Impact of World Cerebral Palsy Day on Public Interest in Brazil: Evidence from Internet Search Data.

AIM: This study investigated the impact of the World Cerebral Palsy Day (WCPD) campaign on the public interest using Google Trends Analysis data in Brazil. METHODS: Google Trends was used to collect Relative Search Volume (RSV) data for "cerebral palsy" from 2004 to 2011 (control years) and 2012 to 2022 (WCPD years). RSV during the 4 weeks around WCPD (period of interest) was compared with the rest of the year (control period) in each timeframe. Regional RSV, search queries, and main topics were also investigated. RESULTS: RSV increased by 62.22% from pre-campaign to campaign period. During the WCPD years, a 21.36% RSV increase occurred in campaign weeks, with an average difference of 12.16 (95% CI: 1.74, 22.58); notably in in the last five years in the southeast 9.47 (95% CI: 2.93, 16.01) and south 8.66 (95% CI: 1.66, 15.66) macro-regions. CONCLUSION: The campaign has fulfilled its role, but targeting more vulnerable areas could further amplify its impact.

A brief research report of suicide rates in the Brazilian elderly over a 12-year period: the lack of association of the "Setembro Amarelo" campaign for suicide prevention.

Objectives: Aiming to disseminate information related to suicide prevention in Brazil, the "Setembro Amarelo" campaign has been conducted since 2015. The objective of this study is to assess the association between this campaign and elderly suicide rates over a 12-year period. Methods: Data were gathered from the Mortality Information System and the Notifiable Diseases Information System, established by public institutions in Brazil. An interrupted time-series framework was applied to assess the association between the "Setembro Amarelo" campaign and suicide mortality rates in the elderly population (60 et plus) in the southeastern region of Brazil. We consider three monthly outcomes: all suicides, suicides in males and suicide in females. We operationalize the campaign assuming three effects: short-term, declining and sustained. The period of analysis was from 2011-2022. Results: The suicide-mortality rate over time has remained stable; the average rate in the pre-campaign period was 0.028 and increased slightly to 0.035. Regardless of the campaign's operationalization and the outcome used, results show no significant associations between the campaign and elderly suicide rates. The campaign was associated with non-significant decreased effects of 15% (P=0.532) in the short term, and 16% (P=0.446) assuming the campaign was sustained. Conclusions: There is a lack of association between the campaign and suicide rates, among the elderly in Brazil's southeastern region. As suicide is complex and multifactorial, more research is needed. The campaign, while raising awareness and reducing stigma, may not reduce suicides. To reduce the suicide rate in the elderly requires addressing social, economic and cultural factors, multisectoral interventions, and upholding basic human rights.

The prevalence and demographic associations of headache in the adult population of Peru: a national cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The Global Campaign against Headache is conducting a series of population-based studies to fill the large geographical gaps in knowledge of headache prevalence and attributable burden. One major region not until now included is South America. Here we present a study from Peru, a country of 32.4 million inhabitants located at the west coast of South America, notable for its high Andes mountains. METHODS: The study was conducted in accordance with the standardized methodology used by the Global Campaign. It was a cross-sectional survey using cluster randomised sampling in five regions to derive a nationally representative sample, visiting households unannounced, and interviewing one randomly selected adult member (aged 18-65 years) of each using the Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire translated into South American Spanish. The neutral screening question ("Have you had headache in the last year?") was followed by diagnostic questions based on ICHD-3 and demographic enquiry. RESULTS: The study included 2,149 participants from 2,385 eligible households (participating proportion 90.1%): 1,065 males and 1,084 females, mean age 42.0 ± 13.7 years. The observed 1-year prevalence of all headache was 64.6% [95% CI: 62.5-66.6], with age-, gender- and habitation-adjusted prevalences of 22.8% [21.0-24.6] for migraine (definite + probable), 38.9% [36.8-41.0] for tension-type headache (TTH: also definite + probable), 1.2% [0.8-1.8] for probable medication-overuse headache (pMOH) and 2.7% [2.1-3.5] for other headache on ≥ 15 days/month (H15+). One-day prevalence of headache (reported headache yesterday) was 12.1%. Migraine was almost twice as prevalent among females (28.2%) as males (16.4%; aOR = 2.1; p < 0.001), and strongly associated with living at very high altitude (aOR = 2.5 for > 3,500 versus < 350 m). CONCLUSION: The Global Campaign's first population-based study in South America found headache disorders to be common in Peru, with prevalence estimates for both migraine and TTH substantially exceeding global estimates. H15 + was also common, but with fewer than one third of cases diagnosed as pMOH. The association between migraine and altitude was confirmed, and found to be strengthened at very high altitude. This association demands further study.

Ditadura, Saúde e Propaganda: O Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI) e a campanha midiática de vacinação obrigatória / Dictatorship, Health and Propaganda: The National Immunization Program (PNI) and the media campaign for compulsory vaccination

Resumo Este artigo analisa os filmes produzidos e veiculados, entre 1976 e 1978, pela Agência Nacional e pela Assessoria de Relações Públicas (ARP) para a campanha de divulgação da vacinação obrigatória que foi instituída pelo Plano Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), criado em 1975, e regulamentado pelo Decreto nº 78.231, de 12 de agosto de 1976. O objetivo é compreender a narrativa construída através de imagens e discursos visando tornar a vacina uma prática culturalmente aceita. Para isso, recorre-se à legislação que versa sobre o tema no período analisado, qual seja na ditadura civil-militar. O regime ditatorial é abordado a partir dos aspectos conceituais que orientam as análises sobre a apropriação das campanhas de saúde como propaganda e dos investimentos em um modelo de saúde privada e curativista. Conclui-se, assim, que a iniciativa de criação do PNI trata-se de um hiato nesse processo de privatização da saúde, já que não é uma ação orientada pela responsabilidade da ditadura para com a saúde da população, mas sim, uma ação que envolveu a gerência de múltiplos atores do campo da saúde, e que foi encampada pelo regime por se tratar de um processo diretamente atrelado a interesses ligados ao projeto de modernização conservadora do país.

Abstract This article analyzes the films produced and broadcast between 1976 and 1978 by the National Agency and the Public Relations Office (ARP) for the campaign to publicize the mandatory vaccination that was instituted by the National Immunization Plan (PNI), created in 1975 and regulated by Decree No. 78,231 of August 12, 1976. The objective is to understand the narrative constructed through images and speeches aimed at convincing the population to make vaccination a culturally accepted practice. To achieve this, we examine the legislation on the subject during the period under analysis, namely the civil-military dictatorship. The dictatorial regime is approached based on the conceptual aspects that guide the analysis of the appropriation of health campaigns as propaganda and investments in a private and curative health model. We can therefore conclude that the initiative to create the PNI is a hiatus in this process of privatizing health, since it is not an action guided by the dictatorship's responsibility for the health of the population, but an action that involved the management of multiple actors in the health field, and which was embraced by the regime because it was a process directly linked to interests connected to the country's conservative modernization project.

What we talk about when we talk about COVID-19 vaccination campaign impact: a narrative review.

Background: The lack of precise definitions and terminological consensus about the impact studies of COVID-19 vaccination leads to confusing statements from the scientific community about what a vaccination impact study is. Objective: The present work presents a narrative review, describing and discussing COVID-19 vaccination impact studies, mapping their relevant characteristics, such as study design, approaches and outcome variables, while analyzing their similarities, distinctions, and main insights. Methods: The articles screening, regarding title, abstract, and full-text reading, included papers addressing perspectives about the impact of vaccines on population outcomes. The screening process included articles published before June 10, 2022, based on the initial papers' relevance to this study's research topics. The main inclusion criteria were data analyses and study designs based on statistical modelling or comparison of pre- and post-vaccination population. Results: The review included 18 studies evaluating the vaccine impact in a total of 48 countries, including 32 high-income countries (United States, Israel, and 30 Western European countries) and 16 low- and middle-income countries (Brazil, Colombia, and 14 Eastern European countries). We summarize the main characteristics of the vaccination impact studies analyzed in this narrative review. Conclusion: Although all studies claim to address the impact of a vaccination program, they differ significantly in their objectives since they adopt different definitions of impact, methodologies, and outcome variables. These and other differences are related to distinct data sources, designs, analysis methods, models, and approaches.

Analysis of Sexually Transmitted Infections Prevention Campaigns between 2008 and 2020 / Análise de Campanhas Preventivas a Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis entre 2008 e 2020

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) prevention campaigns promoted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health between 2008 and 2020. Fifty-three campaigns from the digital archive were included in the directed content analysis. The analysis was conducted based on the concepts of Combination Prevention and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Condom use and STI testing were constantly promoted, to the detriment of alternative preventive behaviors. The TPB concepts in the campaigns suggest the compatibility of the materials with the theory. We conclude that the campaigns present the desirable aspects of prevention. However, recent campaigns focused on aversive materials, which goes against studies that report negative effects from these strategies and is associated with the rise of moralist perspectives on prevention.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar as campanhas de prevenção a infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (ISTs) veiculadas pelo Ministério da Saúde entre 2008 e 2020. Cinquenta e três campanhas disponíveis no acervo digital foram incluídas na análise de conteúdo dirigida. A análise foi realizada com base nos conceitos da Prevenção Combinada e da Teoria do Comportamento Planejado (TCP). O uso de camisinha e a realização de testagem para ISTs foram constantemente promovidos, em detrimento de comportamentos preventivos alternativos. Os conceitos da TCP nas campanhas indicam compatibilidade dos materiais com pressupostos teóricos. Conclui-se que as campanhas abordam os aspectos desejáveis da prevenção. Contudo, as campanhas mais recentes investiram em materiais aversivos, estratégia contraindicada por outros estudos, porém associada ao crescimento da perspectiva moralista de prevenção.

Efetividade de uma campanha para redução de desperdício em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição / Effectiveness of a waste reduction campaign in a supply and nutrition unit

Resumo Introdução A Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estima que um terço do alimento produzido no mundo é desperdiçado ou se perde ao longo das cadeias produtivas de alimentos, sendo que 46% das perdas ocorrem no processo das vendas e hábitos dos consumidores. Objetivo Este trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar e analisar a eficácia de uma campanha de intervenção por conscientização para o combate ao desperdício de alimentos em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição. Método Foi estabelecido o índice per capita de resto-ingestão. A coleta desse dado foi realizada durante 25 dias, sendo 10 dias antes, 5 dias durante e 10 dias depois da campanha de conscientização. Resultados Houve redução da média per capita do resto-ingestão de 60,0 ± 14,9 para 39,3 ± 13,4; esse dado concordou com trabalhos existentes na literatura sobre o assunto. Pôde-se também contabilizar uma diminuição do custo financeiro médio em torno de 34,6%. Conclusão Constata-se com este estudo que a falta de conscientização dos comensais contribui significativamente para o alto desperdício de alimentos, pois foi notória a redução do desperdício por resto-ingestão após intervenção.

Abstract Background The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that one-third of the food produced in the world is wasted or lost along the food supply chains; with 46% of the losses in the sales process and by consumer habits. Objective This study aimed to quantify and analyze the effectiveness of an intervention for awareness to combat food waste in a supply and nutrition unit. Method Per capita index of rest-ingestion was applied. The collection of this data was done for 25 days, being 10 days before, 5 days during and 10 days after the awareness campaign. Results There was a reduction of the per capita mean rest-ingestion from 60.0 ± 14.9 to 39.3 ± 13.4; this data agreed with works in the literature on the subject. It was also possible to account for a decrease in the average financial cost of around 34.6%. Conclusion It was found in this study that the lack of awareness of diners contributes significantly to the high food waste, because it was notorious the reduction of the indicator of rest-ingestion waste after intervention.

How the "Are We Drinking Ourselves Sick?" Communication Campaign Built Support for Policy Action on Sugary Drinks in Jamaica.

Background: This study assesses the effectiveness of a campaign "Are We Drinking Ourselves Sick?" that ran nationally in Jamaica in four phases from 2017 to 2019 to increase knowledge about the harms of sugary drinks, shift attitudes, and build support for policy actions to address sugary drink consumption, including a tax and a ban in schools. Methods: Campaign impact was measured in representative cross-sectional household surveys of adults ages 18 to 55. A baseline survey was conducted before the launch of the campaign (n = 1430). Evaluation surveys were conducted mid-campaign (n = 1571) and post-campaign (n = 1500). Campaign impact was assessed by comparing changes across survey periods on key knowledge, attitudinal and policy support outcome indicators. The independent association between campaign awareness and outcomes was analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Results: The campaign was recalled by more than 80% of respondents and was well-received with 90% or more respondents describing it as believable and relevant. There was a decline in knowledge on the harms of sugary drinks from the baseline to post-campaign period, notably on risks of diabetes (adjusted odds ratio or AOR = 0.62, p < 0.001), overweight and obesity (AOR = 0.58, p < 0.001), and heart disease (AOR = 0.79, p < 0.003). However, post-campaign awareness was independently associated in logistic regression analysis with improved knowledge of the harms of sugary drinks, including risks of diabetes (AOR = 1.45, p = 0.019), overweight or obesity (AOR = 1.65, p = 0.001), and heart disease (AOR = 1.44, p = 0.011). Support for government action remained high across survey waves (≥90%), and campaign awareness was independently associated with increased policy support for sugary drinks taxes (Mid-campaign: AOR = 1.43, p = 0.019; post-campaign: AOR = 1.46, p = 0.01) and restrictions on sugary drinks in schools (AOR = 1.55, p = 0.01). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the role that media campaigns can play in maintaining knowledge and concern about the health harms of sugary drinks and increasing support for policy passage.

Evaluating the Dissemination and Implementation of a Community Health Worker-Based Community Wide Campaign to Improve Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Physical Activity among Latinos along the U.S.-Mexico Border.

This study evaluated the dissemination and implementation of a culturally tailored community-wide campaign (CWC), Tu Salud ¡Si Cuenta! (TSSC), to augment fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption and physical activity (PA) engagement among low-income Latinos of Mexican descent living along the U.S.-Mexico Border in Texas. TSSC used longitudinal community health worker (CHW) home visits as a core vehicle to enact positive change across all socioecological levels to induce behavioral change. TSSC's reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) was examined. A dietary questionnaire and the Godin-Shepherd Exercise Questionnaire measured program effectiveness on mean daily FV consumption and weekly PA engagement, respectively. Participants were classified based on CHW home visits into "low exposure" (2-3 visits) and "high exposure" (4-5 visits) groups. The TSSC program reached low-income Latinos (n = 5686) across twelve locations. TSSC demonstrated effectiveness as, compared to the low exposure group, the high exposure group had a greater FV intake (mean difference = +0.65 FV servings daily, 95% CI: 0.53-0.77) and an increased PA (mean difference = +185.6 MET-minutes weekly, 95% CI: 105.9-265.4) from baseline to the last follow-up on a multivariable linear regression analysis. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that the high exposure group had higher odds of meeting both FV guidelines (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.65-2.47) and PA guidelines (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.10-1.68) at the last follow-up. The program had a 92.3% adoption rate, with 58.3% of adopting communities meeting implementation fidelity, and 91.7% of communities maintaining TSSC. TSSC improved FV consumption and PA engagement behaviors among low-income Latinos region wide. CHW delivery and implementation funding positively influenced reach, effectiveness, adoption, and maintenance, while lack of qualified CHWs negatively impacted fidelity.

Mortar Bond Strength: A Brief Literature Review, Tests for Analysis, New Research Needs and Initial Experiments.

Despite technological advances in the production processes of the materials for ceramic façade coatings, the problems of detachments are still frequent. Therefore, this work aims to investigate, through a literature review, the existing gaps related to the adhesion ability of adhesive mortars, identifying new research needs that can better explain the behavior of the material. In addition, an experimental procedure was developed to evaluate the mechanical capacity of adhesive mortars when subjected to cyclic stresses. Dynamic stress measurements are presented for several blocks of mortar and on similar blocks but with a slot drilled prior to measurements (intended to represent failure). From these data we calculated values of stress energy, elastic energy, and dissipated energy. The experimental results showed that the energy involved in the test process accompanied the load values and current stress values. The mortar samples with the previous failure absorbed and dissipated less energy than mortars without failure, showing that materials that have less energy to dissipate, are materials that have developed less capacity to adhere, that is, to keep their parts together.

A campanha de vacinação contra o SARS-CoV-2 no Brasil e a invisibilidade das evidências científicas / The SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign in Brazil and the invisibility of science evidences

Resumo O presente texto trata de refletir sobre a campanha de vacinação contra COVID-19 no Brasil à luz da consideração das evidências científicas no processo de tomada de decisão. O Brasil possui um dos maiores e mais completos programas de vacinação do mundo, o Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI). Infelizmente, no contexto atual, com as interferências políticas do governo federal, o PNI perdeu seu protagonismo na condução da campanha de vacinação contra a COVID-19. Apesar de ser uma campanha de vacinação com muito potencial e uma das mais aceitas pela população entre os países no mundo, apresentou muitos problemas e deixou diversas lacunas no cenário brasileiro. Nesse sentido, é fundamental que as evidências científicas de qualidade produzidas nesse período possam guiar uma remodelagem constante da estratégia de vacinação. Quatro pontos merecem ser destacados: 1) o intervalo entre as doses; 2) a intercambialidade entre vacinas; 3) a vacinação em adolescentes; e 4) a necessidade de melhores evidências para definir a estratégia de vacinação em certos grupos e faixas etárias.

Abstract This paper reflects on the vaccination campaign against COVID-19 in Brazil in light of the consideration of scientific evidence in the decision-making process. Brazil has one of the largest and most complete vaccination programs in the world, the National Immunization Program (Programa Nacional de Imunizações or PNI). Unfortunately, in the current context, with the political interference of the federal government, the PNI lost its role in conducting the vaccination campaign against COVID-19. Despite being a vaccination campaign with a lot of potential and one of the most accepted by the population among countries in the world, it presented many problems and left several gaps in the Brazilian scenario. In this sense, it is essential that the quality scientific evidence produced during this period can guide a constant remodeling of the vaccination strategy. Four points deserve to be highlighted: 1) the interval between doses; 2) the interchangeability between vaccines; 3) vaccination in children and adolescentes; and 4) the need for better evidence to define the vaccination strategy in certain groups and age groups.

Impactos da pandemia de COVID-19 sobre o tratamento para cessação do tabagismo / Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking cessation treatment

Introdução: A pandemia do novo coronavírus teve repercussões no funcionamento dos sistemas de saúde do mundo inteiro. O tabagista foi um grupo diretamente afetado por essas mudanças. Objetivo: Mensurar esse impacto a partir da análise dos dados do Programa Estadual de Controle ao Tabagismo de Pernambuco. Método: Estudo descritivo transversal, utilizando como unidades de análise dados da estratégia de monitoramento do Programa Estadual de Controle ao Tabagismo da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco (SES-PE), comparando os atendimentos no segundo quadrimestre dos anos de 2019 e 2020. Resultados: Entre maio e agosto de 2019, 3.282 pacientes tabagistas buscaram tratamento para cessação do tabagismo no SUS, em Pernambuco. Em período similar, entre os meses de maio e agosto do ano de 2020, o tratamento para cessação do tabagismo foi procurado por 680 usuários tabagistas, representando uma queda de 79,28%. Além disso, o número de municípios oferecendo tratamento para cessação do tabagismo no SUS caiu de 97 para 36 (62,89%) e o número de unidades de saúde da atenção básica realizando tratamento para cessação do tabagismo no SUS de 277 para 80 (71,11%). Conclusões: A diminuição da oferta do tratamento pelo Programa Estadual de Combate ao Tabagismo é preocupante. Ainda que a sua relação com a COVID-19 não esteja completamente elucidada, a cessação do uso do tabaco traz benefícios já bem estabelecidos. Dessa forma, é necessário incentivar a adoção de novas estratégias e tecnologias, aproveitando a janela de oportunidade que o temor da associação COVID-19/tabagismo criou.

Introduction: The new Coronavirus pandemic has had an impact on health systems worldwide. Smokers were directly affected by these changes. Objective: To measure the new Coronavirus pandemic impact on smoking cessation from the analysis of data from the Pernambuco State Tobacco Control Program. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study, using data from the monitoring strategy of the State Tobacco Control Program of the State Health Secretariat of Pernambuco (SES-PE) as the unit of analysis, comparing services in the second quarter of 2019 and 2020. Results: Between May and August 2019, 3.282 smoking patients sought treatment for smoking cessation in SUS, in Pernambuco. In a similar period, between the months of May and August of the year 2020, treatment for smoking cessation was sought by 680 smoking users, representing a drop of 79,28%. In addition, the number of municipalities offering treatment for smoking cessation in SUS dropped from 97 to 36 (62,89%) and the number of primary health care units providing treatment for smoking cessation in SUS went from 277 to 80 (71,11%). Conclusions: The decrease in the offer of treatment by the State Program to Combat Smoking is worrying. Although its relation with COVID-19 has not been fully elucidated, the cessation of tobacco use has already established benefts. Thus, it is necessary to encourage the adoption of new strategies and technologies, using the window of opportunity that the fear of COVID-19/smoking association created.

Microplanning for designing vaccination campaigns in low-resource settings: A geospatial artificial intelligence-based framework.

Existing campaign-based healthcare delivery programs used for immunization often fall short of established health coverage targets due to a lack of accurate estimates for population size and location. A microplan, an integrated set of detailed planning components, can be used to identify this information to support programs such as equitable vaccination efforts. Here, we presents a series of steps necessary to create an artificial intelligence-based framework for automated microplanning, and our pilot implementation of this analysis tool across 29 countries of the Americas. Further, we describe our processes for generating a conceptual framework, creating customized catchment areas, and estimating up-to-date populations to support microplanning for health campaigns. Through our application of the present framework, we found that 68 million individuals across the 29 countries are within 5 km of a health facility. The number of health facilities analyzed ranged from 2 in Peru to 789 in Argentina, while the total population within 5 km ranged from 1,233 in Peru to 15,304,439 in Mexico. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using this methodological framework to support the development of customized microplans for health campaigns using open-source data in multiple countries. The pandemic is demanding an improved capacity to generate successful, efficient immunization campaigns; we believe that the steps described here can increase the automation of microplans in low resource settings.

SARS-CoV-2 infection risk during delivery of childhood vaccination campaigns: a modelling study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the delivery of immunisation services globally. Many countries have postponed vaccination campaigns out of concern about infection risks to the staff delivering vaccination, the children being vaccinated, and their families. The World Health Organization recommends considering both the benefit of preventive campaigns and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission when making decisions about campaigns during COVID-19 outbreaks, but there has been little quantification of the risks. METHODS: We modelled excess SARS-CoV-2 infection risk to vaccinators, vaccinees, and their caregivers resulting from vaccination campaigns delivered during a COVID-19 epidemic. Our model used population age structure and contact patterns from three exemplar countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Brazil). It combined an existing compartmental transmission model of an underlying COVID-19 epidemic with a Reed-Frost model of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk to vaccinators and vaccinees. We explored how excess risk depends on key parameters governing SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility, and aspects of campaign delivery such as campaign duration, number of vaccinations, and effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) and symptomatic screening. RESULTS: Infection risks differ considerably depending on the circumstances in which vaccination campaigns are conducted. A campaign conducted at the peak of a SARS-CoV-2 epidemic with high prevalence and without special infection mitigation measures could increase absolute infection risk by 32 to 45% for vaccinators and 0.3 to 0.5% for vaccinees and caregivers. However, these risks could be reduced to 3.6 to 5.3% and 0.1 to 0.2% respectively by use of PPE that reduces transmission by 90% (as might be achieved with N95 respirators or high-quality surgical masks) and symptomatic screening. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection risks to vaccinators, vaccinees, and caregivers during vaccination campaigns can be greatly reduced by adequate PPE, symptomatic screening, and appropriate campaign timing. Our results support the use of adequate risk mitigation measures for vaccination campaigns held during SARS-CoV-2 epidemics, rather than cancelling them entirely.

Nuevo modelo de distribución de mosquiteros impregnados con insecticida y su impacto durante la Campaña de Cobertura Universal en Mozambique, 2017 / New model for the distribution of mosquito nets impregnated with insecticide and its impact during the Universal Coverage Campaign in Mozambique, 2017

Introducción: En 2017 se realizó la Campaña de Cobertura Universal, en que se aplicó el nuevo modelo de distribución de mosquiteros impregnados con insecticida de larga duración, después de las bajas coberturas encontradas en 2015. Objetivo: Caracterizar el nuevo modelo de distribución de mosquiteros con insecticida de larga duración, aplicado en la Campaña 2017, en la provincia de Tete, Mozambique. Métodos: Se realizóun estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional y transversal. A partir de estadísticas univariadas, se estimó el porcentaje y sus intervalos de confianza del 95 % para los indicadores de registro correctos. Para encontrar la asociación entre los hogares registrados y los hogares de posesión, se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r) y el coeficiente de determinación (R2). Resultados: De los 3 284 hogares evaluados en la etapa de registro, al 98 por ciento se les asignaron calcomanías, al 99 por ciento cupones, y el criterio de adjudicación de mosquiteros impregnados con insecticida de larga duración fue correcto en el 97 por ciento, respectivamente. De los hogares registrados, 1 086 (97 por ciento) tuvieron acceso a al menos un mosquitero impregnado con insecticida de larga duración y 1 041 (92,9 por ciento) durmieron con estos mosquiteros la noche anterior a la encuesta. Conclusiones: La Campaña de Cobertura Universal, utilizando el nuevo modelo de distribución de mosquiteros impregnados con insecticida de larga duración, asegura un adecuado registro de los hogares, lo que ha contribuido al aumento de su posesión y uso, y al avance hacia el logro de las metas de cobertura universal en la comunidad(AU)

Introduction: As part of the Universal Coverage Campaign implemented in 2017, a new model was applied for the distribution of mosquito nets impregnated with long-lasting insecticide. Coverage had been found to be low in 2015. Objective: Characterize the new model for the distribution of mosquito nets impregnated with long-lasting insecticide applied in the 2017 Campaign in Tete Province, Mozambique. Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive quantitative study was conducted. Starting from univariate statistics, estimation was made of percentage and its 95 percent confidence intervals for correct registry indicators. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and the coefficient of determination (R2) were estimated to find the association between registered and possessing households. Results: Of the 3 284 households evaluated during the registration stage, 98 percent were given stickers and 99 percent received coupons. The criterion followed for the assignment of mosquito nets impregnated with long-lasting insecticide was correct in 97 percent , respectively. Of the households registered, 1 086 (97 percent) had access to at least one mosquito net impregnated with long-lasting insecticide, whereas 1 041 (92 percent) had slept under these mosquito nets the night before the survey. Conclusions: With the use of the new model for the distribution of mosquito nets impregnated with long-lasting insecticide, the Universal Coverage Campaign ensures the appropriate registration of households, contributing to an increase in their possession and use, and the attainment of universal coverage goals in the community(AU)

Campaña influenza 2020 en contexto de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2: una experiencia inédita de salud pública en Chile / Seasonal influenza campaign 2020 in the context of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an unprecedented public health experience in Chile

Resumen Desde 1982, cada año el Departamento de Inmunizaciones del Ministerio de Salud de Chile lleva a cabo la campaña de vacunación contra influenza junto con las Secretarías Regionales Ministeriales-SEREMI, Servicios de Salud y centros de atención primaria de salud. Con los objetivos de prevenir mortalidad y morbilidad grave en grupos de mayor riesgo y de preservar la integridad de los servicios de salud, hasta el 2020 las campañas de vacunación contra influenza serían las más grandes implementadas en Chile, para dar paso, el 2021, a la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2. Obedeciendo a cambios demográficos y epidemiológicos locales y acogiendo los avances científicos sobre seguridad e inmunogenicidad de la vacuna, el incremento de las vacunas influenza disponibles en Chile forma parte de la planificación anual de la campaña. El 2020, sin embargo, la Campaña Influenza tuvo que ser re-planificada en curso como consecuencia de la incorporación de nuevos grupos a vacunar según dispuso la modificación de la alerta sanitaria por brote de SARS-CoV-2 del 6 de marzo de 2020. Así, de 6.799.800 de dosis, el Departamento de Inmunizaciones logró en menos de dos meses aumentar la disponibilidad a 8.480.325, y cumplir con el compromiso de garantizar el acceso de los grupos de riesgo al beneficio de la vacunación estatal gratuita.

Abstract In Chile, the Immunization Department of the Ministry of Health has carried out the seasonal influenza vaccination campaign annually since 1982 in collaboration with the national health services, regional health offices, and primary health care centres. With the aim of preventing deaths and serious morbidity in high-risk groups and preserving the integrity of health services, the seasonal influenza campaign had been the largest implemented in Chile until 2020, since in 2021 the vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 is expected to become the largest ever implemented. In response to local demographic and epidemiological changes, and taking into account the new scientific evidence on the safety and immunogenicity of vaccines, the influenza vaccines available in Chile would increase annually as a result of campaign planning. In 2020, the influenza campaign had to be re-planned while in progress due to the addition of new high-risk groups to be vaccinated in accordance with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic health alert modification of March 6th, 2020. Over the course of three weeks, the Immunization Department managed to increase the doses of available influenza vaccines from 6,799,800 previously agreed upon to 8,480,325 and thus serve high-risk groups, guaranteeing their access to state funded influenza vaccination.

Consolidado de recomendaciones del Comité Asesor de Vacunas y Estrategias de Inmunización-CAVEI, sobre priorización de vacunación COVID-19 / Consolidated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Vaccines and Immunization Strategies- on prioritizing COVID-19 vaccination

Resumen El COVID-19 es un problema de salud pública mundial por su carácter epidémico que, a la fecha, carece de tratamiento farmacológico. Sin embargo, ya se cuenta con algunas vacunas autorizadas para uso en emergencia, aunque la duración de su protección, su capacidad para interrumpir la transmisión viral y su eficacia frente a variantes emergentes de SARS-CoV-2 se encuentran en estudio. La campaña de vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 de Chile requirió de diseño y planificación, como toda campaña. Parte de estos fue la priorización de grupos objetivo de vacunar, necesaria debido a que el mundo se vería enfrentado a un suministro limitado de vacunas COVID-19. En distintos momentos del año 2020, el CAVEI emitió recomendaciones sobre priorización de grupos de población a vacunar contra SARS-CoV-2, respondiendo a diferentes necesidades y según la evidencia disponible en cada instancia. Éstas se consolidan en la Tabla 1 de este informe. Resumidamente, en fase 1 se recomendó vacunar al personal de salud, residencias de larga estadía y personal crítico del Estado. En fase 2, a personas mayores de 65 años y población con comorbilidades. En fase 3, a personas que cumplen labores esenciales y, finalmente, a la población general.

Abstract COVID-19 is a global public health issue due to its epidemic nature that, to date, lacks pharmacological treatment. However, some COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized for emergency use, although the duration of their protection, their ability to interrupt viral transmission, and their efficacy against emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 are being studied. Chile's SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign required design and planning, like any other campaign. This process included the prioritization of risk groups for vaccination given the limited supply of COVID-19 vaccines globally. Throughout 2020, CAVEI issued recommendations on the prioritization of population groups to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 in response to different needs and in accordance with available evidence. These recommendations are consolidated in Table 1 in this report. In summary, it was recommended that healthcare workers, people in long-term residences and essential State personnel be vaccinated in phase 1. In phase 2, persons over 65 years of age and people with comorbidities. In phase 3, essential tasks workers and, lastly, the general population.

Systematic Review on Information Technology Approaches to Evaluate the Impact of Public Health Campaigns: Real Cases and Possible Directions.

Evaluating the success of a public health campaign is critical. It helps policy makers to improve prevention strategies and close existing gaps. For instance, Brazil's "Syphilis No!" campaign reached many people, but how do we analyze its real impact on population awareness? Are epidemiologic variables sufficient? This study examined literature on using of information technology approaches to analyze the impact of public health campaigns. We began the systematic review with 276 papers and narrowed it down to 17, which analyzed campaigns. In addition to epidemiological variables, other types of variables of interest included: level of (i) access to the campaign website, (ii) subject knowledge and awareness, based on questionnaires, (iii) target population's interest, measured from both online search engine and engagement with Social Network Service, and (iv) campaign exposure through advertising, using data from television commercials. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact by considering several dimensions such as: communication, epidemiology, and policy enforcement. Our findings provide researchers with an overview of various dimensions, and variables-of-interest, for measuring public campaign impact, and examples of how and which campaigns have used them.

Measuring methods and advertisement planning: Uses of IMC / Métodos de medición y planeación publicitaria: usos de las comunicaciones integradas de marketing (CIM) / Métodos de planejamento e medição de publicidade: usos do IMC

ABSTRACT Given that one of the central elements in marketing spending is advertising, this study aims at analysing how the advertising planning process is influenced by the types of responses expected from the audience, the measurement methods used to assess advertising effectiveness and the expected results. This study was empirical and exploratory based on the application of a cross-sectional survey to 150 marketing managers of medium and large-sized companies in Colombia. The results show if organisations measure the level of compliance with the goals established in terms of IMC, they will make better decisions and allocate marketing budgets consistent with their objectives, resources and capabilities. As the results of the present study indicate, organisations can experience weaknesses in implementing measurement methods that guarantee the proper calculation of organisational results concerning advertising investment.

RESUMEN Dado que uno de los rubros protagonistas en el gasto de mercadeo es la publicidad, este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar cómo los tipos de respuestas esperados por parte de la audiencia, los métodos de medición utilizados para medir la eficacia publicitaria y los resultados esperados, influencian la planeación de la publicidad. Este estudio fue empírico exploratorio a partir de la aplicación de una encuesta de corte transversal a l50 gerentes de mercadeo de empresas medianas y grandes de Colombia. En los resultados se evidencia que los métodos de medición de la eficacia publicitaria no se relacionan de manera significativa con la gestión de la publicidad, lo cual dificulta la obtención de resultados fiables y limita la toma de decisiones organizacional.

RESUMO Dado que um dos principais itens dos gastos de marketing é a publicidade, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar como os tipos de respostas esperadas pelo público, os métodos de medição usados para medir a eficácia da publicidade e os resultados esperados influenciam o planejamento da publicidade. Este estudo foi empírico exploratório a partir da aplicação de uma pesquisa transversal a 150 gerentes de marketing de médias e grandes empresas da Colômbia. Os resultados mostram que os métodos de medir a eficácia da publicidade não estão significativamente relacionados ao gerenciamento da publicidade, o que dificulta a obtenção de resultados confiáveis e limita a tomada de decisão organizacional.

The Surco canal, an ancient irrigation canal in Lima, Peru, and a citizens' campaign for its protection.

The present text discusses a number of pre-Hispanic irrigation canals in Lima, the Peruvian capital, often considered as the second largest city built on a desert. Some of the original canals are still in use but given that most have been excluded from official urban narratives, citizens are not aware of them and the role they still play in the city. A brief description of Lima's canals through the ages is provided, including present day management and the risks affecting them. This paper focuses on the Surco canal and a citizens' campaign carried out between 2016 and 2018 to raise awareness about it. The impact the campaign has had on the wider city is discussed. A general overview of the cultural context in which pre-Hispanic issues have historically been considered in Lima and how this campaign also tried to address them is included as well. As this paper is part of a special issue, Water History in the time of COVID-19, it has undergone modified peer review.