Of the 298 polio cases in the database between January 2014 and May 2017, 41 were included (19 men and 22 women). Mean±SD BMI was 26.0±5.6 kg/m2 (56.1% below 25). Measured REE correlated significantly and positively with weight and weaker with BMI. Correlations between measured and estimated REE were strong (between 0.49 and 0.59); correlations were strongest for the simplified World Health Organization and the Harris and Benedict equations. However, the equations systematically overestimated REE by more than 20%, especially in men. We calculated a correction factor for the World Health Organization scale: -340.3 kcal/d for women and -618.8 kcal/d for men. CONCLUSION: Analysis of REE is important for polio survivors; The use of estimation equations could lead to the prescription of a nonadapted diet. We determined a correction factor that should be validated in prospective studies.

Gasto energético de repouso em idosos longevos saudáveis: fatores associados e uso de fórmulas preditivas / Resting energy expenditure in healthy long-lived elderly individuals: associated factors and use of predictive formulas

Introdução: O processo de envelhecimento está associado a uma redução progressiva do gasto energético de repouso (GER). Embora a calorimetria indireta (CI) seja considerada padrão ouro para avaliar o GER, equações matemáticas preditivas são mais comuns na prática clínica. Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia e a concordância entre o gasto energético de repouso (GER) medido (mGER) e o estimado (pGER), bem como suas associações com composição corporal, força e prática de atividade ou exercício físico, em pessoas idosas longevas saudáveis. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 74 pessoas idosas (45 mulheres e 29 homens), com idade ≥ 80 anos, saudáveis. O GER foi medido por CI (após jejum noturno de 12 horas) e estimado por 11 equações de predição. A composição corporal foi avaliada por impedância bioelétrica (BIA). Avaliou-se a normalidade das variáveis pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk. Os testes t Student e Mann Whitney foram utilizados para comparação das médias e medianas, respectivamente, entre os sexos. A comparação de proporções foi efetuada com auxílio do teste Qui-quadrado. A comparação entre os valores de mGER e pGER foi realizada por meio do teste Wilcoxon. O teste de correlação de Spearman e Pearson foi realizado para comparar associações. Variações de 10% do mGER foram usadas como medida de acurácia. A concordância individual dos GER's foi examinada por tercis e pelo Bland-Altman. Resultados: A mediana de idade foi de 85 anos (82,00 ­ 85,25). O mGER apresentou correlação moderada com todos os pGER (0,30 ≤ | r | < 0,60). Ao considerar os sexos, as correlações foram significativas apenas entre os homens. Todas as equações superestimaram os valores de GER. A menor diferença total entre mGER e pGER foi alcançada pela equação de Mifflin et al. (1990) (237,16 kcal/d), para as mulheres por Porter et al. (2023) (247,43 kcal/d) e para os homens por Anjos et al. (2014) (326,59 kcal/d). A maior acurácia entre as mulheres foi identificada pela equação de Porter et al. (2023) (26,7%), enquanto Anjos et al. (2014) propiciou maior acurácia total e nos homens (23,0% e 20,7%, respectivamente). Essa equação também apresentou melhor concordância individual na classificação por tercis (40,5%). Identificou-se baixa concordância em todas as fórmulas pelos gráficos de Bland-Altman. Houve correlação forte entre o mGER e a massa livre de gordura (r=0,329, p=0,008), a massa gorda em homens (r=607, p=<0,001), e o perímetro da panturrilha para o total (r=0,322, p=0,001) e para os homens (r=0,419, p=0,009). Conclusão: Identificamos a necessidade de cautela ao utilizar equações de estimativa do GER em pessoas idosas longevas, com a equação de Anjos et al. (2014) sendo a menos imprecisa, embora a acurácia geral e a concordância individual sejam limitadas. A composição corporal, em particular PP, MLG e MG, foram influenciadores do GER em pessoas idosas

Introduction: The aging process is associated with a progressive reduction in resting energy expenditure (REE). Although indirect calorimetry (IC) is considered the gold standard for assessing REE, predictive mathematical equations are more commonly used in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and agreement between measured resting energy expenditure (mREE) and estimated resting energy expenditure (pREE), as well as their associations with body composition, strength, and engagement in physical activity or exercise in healthy long-lived elderly individuals. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 74 elderly individuals (45 women and 29 men) aged ≥ 80 years, who were healthy. REE was measured by IC (after a 12-hour overnight fast) and estimated by 11 prediction equations. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The normality was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Student's t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparing means and medians, respectively, between sexes. Proportion comparisons were made using the chi-square test. Comparison between mREE and pREE values was performed using the Wilcoxon test. Spearman and Pearson correlation was conducted to compare associations. Variations of 10% from mREE were used as an accuracy measure. Individual REE agreement was examined by tertiles and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The median age was 85 years (82.00 ­ 85.25). The mREE showed moderate correlation with all pREE (0.30 ≤ | r | < 0.60). When considering genders, correlations were significant only among men. All equations overestimated REE values. The smallest total difference between mREE and pREE was achieved by the equation by Mifflin et al. (1990) (237.16 kcal/d), for women by Porter et al. (2023) (247.43 kcal/d), and for men by Anjos et al. (2014) (326.59 kcal/d). The highest accuracy among women was identified by the equation Porter et al. (2023) (26.7%), while Anjos et al. (2014) provided higher accuracy in the total group and men (23.0% and 20.7%, respectively). This equation also showed better individual agreement in tertile classification (40.5%). Low agreement was identified in all formulas by Bland-Altman plots. There was a strong correlation between mREE and lean body mass (r=0.329, p=0.008), fat mass in men (r=0.607, p=<0.001), and calf circumference for the total (r=0.322, p=0.001) and for men (r=0.419, p=0.009). Conclusion: We identified the need for caution when using REE estimation equations in long-lived elderly individuals, with the Anjos et al. (2014) equation being the least inaccurate, although overall accuracy and individual agreement are limited. Body composition, particularly fat-free mass, lean body mass, and fat mass, influenced REE in elderly individuals.

A methodological and clinical approach to measured energy expenditure in the critically ill pediatric patient.

The metabolic response to injury and stress is characterized initially by a decreased energy expenditure (Ebb phase) followed by an increased metabolic expenditure (Flow phase). Indirect calorimetry is a methodology utilized to measure energy expenditure and substrate utilization by measuring gas exchange in exhaled air and urinary nitrogen. The use of indirect calorimetry in critically ill patients requires precise equipment to obtain accurate measurements. The most recent guidelines suggested that measured energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry be used to determine energy requirements. This article reviews the methodological and clinical use of indirect calorimetry in critically ill pediatric patients.

Relationship between thermal environment, thermoregulatory responses and energy metabolism in goats: A comprehensive review.

Knowledge on heat stress of animals is key to developing management strategies to mitigate its effects on livestock production. Efficiency and profitability of production systems will certainly be challenged by the forecasted global temperature increase of 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2050. Goats are a resilient animal model, much less affected by climatic variations than average livestock. However, this statement is only true to a certain threshold, which, if exceeded, may affect energy metabolism of goats thus affecting respiratory frequency, heart pulse, evaporative thermolysis and rectal temperature, also altering on hormonal profile of animals, leading to behavioural changes such as altering feed and water intake and sheltering in the quest for homeothermic status. Dairy goat breeds, such as Saanen, are more sensitive to heat stress. Adaptations in nutritional and environmental management, as well as selecting better adapted breeds are strategic practices targeting the mitigation of effects of thermal stress of goats in farming systems. However, studies on effects of ambient temperature on energy and basal metabolisms of goats are scarce. This review aims to elucidate energetic and basal metabolism responses of goats under heat stress targeting the development of management strategies to mitigate heat stress in the farming systems and the conservation of genetic resources, adaptability, phenotypic plasticity, and basal heat production in different breeds.

Parasitism by the Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista japonica Leads to Suppression of Basal Metabolism and Activation of Immune Response in the Host Bombyx mori.

The dipteran tachinid parasitoids are important biocontrol agents, and they must survive the harsh environment and rely on the resources of the host insect to complete their larval stage. We have previously demonstrated that the parasitism by the tachinid parasitoid Exoristajaponica, a pest of the silkworm, causes pupation defects in Bombyx mori. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis of the fat body of B. mori parasitized by E. japonica. We identified 1361 differentially expressed genes, with 394 genes up-regulated and 967 genes down-regulated. The up-regulated genes were mainly associated with immune response, endocrine system and signal transduction, whereas the genes related to basal metabolism, including energy metabolism, transport and catabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were down-regulated, indicating that the host appeared to be in poor nutritional status but active in immune response. Moreover, by time-course gene expression analysis we found that genes related to amino acid synthesis, protein degradation and lipid metabolism in B. mori at later parasitization stages were inhibited. Antimicrobial peptides including Cecropin A, Gloverin and Moricin, and an immulectin, CTL11, were induced. These results indicate that the tachinid parasitoid perturbs the basal metabolism and induces the energetically costly immunity of the host, and thus leading to incomplete larval-pupal ecdysis of the host. This study provided insights into how tachinid parasitoids modify host basal metabolism and immune response for the benefit of developing parasitoid larvae.

Obligatory homeothermy of mesic habitat-adapted African striped mice, Rhabdomys pumilio, is governed by seasonal basal metabolism and year-round 'thermogenic readiness' of brown adipose tissue.

Small mammals undergo thermoregulatory adjustments in response to changing environmental conditions. Whereas small heterothermic mammals can employ torpor to save energy in the cold, homeothermic species must increase heat production to defend normothermia through the recruitment of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here, we studied thermoregulatory adaptation in an obligate homeotherm, the African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio), captured from a subpopulation living in a mesic, temperate climate with marked seasonal differences. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and summit metabolic rate (Msum) increased from summer to winter, with NST and Msum already reaching maximal rates in autumn, suggesting seasonal preparation for the cold. Typical of rodents, cold-induced metabolic rates were positively correlated with BAT mass. Analysis of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and UCP1 content, however, demonstrated that thermogenic capacity declined with BAT mass. This resulted in seasonal differences in NST being driven by changes in BMR. The increase in BMR was supported by a comprehensive anatomical analysis of metabolically active organs, revealing increased mass proportions in the cold season. The thermoregulatory response of R. pumilio was associated with the maintenance of body mass throughout the year (48.3±1.4 g), contrasting large summer-winter mass reductions often observed in Holarctic rodents. Collectively, bioenergetic adaptation of this Afrotropical rodent involves seasonal organ adjustments influencing BMR, combined with a constant thermogenic capacity dictated by trade-offs in the thermogenic properties of BAT. Arguably, this high degree of plasticity was a response to unpredictable cold spells throughout the year. Consequently, the reliance on such a resource-intensive thermoregulatory strategy may expose more energetic vulnerability in changing environments of food scarcity and extreme weather conditions due to climate change, with major ramifications for survival of the species.

Effect of diet and physical exercise on weight, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in obese chilean adults

ABSTRACT Background: Diet and exercise are the mainstay of weight reduction programs. Aim: To evaluate the effect of diet and exercise on body weight and composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in obese adults. Material and Methods: Twenty-eight obese adults aged 22 to 61 years (18 women) completed four months of diet and exercise. They attended monthly nutritional consultations, and two-three weekly exercise sessions. At baseline and the end of the intervention, anthropometry, body composition by bioimpedance and RMR by indirect calorimetry (IC) were measured. Metabolic adaptation, defined as a decrease in thermogenesis to an extent greater than predicted based on the change in body weight and composition, was calculated. RESULTS: Significant reductions in body weight and fat mass were observed in both genders. Fat-free mass decreased in women and remained unchanged in men. RMR remained stable. Metabolic adaptation was observed in 11/27 participants. Fat mass change in participants with and without metabolic adaptation was 8 Kg and 4,4 kg, respectively (p = 0,018). In the linear regression analysis, male sex accounted for a higher RMR (247.80 Kcal, p = 0,006) than females. For each kg of fat and fat free mass, the RMR varies 7.25 Kcal, (p = 0.02) and 9.79 Kcal (p = 0,006), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention reduced body weight and fat mass and maintained RMR. Fat free mass decreased in women. Participants with metabolic adaptation showed greater changes in fat mass.

ANTECEDENTES: Para el tratamiento de la obesidad, la dieta y ejercicio físico (EF) contribuyen a reducir el peso corporal (PC), masa grasa (MG) y a mantener la masa libre de grasa (MLG) y tasa metabólica en reposo (TMR). Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la dieta y EF sobre el PC, composición corporal (CC), TMR y la presencia de adaptación metabólica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Veintiocho adultos obesos completaron cuatro meses de dieta y EF. Los adultos asistieron a consulta nutricional mensual y a 2-3 sesiones de EF semanal. En el período basal y después de la intervención se midió antropometría, CC por bioimpedanciometria y TMR por calorimetría indirecta. Se calculo la presencia de adaptación metabólica, definida como una disminución de la termogénesis mayor que la predicha por el cambio en peso y composición corporal. Resultados: Se observó una disminución significativa de PC y MG en hombres y mujeres. La MLG disminuyó en las mujeres y se mantuvo en los hombres. La TMR se mantuvo estable. Se observó adaptación metabólica en 11/27 participantes y una relación significativa con el cambio en MG (p = 0,018). En la regresión lineal, el sexo masculino da cuenta de una mayor TMR (247,80 Kcal, p = 0,006) que el sexo femenino. Por cada kg de MG y MLG la TMR varía 7,25 Kcal, (p = 0,02) y 9,79 Kcal, (p = 0,006) respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: La intervención redujo el PC y la MG, y mantuvo TMR. La MLG disminuyó en las mujeres. Los sujetos con adaptación metabólica mostraron mayores cambios de MG.