Influence of Biochar and Bio-Oil Loading on the Properties of Epoxy Resin Composites.

In this study, we evaluated the use of bio-oil and biochar on epoxy resin. Bio-oil and biochar were obtained from the pyrolysis of wheat straw and hazelnut hull biomass. A range of bio-oil and biochar proportions on the epoxy resin properties and the effect of their substitution were investigated. TGA curves showed improved thermal stability for degradation temperature at the 5% (T5%), 10% (T10%), and 50% (T50%) weight losses on bioepoxy blends with the incorporation of bio-oil and biochar with respect to neat resin. However, decreases in the maximum mass loss rate temperature (Tmax) and the onset of thermal degradation (Tonset) were obtained. Raman characterization showed that the degree of reticulation with the addition of bio-oil and biochar does not significantly affect chemical curing. The mechanical properties were improved when bio-oil and biochar were incorporated into the epoxy resin. All bio-based epoxy blends showed a large increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength with respect to neat resin. Young's modulus was approximately 1955.90 to 3982.05 MPa, and the tensile strength was between 8.73 and 13.58 MPa for bio-based blends of wheat straw. Instead, in bio-based blends of hazelnut hulls, Young´s modulus was 3060.02 to 3957.84 MPa, and tensile strength was 4.11 to 18.11 Mpa.

Pyrolysis of citrus wastes for the simultaneous production of adsorbents for Cu(II), H2, and d-limonene.

A route based on pyrolysis and physical activation with H2O and CO2 was proposed to reuse citrus waste traditionally discarded. The citrus wastes were orange peel (OP), mandarine peel (MP), rangpur lime peel (RLP), and sweet lime peel (SLP). The main aim was to use the solid products of this new route as adsorbents for Cu(II) ions. Copper ions are among the most important water pollutants due to their non-degradability, toxicity, and bioaccumulation, facilitating their inclusion and long persistence in the food chain. Besides the solid products, the liquid and gaseous fractions were evaluated for possible applications. Results showed that the citrus waste composition favored the thermochemical treatment. In addition, the following yields were obtained from the pyrolysis process: approximately 30 % wt. of biochar, 40 % wt. of non-condensable gases, and 30 % wt. of bio-oil. The biochars did not present a high specific surface area. Nevertheless, activated carbons with CO2 and H2O presented specific surface areas of 212.4 m2/g and 399.4 m2/g, respectively, and reached Cu(II) adsorption capacities of 28.2 mg g-1 and 27.8 mg g-1. The adsorption kinetic study revealed that the equilibrium was attained at 60 min and the pseudo-second-order model presented a better fit to the experimental data. The main generated gases were CO2, which could be employed as an activating agent for activated carbon production. d-limonene, used for food and medicinal purposes, was the main constituent of the bio-oil.

Evaluation of Queen Palm residues and kraft lignin in the production of biofuels using densification and slow pyrolysis technology.

This study aims to enhance the energy use of two products of industry - Queen Palm residue and kraft lignin (KF) - through the combination of two technologies - briquetting and slow pyrolysis. The addition of 20% KF provided briquettes with higher physical, energy, and mechanical properties. The yields of the pyrolysis products were affected by both the pyrolysis temperature and the addition of KF. In the bio-oil, the presence of phenols, methyl phenols, and methoxy phenols was highlighted; these compounds were present in greater quantities in the treatments with KF. It is concluded that combining the briquetting and pyrolysis processes produces both energy and economic benefits because it is possible to transport lighter loads with the same amount of energy per volume. Under the briquetting conditions adopted in this study, the addition of KF as a binder is necessary because this results in briquettes with better physical, energy and mechanical properties.

Acaricidal Properties of Bio-Oil Derived From Slow Pyrolysis of Crambe abyssinica Fruit Against the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).

Slow pyrolysis is a process for the thermochemical conversion of biomasses into bio-oils that may contain a rich chemical composition with biotechnological potential. Bio-oil produced from crambe fruits was investigated as to their acaricidal effect. Slow pyrolysis of crambe fruits was performed in a batch reactor at 400°C and chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The bio-oil collected was used in bioassays with larvae and engorged females of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Biological assays were performed using the larval packet test (LPT) and adult immersion test. The GC-MS of crambe fruit bio-oil revealed mainly hydrocarbons such as alkanes and alkenes, phenols, and aldehydes. The bio-oil in the LPT exhibited an LC90 of 14.4%. In addition, crambe bio-oil caused female mortality of 91.1% at a concentration of 15% and a high egg-laying inhibition. After ovary dissection of treated females, a significant reduction in gonadosomatic index was observed, indicating that bio-oil interfered in tick oogenesis. Considering these results, it may be concluded that slow pyrolysis of crambe fruit affords a sustainable and eco-friendly product for the control of cattle tick R. microplus.

Selective heterogeneous hydrodeoxygenation of acetophenone over monometallic and bimetallic Pt-Co catalyst.

The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of acetophenone was evaluated in liquid phase and gas phase over monometallic Pt/SiO2, Co/SiO2 and bimetallic Pt-Co/SiO2 catalysts. The influence of reaction time and loading of the catalyst were analysed by following the conversion and products selectivity. Phenylethanol, cyclohexylethanone and cyclohexylethanol are the main products of reaction using the Pt/SiO2 catalyst. By contrast, ethylbenzene and phenylethanol are the only products formed on the Co/SiO2 and Pt-Co/SiO2 catalysts. The bimetallic catalyst is more stable as a function of time and more active towards the HDO process than the monometallic systems. The presence of an organic solvent showed only minor changes in product yields with no effect on the product speciation. Periodic density functional theory analysis indicates a stronger interaction between the carbonyl group of acetophenone with Co than with Pt sites of the mono and bimetallic systems, indicating a key activity of oxophilic sites towards improved selectivity to deoxygenated products. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 2)'.

Estudo comparativo dos bio-óleos obtidos por pirólises rápida e lenta do caroço de pêssego / Comparative study of bio-oils obtained by fast and slow pyrolysis of peach stone

RESUMO O processamento de pêssego em conserva gera o caroço como resíduo agroindustrial de difícil destinação. Assim, a técnica de pirólise do endocarpo lenhoso é um eficiente tratamento para conversão da biomassa em produtos com valor agregado. Entre os produtos, o bio-óleo é composto de duas fases imiscíveis (orgânica e aquosa), com potencial para suprir a produção de produtos químicos em diferentes ramos industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter e avaliar a constituição da fase orgânica dos bio-óleos com base nas pirólises rápida (reator de quartzo) e lenta (reator de aço inox) do endocarpo lenhoso, ambos de leito fixo a 700°C evidenciando assim a influência dos processos na constituição dos bio-óleos obtidos. As frações líquidas foram derivatizadas com N-metil-N-trimetilsililtrifluoracetamida para posterior caracterização em cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Pela metodologia empregada, detectaram-se nas fases orgânicas dos bio-óleos da pirólise rápida e lenta um total de 59 e 41 compostos, respectivamente; destes, os fenóis são majoritários com 59,9% e 67,2%, em massa, em que os núcleos metoxifenol (rápida) e os alquilfenóis (lenta) são os compostos predominantes. Conclui-se que a etapa de derivatização e a técnica de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas foram satisfatórias para a caracterização qualitativa e semiquantitativa dos bio-óleos, os quais mostraram potencial de utilização como fonte de produtos químicos e beneficiamento no reaproveitamento de resíduos.

ABSTRACT The processing of pickled peaches generates the peach stone as an agro-industrial residue that is difficult to dispose of. Thus, the woody endocarp pyrolysis technique is an efficient treatment for converting biomass into value-added products. Among the products, bio-oil is composed of two immiscible phases (organic and aqueous), with potential to supply the production of chemical products in different industrial sectors. The objective of this study was to obtain and evaluate the constitution of the organic phase of the bio-oils based on the fast (quartz reactor) and slow (stainless steel reactor) pyrolysis of the woody endocarp, both with fixed bed at 700°C, thus evidencing the influence of processes in the constitution of the obtained bio-oils. As liquid fractions, they were derived with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoracetamide for further characterization in gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Through the methodology employed, a total of 59 and 41 compounds were detected in the organic phases of the fast and slow pyrolysis bio-oils, respectively; Phenols are the majority, with 59.9 and 67.2% by weight, where the methoxyphenol (fast) and cresols (slow) are the predominant compounds. It is concluded that the derivatization stage and the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique were satisfactory for the qualitative and semi-quantitative characterization of bio-oils, which they can potentially use as a source of chemical products and to benefit from reuse of residue.

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-based quali-quantitative screening of aqueous phases from pyrolysis bio-oils.

Pyrolysis processes are an alternative to minimize the environmental problem associated to agrifood industrial wastes. The main product resulting from these processes is a high-value liquid product, called bio-oil. Recently, the use of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) has been demonstrated as a useful tool to improve the characterization of the water-soluble phases of bio-oils, considering their complexity and high water content. However, the precise composition of bio-oils from different agrifood byproducts is still unknown. In the present study, the qualitative and quantitative screening of eight aqueous phases from different biomasses, not yet reported in the literature, using LC × LC is presented. The two-dimensional approach was based on the use of two reverse phase separations. An amide column in the first dimension together with a C18 column in the second dimension were employed. Thanks to the use of diode array and mass spectrometry detection, 28 compounds were identified and quantified in the aqueous phase samples with good figures of merit. Samples showed a distinct quali-quantitative composition and a great predominance of compounds belonging to aldehydes, ketones and phenols, most of them with high polarity.

Obtaining bioproducts by slow pyrolysis of coffee and cocoa husks as suitable candidates for being used as soil amendment and source of energy / Obtención de bioproductos por pirólisis lenta de cascarillas de café y cacao para su posible uso como fuentes de energía y fertilizantes / Obtenção de bioprodutos por pirólise lenta de cascas de café e cacau para possível uso como fontes de energia e fertilizantes

Abstract The agricultural economic policy of Cuba pretends to triplicate the crops of coffee and cocoa by 2021, a measure which will bring about both an increase in biomass waste and the need to find a proper method for its disposal. Slow pyrolysis process can transform lignocellulosic waste into added value products as biochar, bio-oil and gas. The present research evaluated the yield and the theoretical potential energy of co-products (bio-char, bio-oil, and gas) from coffee and cocoa seed husks using the pyrolysis process as a source of friendly and renewable energy. Results indicated that coffee husks are more suitable for the production of gas with a yield of 40.4%, while cocoa seed husks are better suited for the production of bio-oil, with a yield of 37.4%. For 2021 the theoretical energy potential estimated is 8291 MWh, equivalent to 716000 kg for the coffee husks, and 1384 MWh equivalent to 121000 kg for the cocoa seed husks. The bio-char characterization indicated high contents of carbon, calcium, potassium, nitrogen, and oxygen, which makes it a suitable candidate for being used as a soil amendment. The conversion of coffee and cocoa seed husks into added value products through slow pyrolysis process will help clean the environment, decrease the greenhouse effect, and will aid farmers in the rural populations by providing them with an additional source of income.

Resumen La política económica agrícola de Cuba pretende triplicar los cultivos de café y cacao para el año 2021, lo cual implica un aumento de residuos de biomasa y la necesidad de encontrar un uso adecuado para su eliminación. El proceso de pirólisis lenta permite convertir los residuos lignocelulósicos en productos de valor agregado como bio-carbón, bio-combustible y gas. En este trabajo se evaluó el rendimiento y el potencial energético teórico de estos co-productos como fuente de energía renovable. Las cascaras de café son más adecuadas para la producción de gas con un rendimiento del 40,4%, mientras que las de semilla de cacao para bio-combustible, con un rendimiento del 37,4%. Para el 2021, el potencial energético teórico estimado es de 8291 MWh, equivalente a 716000 kg para las cascaras de café; y de 1384 MWh equivalente a 121000 kg para las semillas de cacao. La caracterización del bio-carbón indicó altos contenidos de carbono, calcio, potasio, nitrógeno y oxígeno, lo que los convierte en un candidato adecuado para su uso como fertilizante del suelo. La conversión de estas biomasas en productos de valor agregado a través del proceso de pirólisis lenta contribuirá a mantener un ambiente limpio, reducir el efecto invernadero y ayudará a generar un ingreso adicional a los agricultores de las poblaciones rurales.

Resumo A política económica agrícola de Cuba visa triplicar as safras de café e cacau até 2021, o que significa um aumento nos resíduos de biomassa e a necessidade de encontrar usos adequados para sua eliminação. O processo de pirólise lenta permite converter lixo lignocelulósico em produtos de alto valor agregado, como bio-carvão, biocombustível e gás. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho e o potencial energético teórico de co-produtos (bio-carvão, biocombustível e gás) do processo de pirólise lenta de casca de café e de cascas de sementes de cacau como fonte de energia renovável. As cascas de café são mais adequadas para a produção de gás com rendimento de 40,4%, enquanto que as cascas de sementes de cacau para biocombustível, com rendimento de 37,4%. Até 2021, o potencial energético teórico calculado é de 8291 MWh equivalente a 716000 kg para cascas de café e 1384 MWh equivalente a 121000 kg para cascas de sementes de cacau. A caracterização de bio-carvão indicou altos teores de carbono, cálcio, potássio, nitrogénio e compostos oxigenados, o que os torna candidatos ideais para uso como fertilizantes do solo. A conversão da casca do café e a casca das sementes de cacau em produtos de maior valor agregado, através do processo de pirólise lenta, ajudará a manter o um ambiente limpo, reduzirá o efeito estufa e contribuirá com renda adicional para os agricultores das populações rurais.

Slow pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis for the production of nitrogenous compounds and potential routes for their separation.

The potential of microalgae Spirulina platensis to the production of nitrogenous compounds in liquid fraction via slow pyrolysis was evaluated. Aiming to identify the best condition which maximized liquid yield, the effects of operational conditions mass load, temperature, and heating rate were evaluated using Experimental Design and Response Surface Methodology techniques and optimized with Differential Evolution methodology. The composition of liquid fraction was analyzed by GC-MS and the effect of the same operational conditions in nitrogenous compounds formation was analyzed. The separation of nitrogenous compounds was evaluated by extraction and adsorption techniques. The results indicated that the heating rate significantly impacted both the liquid yield and the formation of the nitrogenous compounds. At optimal conditions, a maximum liquid yield of 64.59% was obtained. The extraction and adsorption processes showed to be promising routes for the purification of nitrogenous compounds, however, extraction was more selective to separate them.

Microencapsulated Bio-Based Rejuvenators for the Self-Healing of Bituminous Materials.

Asphalt self-healing by encapsulated rejuvenating agents is considered a revolutionary technology for the autonomic crack-healing of aged asphalt pavements. This paper aims to explore the use of Bio-Oil (BO) obtained from liquefied agricultural biomass waste as a bio-based encapsulated rejuvenating agent for self-healing of bituminous materials. Novel BO capsules were synthesized using two simple dripping methods through dropping funnel and syringe pump devices, where the BO agent was microencapsulated by external ionic gelation in a biopolymer matrix of sodium alginate. Size, surface aspect, and elemental composition of the BO capsules were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Thermal stability and chemical properties of BO capsules and their components were assessed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). The mechanical behavior of the capsules was evaluated by compressive and low-load micro-indentation tests. The self-healing efficiency over time of BO as a rejuvenating agent in cracked bitumen samples was quantified by fluorescence microscopy. Main results showed that the BO capsules presented an adequate morphology for the asphalt self-healing application, with good thermal stability and physical-chemical properties. It was also proven that the BO can diffuse in the bitumen reducing the viscosity and consequently self-healing the open microcracks.

Charcoal production from waste pequi seeds for heat and power generation.

Many specialized technologies are available to convert waste biomass into secondary products that have a higher value and are more convenient to process than the original feedstock. This study evaluated the potential of waste pequi seeds to produce high-quality charcoal for subsequent gasification into low-tar producer gas for heat engine applications. We focused on the characterization of pequi seeds, the derived charcoal, and the collected bio-oil from slow pyrolysis conversion of the feedstock. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were conducted to assess gasification performance of the parent biomass and its charcoal. We also investigated the thermal degradation kinetics of pequi seeds through non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, a two-step energy-extraction analysis was performed for the carbonization of the parent biomass and further utilization of its charcoal in an integrated gasification gas-engine cycle. Slow pyrolysis of pequi seeds (2 °C min-1, 430 °C) produced up to 40% of high-grade charcoal with 60% fixed carbon, 43% of bio-oil, and 16% of light gases. The overall energy extraction efficiency was estimated as 61%, based on the higher heating value of wet pequi seeds. The investigation confirmed that waste pequi seeds could be considered a promising renewable energy source for combined heat and power generation for the Brazilian agro-food industry.

Development of para rubber seed oil as the efficient makeup remover

The para rubber tree (Hevea basilensis) is an economically important tropical tree species that produces natural rubber, a valuable industrial raw material. Innovative products that are derived from by-products from the rubber production process, such as seeds, are important for the sustainability of the para rubber industry. Therefore we subjectively assessed para rubber seed oil for its makeup-removal efficacy and developed it into a makeup cleansing product with appropriate quality control measures for the cosmetic industry. The makeup-removal efficacy of para rubber seed oil was analyzed using a validated UV-Vis spectroscopy, which indicated that the oil removed 86.21 ± 2.48% of liquid foundation [relative standard deviation (RSD) = 2.88%]. Therefore, we developed stable makeup removers containing 40-70% para rubber seed oil. Bio-oil removers containing 50% and 60% oil had the best appearance and texture and were subsequently evaluated for their makeup-removal efficacy. The bio-oil remover with the higher oil content was significantly better at removing makeup (95.26 ± 0.97% removal by the 60% oil compared with 73.88 ± 3.97% removal by the 50% oil). To conclude, para rubber seed oil is a promising new bio-oil for the cosmetic industry, which broadens consumers' choices of bio-oil makeup removers. We believe that the manufacture and quality control of this innovative and efficient makeup remover are feasible on an industrial scale.

Experimental data of the distillation of bio-oil from thermal cracking of methyl ester in castor oil.

This article presents the experimental data on distillation of bio-oil obtained from thermal cracking of a mixture of castor oil and its methyl esters. The interpretation of the data can be found in Menshhein et al. (2019) available on https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.136. Experiments were carried out using a simple distillation apparatus and the products were quantified and qualified from Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) with standards compounds. Data were presented in terms of distillation equipment and distillation curve values of volume and temperature of the crude bio-oil sample. Information about GC-FID methods and chromatograms of from standard heptaldehyde and methyl undecenoate and their analytical curve. Carbon number data of crude bio-oil sample was also showed.

Quantitative analysis of aqueous phases of bio-oils resulting from pyrolysis of different biomasses by two-dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography.

Agrifood by-products are perfect candidates to be further processed under the concept of circular economy, in order to produce their valorization. Although significant amounts of food-related wastes that are discarded are produced worldwide, these might still be rich in valuable compounds. A strategy to further valorize agrifood-related by-products is based on pyrolysis processes. The result of this process is a liquid product termed bio-oil which is composed of an organic phase and an aqueous phase. This bio-oil is rich on a variety of components and its analysis implies several challenges. In this work, quantitative on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) is proposed for the first time to characterize several aqueous phases of different bio-oils. Rice husk, peanut shell, spent coffee grounds, peach core and Eucalyptus sawdust biomasses were analyzed. The developed quantitative LC × LC method presented very good linearity, precision, reproducibility, recovery and LODs and LOQs as low as 0.05 µg mL-1 and 0.16 µg mL-1, respectively. As much as 28 components were simultaneously separated and quantified in those samples. Our results found that the composition of these bio-oils was different but strongly related to the agrifood by-product submitted to pyrolysis. The developed methodology is foreseen as a valuable tool for the quantitative study of other bio-oils, considering the great complexity and high dimensionality of these samples.

Thermoliquefaction of palm oil fiber (Elaeis sp.) using supercritical ethanol.

Thermoliquefaction of palm oil fiber was investigated using supercritical ethanol as solvent. A semi-continuous laboratory scale unit was developed to investigate the effects of temperature (300-500°C), heating rate (10-30°C.min-1) and cracking time (10-30min) on the conversion of biomass in bio-oil. The main advantage of the proposed process is that a pure solvent is pumping through the reactor that contains the biomass, dispensing the use of biomass slurries. The yield of bio-oil ranged from 56% to 84%, depending on the experimental conditions. It was observed that an increase in working temperature led to an increase in the bio-oil production. Cracking time and heating rate variation had not shown a considerable effect on the conversion of biomass. The chemical profiles of bio-oil determined by GC/MS, indicate that at low temperature mainly sugar derivatives are produced, while at higher temperatures alcohols and phenolic are the majority compounds of the bio-oil.

Use of iron and bio-oil wastes to produce highly dispersed Fe/C composites for the photo-Fenton reaction.

This work describes the synthesis, characterization, and application of an active heterogeneous photo-Fenton system obtained from two different wastes, i.e., laterite (an iron mining waste) and the acid aqueous fraction (AAF) from bio-oil production. AAF with high acidity (ca. 3 molH+ L-1) and organic concentration (25 wt.%) obtained from biomass flash pyrolysis was used for the efficient extraction of Fe3+ from laterite waste. After extraction, the mixture Fe3+/AAF was dried and treated at different temperatures, i.e., 500, 650, and 800 °C, to obtain Fe/C reactive composites. Mössbauer, XRD, TG, elemental analyses, and SEM/EDS showed the presence of highly disperse Fe oxide nanoparticles at 500 and 650 °C and Fe0 particles in the material obtained at 800 °C with carbon contents varying from 74 to 80 %. The three composites were tested as heterogeneous catalysts in the photo-Fenton reaction for the oxidation of the model dye contaminant methylene blue, showing high activities at neutral pH.

Bio-oil production of softwood and hardwood forest industry residues through fast and intermediate pyrolysis and its chromatographic characterization.

Bio-oils were produced through intermediate (IP) and fast pyrolysis (FP), using Eucalyptus sp. (hardwood) and Picea abies (softwood), wood wastes produced in large scale in Pulp and Paper industries. Characterization of these bio-oils was made using GC/qMS and GC×GC/TOFMS. The use of GC×GC provided a broader characterization of bio-oils and it allowed tracing potential markers of hardwood bio-oil, such as dimethoxy-phenols, which might co-elute in 1D-GC. Catalytic FP increased the percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons in P. abies bio-oil, indicating its potential for fuel production. However, the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) draws attention to the need of a proper management of pyrolysis process in order to avoid the production of toxic compounds and also to the importance of GC×GC/TOFMS use to avoid co-elutions and consequent inaccuracies related to identification and quantification associated with GC/qMS. Ketones and phenols were the major bio-oil compounds and they might be applied to polymer production.

Pyrolysis of mangaba seed: production and characterization of bio-oil.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of Hancornia speciosa GOMES (mangaba) seeds as a novel matrix for the production of bio-oil. The study was divided into three steps: (i) characterization of the biomass (through elemental analysis (CHN), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), thermogravimetry (TG), and determination of biomass composition; (ii) pyrolysis of mangaba seed to obtain the bio-oil; and (iii) characterization of the bio-oil (thermogravimetry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-GC/qMS). The TG of the sample showed a mass loss of around 90% in 450°C. In the pyrolysis experiments the variables included temperature (450 and 600°C), sample mass (5 and 11g) and prior heating (with or without), with the best conditions of 600°C, 11g of seeds and prior heating of the furnace. The GC/qMS analysis identified carboxylic acids and hydrocarbons as the major components, besides the presence of other compounds such as furanes, phenols, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, and amides.

Efecto del carbnnato de potasio en la evoluciónde los grupos funcionales de loos biocrudos de conversión hidrotérmica de biomasa lignocelulósica alrededor del punto crítico del agua / Potassium arbonaate effect on biocrude funtional groups evolving from liggnocellulosic biomass undergoing hydrothermal conversion close to the critical point o water / Efeio do carbonaato de potássio na formação dos grups funcionais doos biopetróleos obtidos por conversão hidrotérmica de biomassa lenhocelulósica próximo do ponto crítico da água

Un tipo de biomasa pobre en lignina, del género Pennisetum, fue sometida al proceso de conversión hidrotérmica en presencia de carbonato de potasio como catalizador. Las reacciones se llevaron a cabo en ambientes cercanos al punto crítico del agua. Los productos de reacción no acuosos (biocrudo) se separaron por decantación y se analizaron por espectrometría infrarroja. Los biocrudos obtenidos contienen compuestos con funcionalidades aromáticas, olefínicas, hidroxiladas, éteres, y para el caso del biocrudo obtenido bajo la condición subcrítica funciones carbonilo. La fracción gaseosa y el biocrudo aumentan en presencia del carbonato de potasio.

A type of poor-lignin biomass (Pennisetum sp.) was hydrothermally converted in the presence of potassium carbonate as catalyst. The reactions were carried out close to the critical point of the water. The non-aqueous (biocrude) reaction products were separated by decantation and were analyzed by infrared spectrometry. The biocrude products so obtained contained compounds having aromatic, olephinic, hydroxylated and ether functionalities; sub-critical biocrude had carbonyl functions. The gaseous and biocrude fractions increased in the presence of potassium carbonate.

Um tipo de biomassa pobre em lenhina, do género Pennisetum, foi submetido ao processo de conversão hidrotérmica na presença de carbonato de potássio como catalisador. As reacções foram conduzidas em condições próximas do ponto crítico da água. Os produtos de reacção não aquosos (biopetróleo) foram separados por decantação e analisados por espectroscopia de infravermelho. Os biopetróleos obtidos contêm compostos com funcionalidades aromáticas, olefínicas, hidroxiladas, éteres e, no caso do biopetróleo obtido sob condição subcrítica, funções carbonilo. A fracção gasosa e a quantidade de biopetróleo aumentam na presença de carbonato de potássio.