Association between Breakfast Consumption Frequency and Chronic Inflammation in Korean Adult Males: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2018.

Background: Skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to examine the association between breakfast-eating habits and inflammation, using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a marker. Methods: A total of 4,000 Korean adult males with no history of myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, or current smoking were included. Data from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for analysis. The frequency of breakfast consumption was assessed through a questionnaire item in the dietary survey section asking participants about their weekly breakfast consumption routines over the past year. Participants were categorized into two groups, namely "0-2 breakfasts per week" and "3-7 breakfasts per week"; hs-CRP concentrations were measured through blood tests. Results: Comparing between the "infrequent breakfast consumption (0-2 breakfasts per week)" and "frequent breakfast consumption (3-7 breakfasts per week)" groups, the mean hs-CRP was found to be significantly higher in the "infrequent breakfast consumption" group, even after adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure medication, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides (mean hs-CRP: frequent breakfast consumption, 1.36±0.09 mg/L; infrequent breakfast consumption, 1.17±0.05 mg/L; P-value=0.036). Conclusion: Less frequent breakfast consumption was associated with elevated hs-CRP levels. Further large-scale studies incorporating adjusted measures of daily eating patterns as well as food quality and quantity are required for a deeper understanding of the role of breakfast in the primary prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Breakfast Frequency and Sleep Quality in College Students: The Multiple Mediating Effects of Sleep Chronotypes and Depressive Symptoms.

Sleep disorders, which are prominent problems among college students, may be associated with skipping breakfast. Therefore, we aimed to explore the role of sleep chronotypes and depressive symptoms as mediators in the relationship between breakfast frequency and sleep quality. A cross-sectional survey enrolling random samples of 712 college students was conducted by the Questionnaire Star online platform. Statistical description and correlation analysis were performed by SPSS 25.0, and a chain mediation test was performed by model 6 in PROCESS 3.5. The result of the article demonstrated that breakfast frequency can affect sleep quality through two mediating pathways: ① sleep chronotypes, with a mediating effect of 32%; and ② depressive symptoms, with a mediating effect of 52.4%. However, the chain mediating effects of sleep chronotypes and depressive symptoms was not significant, and neither was the direct effect of breakfast frequency on sleep quality. Breakfast frequency can indirectly affect sleep quality by adjusting sleep chronotypes and depressive symptoms. Regular breakfast can increase morning and intermediate sleep chronotypes, reduce depressive symptoms, and thus improve sleep quality.

Association between breakfast frequency and insulin resistance in Korean adults with prediabetes: A nationwide population-based cross-sectional study.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the association between breakfast frequency and insulin resistance using the triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index in Korean adults with prediabetes. METHODS: This study used data from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 16,925 participants were included in this study. Breakfast frequency was classified as 0 times, 1-4 times, and 5-7 times per week. High insulin resistance was defined as a TyG index of ≥8.5. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Compared with the group whose breakfast frequency was 5-7 times per week, the odds ratio for high insulin resistance was 1.39 times (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21-1.59) and 1.17 times (95% CI, 1.04-1.32) higher in the group whose breakfast frequency was 0 times and 1-4 times per week, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that a lower frequency of breakfast consumption was significantly associated with a higher risk of insulin resistance in Korean adults with prediabetes. In the future, a large-scale prospective longitudinal study is required to establish the causal relationship between breakfast frequency and insulin resistance.

Association between Dietary Patterns and Physical Fitness among Chinese Children and Adolescents in Shaanxi Province.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the associations between dietary patterns (breakfast, egg, dairy products, and sugared beverage intake frequencies) and physical fitness among Chinese children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province. METHODS: Data were extracted from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH). The study ultimately included 7305 participants (48.4% male, 51.6% female) aged 6-22 in Shaanxi Province, China. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the association of the frequency of breakfast, egg, dairy product, and sugared beverage intakes with physical fitness. RESULTS: The frequency of breakfast, egg, and dairy product intakes were all independently and positively associated with the level of physical fitness. The frequency of sugared beverage intake was negatively associated with the level of physical fitness. CONCLUSION: Healthier dietary patterns (i.e., higher breakfast, egg, and dairy product intakes and lower sugared beverage intake) were associated with greater physical fitness. Specifically, maintaining a healthy dietary pattern of breakfast, egg, and dairy product intakes can positively affect the strength and endurance performance of children and adolescents. Increased dairy product intake plays a crucial part in boosting the physical fitness total scores of children and adolescents.

Prospective study of breakfast frequency and timing and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes in community-dwelling older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

BACKGROUND: No evidence-based recommendations regarding optimal breakfast frequency and timing and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exist for older adults because of limited studies. OBJECTIVES: We sought to prospectively assess relations between breakfast frequency and timing and T2DM risk among older adults and determine whether these depended on sex or cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS: Weekly breakfast frequency and usual daily breakfast time were assessed by questionnaire at baseline in 3747 older adults (aged ≥ 65 y) from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) who were free of cancer and T2DM and followed for 17.6 y. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% CIs estimated from Cox proportional hazards models were used to quantify associations with T2DM. RESULTS: Most CHS participants (median age: 74 y; IQR: 71-78 y) consumed breakfast daily (85.5%), and 73% had their first daily eating occasion between 07:00 and 09:00, both of which were associated with higher socioeconomic status, factors that are indicative of a healthier lifestyle, and lower levels of cardiometabolic risk indicators at baseline. During follow-up, 547 T2DM cases were documented. No strong evidence was observed linking breakfast frequency and risk of T2DM. Compared with participants whose breakfast timing (first eating occasion of the day) was 07:00-09:00, those who broke fast after 09:00 had an aHR for T2DM of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.99). This association was present in participants with impaired fasting glucose at baseline (aHR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.95) but not in those without (aHR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.50, 1.38). No associations between eating frequency or timing and T2DM were observed within other prespecified subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Eating breakfast daily was not associated with either higher or lower risk of T2DM in this cohort of older adults, whereas a later (after 09:00) daily first eating occasion time was associated with lower T2DM risk in participants with impaired fasting glucose at baseline.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005133.

Influence of breakfast and meal frequency in calcium intake among pregnant adolescents.

Calcium is an essential micronutrient that plays a role in growing and pregnancy, and its necessity is increased during pregnancy in adolescence. Thus, the aim of the study is to describe the daily calcium intake and its associations with dietetic habits, sociodemographic data and perinatal outcomes among pregnant adolescents. A prospective cohort study was conducted among primiparous adolescents who started prenatal care before 20 weeks of gestation. Sociodemographic data, weight and height, 24-h dietary recall (24hRec) and perinatal outcomes were collected over four meetings (three during pregnancy and one in puerperium). All 24hRecs were analysed by the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR)® programme, and descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were done. A total of 150 pregnant adolescents were included, with a mean of daily calcium intake of 659.9 mg (50% of recommended intake). Adolescents who ate more than three meals per day (89.3%), and ate breakfast every day (69.3%), were shown to have higher daily calcium intake, odds ratio (OR CI 95%) of 3.4 (1.0, 11.0) and 16.8 (1.0, 302.1), respectively. No correlation was observed between calcium daily intake and sociodemographic data or perinatal outcomes. Dairy products were the foods that mostly contributed to achieving recommended daily calcium intake. In our cohort, pregnant adolescents had a low daily calcium intake. They should be advised to eat more than three meals per day, eat breakfast in particular, increase the consumption of calcium rich-foods, such as dairy products and green leafy vegetables, and consider calcium supplementation.

Breakfast Consumption, Family Breakfast, and Adiposity Trajectory in Adolescence-The Adolescent Nutritional Assessment Longitudinal Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between breakfast and family breakfast and adiposity gain during adolescence remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between breakfast and family breakfast frequency and adiposity trajectory in adolescence. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with middle school students aged 10 to 16 years enrolled in 2010 (baseline) and followed for 3 years. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: A total of 945 students from two public and four private schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro were included. Among 945 students, 809 participated in the study at baseline. Pregnant or lactating students and those with physical or mental disabilities were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index (BMI) was assessed by measuring the participants' weight and height, and percent body fat (%BF) was assessed by performing bioelectrical impedance analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Linear mixed-effect models were used to examine the relationship between baseline and persistence of breakfast consumption and family breakfast over a 3-year period and change in BMI and %BF. Breakfast and family breakfast were assessed by questions on frequency of consumption. Both variables were classified as regular, intermediate, and no consumption at baseline. Persistence was divided into persistently regular, persistently irregular, changing from regular to irregular, and contrariwise. RESULTS: Overall, frequent breakfast consumption and family breakfast did not have protective effects against adiposity. At baseline, these behaviors were associated with low BMI and %BF among girls. During follow-up, these behaviors and persistence of regular breakfast consumption were associated with an increase in %BF (P<0.05). In boys, those who increased or decreased family breakfast frequency had greater decrease in %BF compared with those persistently regular at both time points. CONCLUSION: Breakfast had no consistent relationship with adolescence adiposity trajectory, which is in line with the results of experimental studies and in contrast with those of many cross-sectional studies.

[Relationship between breakfast and nutrition status study of children aged 6-17 in China from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the frequency of breakfast and nutrition status of children aged 6-17 in China. METHODS: Data were collected from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. By using multi-stage stratified sampling and population proportional stratified random sampling method, the research objects were 28 431 children aged 6-17 years. The information of breakfast frequency in the past week were collected by questionnaire, the child's height, weight and personal basic information were also collected. RESULTS: The rate of malnutrition for children who did not eat breakfast in the past week was 16. 5%( 59/356), the rates of stunting and wasting were 5. 6%( 20/358) and 11. 0%( 39/356) respectively, which were significantly higher than the rates of children who ate breakfast everyday( P <0. 05). The risks of stunting, wasting and malnutrition in children who did not have breakfast were 1. 855( 95% CI 1. 149-2. 995), 1. 449( 95% CI 1. 017-2. 065) and1. 646( 95% CI 1. 220-2. 221) times, respectively, of the ones who had breakfast every day. The overall rate of overweight and obesity for children who had breakfast every day was 17. 1%( 4347/25360), which was significantly higher than the rate of children who did not eat breakfast( P < 0. 001), Logistic regression analysis showed that breakfast frequency was not a factor affecting children's overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: The risks of malnutrition prevalence for the children who don't have breakfast are more than the ones who have breakfast every day. Breakfast skipping is an independent factor to malnutrition that can increase risk of malnutrition.

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Although breakfast is important to nutrition balance, prevention of overeating, and weight control, people in their 20s (males: 55.1%, females: 49.9%) were reported to have the highest rate of skipping breakfast in 2016 Korea Health Statistics. This study aims to examine dietary habits and nutrient intake depending on breakfast frequency among young women in Seoul. METHODS: The subjects were 655 young women in Seoul from August to October 2016, and the survey was performed by using a questionnaire that included general characteristics, dietary habits, and eating behavior. Body composition was determined by bioelectric impedance analysis. Nutritional status was examined by the 24-hour recall method. RESULTS: The participants were classified by breakfast intake frequency; ‘≥ 5 times/week (n=160)’, ‘1–4 times/week (n=327)’, and ‘breakfast skipping (n=168)’. The ‘breakfast skipping’ group had lower frequency and regularity of meals. In addition, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had a higher frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. There was no difference in total calories between the ‘breakfast skipping’ group and other groups, but the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly low carbohydrate and fiber intakes. The participants showed lower intakes of calories, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, folic acid, calcium, potassium, and zinc in comparison with recommended intakes. Especially, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly lower fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, potassium levels compared to the ‘≥ 5 times/week’ group. For Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the ‘breakfast skipping’ group recorded a ratio of 0.60, which was lower than those of other groups. Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) including fiber, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the breakfast skipper group, compared to the breakfast eater group. CONCLUSIONS: The ‘breakfast skipping’ group showed low regularity of meals and a high frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. The breakfast regular eater group showed high intake of micronutrients and quality of meals was high in general. Skipping breakfast could lower nutrient intake and quality of meals, which requires attention.

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Although breakfast is important to nutrition balance, prevention of overeating, and weight control, people in their 20s (males: 55.1%, females: 49.9%) were reported to have the highest rate of skipping breakfast in 2016 Korea Health Statistics. This study aims to examine dietary habits and nutrient intake depending on breakfast frequency among young women in Seoul. METHODS: The subjects were 655 young women in Seoul from August to October 2016, and the survey was performed by using a questionnaire that included general characteristics, dietary habits, and eating behavior. Body composition was determined by bioelectric impedance analysis. Nutritional status was examined by the 24-hour recall method. RESULTS: The participants were classified by breakfast intake frequency; ‘≥ 5 times/week (n=160)’, ‘1–4 times/week (n=327)’, and ‘breakfast skipping (n=168)’. The ‘breakfast skipping’ group had lower frequency and regularity of meals. In addition, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had a higher frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. There was no difference in total calories between the ‘breakfast skipping’ group and other groups, but the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly low carbohydrate and fiber intakes. The participants showed lower intakes of calories, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, folic acid, calcium, potassium, and zinc in comparison with recommended intakes. Especially, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly lower fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, potassium levels compared to the ‘≥ 5 times/week’ group. For Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the ‘breakfast skipping’ group recorded a ratio of 0.60, which was lower than those of other groups. Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) including fiber, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the breakfast skipper group, compared to the breakfast eater group. CONCLUSIONS: The ‘breakfast skipping’ group showed low regularity of meals and a high frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. The breakfast regular eater group showed high intake of micronutrients and quality of meals was high in general. Skipping breakfast could lower nutrient intake and quality of meals, which requires attention.

Actual and perceived weight status and its association with slimming and energy-balance related behaviours in 10- to 12-year-old European children: the ENERGY-project.

BACKGROUND: Both parents' and children's perception of children's weight status may be important predictors of slimming and energy-balance related behaviours, independent of children's actual weight status. OBJECTIVES: We examined the cross-sectional association of children's self-reported slimming and energy-balance related behaviours with children's (i) actual, (ii) self-perceived and (iii) parent-perceived weight status. METHODS: Data of 10- to 12-year-old European children and their parents were used. Multilevel logistic and linear regression analyses were performed, adjusting for age, gender, parental weight controlling behaviours, education, marital status and ethnicity. RESULTS: Independent of their actual weight status, a higher proportion of children reported slimming when they or their parents perceived them as too fat. Children's self-perceived weight status was more strongly associated with slimming than their parents' perception or their actual weight status. Moreover, children who perceive themselves as overweight reported less physical activity and more screen time. Children whose parents perceive them as overweight reported less physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Children's own perception of their weight status appears to be more important for their self-reported slimming than their actual or their parent's perceptions of their weight status. Additionally, children's self-perceived weight status seems important in engaging more physical activity and reduces screen time.

The relationship between breakfast frequency and dyslipidemia / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the relationship between breakfast frequency and dyslipidemia in residents over 40 years old in Yiling area of Yichang City in Hubei Province. Methods A random sampling was conducted, and 10 420 inhabitants were investigated during 2011 to 2012. Results The morbidity of dyslipidemia was 64. 0%. It was significantly higher in female than in male (65. 9% vs 60. 6%). Compared with regular breakfast eaters, non-breakfast eaters had significantly higher morbidity of higher blood low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) and hypertriglyceridemia(P<0. 05). The risk of elevated serum LDL-C was higher in the non-breakfast eaters group(OR=2. 382, 95%CI 1. 300-4. 367, P=0. 019) after adjusted by age, sex, smoking, drinking, etc. Conclusions Compared with regular breakfast eaters, breakfast skippers had significantly higher morbidity of dyslipidemia. Eating breakfast on daily basis may have a significant protective effect on preventing dyslipidemia.

Meal skipping and variables related to energy balance in adults: a brief review, with emphasis on the breakfast meal.

A popular notion regarding habitual meal skipping is that it leads to weight gain; however, there is little support for this idea in the scientific literature. Here we review the evidence both for and against this notion in adults (≥18 years), with, out of practicality, a primary focus on the breakfast meal. To date, few randomized controlled trials and prospective studies have been conducted on breakfast skipping and energy balance. Three acute feeding studies have been published which show equivocal results and do not strongly support an effect of breakfast skipping on variables related to energy balance. Four longer-term experimental studies lasting 2-3 weeks have been published and are consistent with the acute feeding trials in that breakfast skipping or eating treatments did not materially impact weight change. Four prospective studies in which participants were followed-up for over 3.7-10 years do suggest a potential role of skipping breakfast in weight gain. However, observational studies do not imply causality; therefore, longer term experimental trials are needed before a definitive conclusion can be made concerning the role of breakfast skipping in weight change.

Hábito y calidad del desayuno en alumnos de dos escuelas primarias públicas de la ciudad de Santa Fe / Breakfast habit and quality in students from two public primary schools in the city of Santa Fe

Introducción. El desayuno proporciona la energía y los nutrientes necesarios que permiten un óptimo rendimiento físico e intelectual. Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia del desayuno, los factores que condicionan el hábito y su omisión, la calidad del desayuno y la colación en los niños de escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Santa Fe. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se evaluaron 637 alumnos mediante una encuesta estructurada de respuestas cerradas. Resultados El 75% de los niños desayunaban diariamente; solo 1,6% realizaban un desayuno de buena calidad. Consumir el desayuno todos los días o a veces no dependía de la compañía de un familiar. De 1°a 5° grado la frecuencia semanal dependió de que algún familiar lo preparara (p= 0,04). La causa principal de omisión del desayuno fue la falta de tiempo. El 23% de los alumnos de 6°-7° grado manifestaron sentir malestar al desayunar. Más del 50% de los niños miraban televisión mientras desayunaban. La mayoría de los alumnos de 1° a 3er grado consumieron un desayuno de mejorable (41%) e insufciente calidad (41%). En los alumnos de 4° y 5° grado predominó el de insufciente calidad (50%). En el grupo de 6° y 7° grado fue notable el consumo de desayuno de mala calidad (16%). En muy pocos niños la colación resultó apropiada para completar la calidad fnal del desayuno. Conclusiones. Si bien se encontró un alto porcentaje de escolares que tienen el hábito de desayunar, la mayoría lo hacen de forma incompleta. Muy pocos logran completar la calidad del desayuno con los alimentos ingeridos a media mañana.

Introduction. Breakfast provides the necessary energy and nutrients to achieve an optimal physical and mental performance. Objective. To fnd out breakfast frequency, factors that influence breakfast habit and skipping, breakfast quality and snack intake in children from public schools in the city of Santa Fe. Population and Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. A total of 637 students were assessed using a closed-ended question survey. Results. Seventy fve percent of children had breakfast on a daily basis; only 1.6% had a good quality breakfast. Eating breakfast every day or some days did not depend on having the company of a family member. In the case of frst to ffth grade children, the weekly frequency depended on having a family member who made it (p= 0.04). The main cause for skipping breakfast was lack of time. Twenty-three percent of children in sixth and seventh grade indicated feeling unwell when having breakfast. More than 50% of children watched television while having breakfast. Most students in frst to third grade had breakfast that could be improved (41%) and which was insufficient (41%). An insufficient quality breakfast was more common among fourth and ffth grade students (50%). A remarkable piece of information is the number of sixth and seventh grade children who had a poor quality breakfast (16%). Very few children had a snack that was appropriate to supplement the fnal quality of breakfast. Conclusions. Although a high percentage of school-aged children are used to having breakfast, most have an incomplete breakfast. Very few manage to supplement their breakfast with snacks at mid-morning.

Hábito y calidad del desayuno en alumnos de dos escuelas primarias públicas de la ciudad de Santa Fe / Breakfast habit and quality in students from two public primary schools in the city of Santa Fe

Introducción. El desayuno proporciona la energía y los nutrientes necesarios que permiten un óptimo rendimiento físico e intelectual. Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia del desayuno, los factores que condicionan el hábito y su omisión, la calidad del desayuno y la colación en los niños de escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Santa Fe. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se evaluaron 637 alumnos mediante una encuesta estructurada de respuestas cerradas. Resultados El 75% de los niños desayunaban diariamente; solo 1,6% realizaban un desayuno de buena calidad. Consumir el desayuno todos los días o a veces no dependía de la compañía de un familiar. De 1°a 5° grado la frecuencia semanal dependió de que algún familiar lo preparara (p= 0,04). La causa principal de omisión del desayuno fue la falta de tiempo. El 23% de los alumnos de 6°-7° grado manifestaron sentir malestar al desayunar. Más del 50% de los niños miraban televisión mientras desayunaban. La mayoría de los alumnos de 1° a 3er grado consumieron un desayuno de mejorable (41%) e insufciente calidad (41%). En los alumnos de 4° y 5° grado predominó el de insufciente calidad (50%). En el grupo de 6° y 7° grado fue notable el consumo de desayuno de mala calidad (16%). En muy pocos niños la colación resultó apropiada para completar la calidad fnal del desayuno. Conclusiones. Si bien se encontró un alto porcentaje de escolares que tienen el hábito de desayunar, la mayoría lo hacen de forma incompleta. Muy pocos logran completar la calidad del desayuno con los alimentos ingeridos a media mañana.(AU)

Introduction. Breakfast provides the necessary energy and nutrients to achieve an optimal physical and mental performance. Objective. To fnd out breakfast frequency, factors that influence breakfast habit and skipping, breakfast quality and snack intake in children from public schools in the city of Santa Fe. Population and Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. A total of 637 students were assessed using a closed-ended question survey. Results. Seventy fve percent of children had breakfast on a daily basis; only 1.6% had a good quality breakfast. Eating breakfast every day or some days did not depend on having the company of a family member. In the case of frst to ffth grade children, the weekly frequency depended on having a family member who made it (p= 0.04). The main cause for skipping breakfast was lack of time. Twenty-three percent of children in sixth and seventh grade indicated feeling unwell when having breakfast. More than 50% of children watched television while having breakfast. Most students in frst to third grade had breakfast that could be improved (41%) and which was insufficient (41%). An insufficient quality breakfast was more common among fourth and ffth grade students (50%). A remarkable piece of information is the number of sixth and seventh grade children who had a poor quality breakfast (16%). Very few children had a snack that was appropriate to supplement the fnal quality of breakfast. Conclusions. Although a high percentage of school-aged children are used to having breakfast, most have an incomplete breakfast. Very few manage to supplement their breakfast with snacks at mid-morning.(AU)

Dietary Life and Eating-Out Style Related to Breakfast Frequency of Male Students in Culinary College / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was to investigate dietary life and eating-out style related to breakfast frequency of male students in culinary college. This survey was conducted using questionnaires for 110 male students at college in Hongseung. Mean height and body weight of those we investigated was 174 cm and 70.5 kg. The one to two times per week breakfast eating group was 34.55%, which is exceedingly numerous; none per week breakfast eating group was 30%; three to four times per week breakfast eating group was 15.45%; everyday breakfast eating group was only 9.09%. The breakfast frequency was very low, and the not-eating breakfast problem is serious to think of in male college students. Mean weight, body fat and body mass index (BMI) of the everyday breakfast eating group was lower than the other group even it was not significant. The self-boarding house or dormitory living condition group was not eating breakfast was significant. So a correct dietary life and eating habit should be taught further for male college students. The smoking group was a significant low frequency of breakfast eating, as well as the lower frequency of breakfast, or worse recognition of self health condition. Higher frequency of breakfast showed more contentment of self body weight. Cooked rice was significantly the most preferable for breakfast. The lower breakfast frequency tended to eat breads or cereals. The lower frequency of breakfast, self recognition of eating rate as speedier was significant, and tended to have a higher frequency of eating-out because of being annoyed by cooking. The lower breakfast frequency ate out more. Twenty five percent of the everyday breakfast eating group ate out because of a special day, and thirty five percent of the not eating breakfast group did so because of being annoyed by cooking. Their mean dietary evaluation grade was under the normal grade, which means that culinary college male students?dietary lives were poor. The lower frequency of breakfast and lower grade of food life evaluation, indicates the importance of nutritional breakfasts education should be improved for male culinary college students also.