Assessment of OCT and Angio-OCT Parameters in Keratoconus Patients with and without Penetrating Keratoplasty.

Background/Objectives: Keratoconus (KC) is a bilateral eye disease characterized by corneal thinning and cone-like deformation, leading to visual impairment. This study evaluated the radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs) in keratoconus patients with and without penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) using OCT and angio-OCT, comparing the results to a control group. Methods: This retrospective study included 149 eyes, 97 from patients who underwent PKP between January 2018 and February 2023 and 52 from patients who did not undergo PKP. The control group comprised 72 patients (144 eyes) who were healthy volunteers. Measurements included the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the intraocular pressure (IOP), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, a fundus examination, and corneal topography, as well as OCT and angio-OCT assessments of the RPCs, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), and central retinal thickness (CRT). Statistical analyses were performed using Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The RNFL was significantly thinner in KC eyes after PKP compared to control eyes (p < 0.001), and the CRT was significantly thicker in KC eyes after PKP compared to control eyes (p = 0.003). However, the GCC was similar across the groups (p = 0.0885). Additionally, RPCs inside the disc were significantly reduced in KC eyes after PKP compared to control eyes (p < 0.0001). A significant positive correlation was found between RPC whole vessel density and RNFL thickness as measured via angio-OCT (r = 0.308, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study found that the RPC density inside the disc is significantly reduced in keratoconus patients after penetrating keratoplasty, highlighting RPCs inside the disc as a potential diagnostic tool for further assessment of keratoconus.

Association of SDF-1-3' Gene A Variant with Diabetic Retinopathy in the Hungarian Population.

We investigated the association between the SDF-1-3' (c801G > A) variant and the development of diabetic macular edema (DME) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in a Hungarian cohort. SDF-1-3' (c801G > A) was genotyped in 103 patients with diabetic retinopathy and 31 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic controls. Central retinal and choroidal thickness was measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography. The distribution of heterozygous and homozygous SDF-1-3' (c801G > A) genotypes was similar in diabetic and control subjects. The SDF-3'(c801AA) genotype was associated with DME (n = 94 eyes, allele distribution p = 0.006, genotype distribution p = 0.01 OR: 2.48, 95% CL: 1.21-5.08) in both univariable and multivariable modelling, independent of duration and type of diabetes, HbA1C, hypertension and microalbuminuria (p = 0.03). DME occurred earlier in patients carrying the SDF-1 (c801A) allele (Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test p = 0.02). A marginally significant association was found between the presence of the SDF-1 (c801A) allele and the development of PDR (n = 89 eyes, p = 0.06). The SDF-1-3' (c801A) allele also showed a correlation with central retinal (p = 0.006) and choroidal (p = 0.08) thickness. SDF-1-3' (c801G > A) is involved in the development of macular complications in DM independent of critical clinical factors, suggesting that SDF-1 may be a future therapeutic target for high-risk patients, especially those carrying the SDF-1 (c801A) allele.

Relationship between retinal volume changes and the prognosis of BRVO-ME treated with ranibizumab.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ranibizumab for the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO-ME), changes in retinal volume and central retinal thickness (CRT) before and after therapy, and the connection between visual prognosis and changes in retinal volume. Methods: The 120 patients(121 eyes) of BRVO-ME were recruited from July 2020 to October 2022 at the Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University. The clinical data of patients were retrospectively examined for changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), retinal volume, and CRT at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1year after treatment. Findings: Visual acuity improved gradually and became steady approximately 1 months after treatment, whereas retinal volume decreased gradually in both the outer and full layers and stabilized around 6 month after treatment. The decline in retinal volume and CRT was more visible in the deeper layers than in the inner levels. A higher correlation was observed between retinal volume and BCVA than between CRT and BCVA. BCVA after one year of treatment had a high correlation with baseline outer retinal volume. Interpretation: Treatment of BRVO-ME with ranibizumab is highly effective, and the recovery of visual function was depends more on early treatment. The outer retina is the major site of edema. Changes in retinal volume may serve as a better predictor of visual prognosis than changes in CRT. Baseline ourter retinal volume is correlated with long-term visual prognosis.

Immediate response to intravitreal treatment for macular edema due to diabetes and retinal vein occlusion.

PURPOSE: To objectively assess the immediate response to intravitreal treatment for macular edema and compare it across different agents. METHODS: This retrospective, comparative study included patients with macular edema due to diabetic retinopathy (DME) or vein occlusion who were treated with intravitreal injections of either steroids (triamcinolone acetonide or dexamethasone sustained release implant) or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibodies (VEGF). The central retinal thickness (CRT) and the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured 1 day after the injection and compared with immediate pre-injection values. RESULTS: There were 79 eyes (57 patients) including 51 eyes with DME, 18 with branch retinal vein occlusion edema (BRVO-ME), and 10 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion edema (CRVO-ME). The intravitreal agents were triamcinolone acetonide (TA)(n = 15), dexamethasone sustained release implant (DEX)(n = 22), ranibizumab (n = 19), and bevacizumab (n = 23). Statistically significant improvement in CRT was seen in all injection groups (p < 0.05) while improvement in mean BCVA was significant only in the TA group (p = 0.009). The mean change in CRT was maximum with steroids than with anti-VEGFs; viz. 159.47 µ in TA, 115.45 µ in DEX, 86.10 µ in ranibizumab, and 78.78 µ in bevacizumab group. Least amount of change was noted in the spongy type of macular edema (18.73 µ) while improvement in mean BCVA was statistically significant only in the cystoid group (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Comparatively, steroid agents showed better immediate response to therapy than anti-VEGFs. Maximum reduction in central retinal thickness was seen following triamcinolone acetonide injection. Cystoid edema showed better immediate response than spongy retinal thickening.

Real-world experience of using stereotactic radiotherapy combined with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor to treat neovascular AMD.

INTRODUCTION: Adjunctive treatment or longer-acting drugs are required to treat nAMD to help ease burdens for patients and hospital clinics alike. Stereotactic therapy is one such option, providing a reduction in the number of injections over time. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients with nAMD receiving a combination therapy of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (IVI). METHOD: A retrospective analysis of 74 patients with nAMD, who had received IVI and SRT (16 Gray maximum dose to the macula) at a large tertiary university eye hospital, between March 2018 and September 2019 was performed. The number of IVIs, visual acuity (VA), and central retinal thickness (CRT) were evaluated at 12, 24, and 36 months after patients received SRT and compared to the same time interval prior to SRT. RESULTS: Follow-up data at 12, 24, and 36 months following and prior to SRT was available for 74, 48, and 22 patients respectively. Overall there was a significant reduction in the number of injections post-SRT. Twelve months following SRT, the median number of IVI was reduced by 1 (p < 0.05). The reduction in the median number of IVI was significantly reduced by 3 and 6 injections at 24- and 36-month follow-up respectively (p < 0.05). The CRT was significantly reduced post-SRT compared to the baseline values at all time periods. There was no statistically significant difference in VA at 12-month follow-up compared to baseline. The VA, however, significantly decreased at 24- and 36-month follow-up (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A therapy combining SRT with IVI has shown an overall reduction in the number of injections required in nAMD patients at 12, 24, and 36 months following SRT compared to IVI treatment alone. These real-world outcomes are comparable to other studies while also confirming the maintenance of the reduced frequency of required IVI for patients with nAMD.

Real-World Experience with Brolucizumab Compared to Aflibercept in Treatment-Naïve and Therapy-Refractory Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema.

Background: To report on the outcome of intravitreal brolucizumab compared to aflibercept in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: Prospective, observational, study in 35 eyes of 24 patients with a loading dose of five injections of 6 mg brolucizumab every 6 weeks (q6w, treatment-naïve eyes) or a minimum of two injections of brolucizumab q6w after the switch (recalcitrant DME eyes), followed by a treat and extend (T&E) regimen. The results were compared with 40 eyes of 31 DME patients who were treated with aflibercept. The data were obtained from the Berlin Macula Registry. The primary outcome measure was the change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at week 36. Secondary outcome measures were the change in central retinal thickness (CRT) and the treatment intervals until week 36. Results: BCVA increased significantly in treatment-naïve DME eyes treated with either brolucizumab (+0.12 logMAR, +6.4 letters, p = 0.03) or aflibercept (+0.19 logMAR, +9.5 letters, p = 0.001). In recalcitrant DME eyes, BCVA also increased significantly after switching to brolucizumab (+0.1 logMAR, +5 letters, p = 0.006) or aflibercept (+0.11 logMAR, +5.5 letters, p = 0.02). All treatment-naïve and recalcitrant DME eyes had a significant decrease in CRT after treatment with brolucizumab (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001) or aflibercept (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.03). At week 36, the mean treatment interval for brolucizumab was 11.3 weeks, while for aflibercept, it was 6.5 weeks for treatment-naïve eyes and 9.3 weeks vs. 5.3 weeks for pretreated eyes. Conclusions: In routine clinical practice, patients with treatment-naïve and recalcitrant DME showed a favorable response to brolucizumab and aflibercept therapy, with a reduced injection frequency after brolucizumab treatment.

Short-Term Outcomes of 3 Monthly intravitreal Faricimab On Different Subtypes of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of faricimab injections for treatment-naïve neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) patients, including subtypes and pachychoroid phenotypes, and identify predictive factors for visual outcomes. Methods: nvAMD patients were prospectively recruited, receiving three monthly faricimab (6 mg) injections. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) two months after the last injection (month 4) was compared between subtypes, and between pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) and non-PNV eyes. Regression analysis determined factors influencing month 4 BCVA. Results: The study involved 23 patients (12 typical AMD [tAMD], 10 polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy [PCV], 1 retinal angiomatous proliferation [RAP]). Eleven exhibited PNV phenotype. Significant BCVA (P = 4.9 × 10-4) and central retinal thickness (CRT) (P = 1.3 × 10-5) improvements were observed post-faricimab treatment. The therapy demonstrated favourable results for both tAMD and PCV eyes, and non-PNV and PNV eyes. Faricimab achieved dry macula in 77.3% of eyes, with subretinal fluid resolution in most cases, although intraretinal fluid (IRF) often persisted. Multivariable analysis identified external limiting membrane (ELM) presence and IRF as BCVA contributors at month 4. Conclusion: Faricimab demonstrated significant effectiveness and safety in treatment-naïve nvAMD patients, particularly for PCV and PNV eyes. ELM presence and IRF is predictive of visual outcomes.

Evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer and choroidal thickness with optical coherence tomography in patients with psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), central retinal thickness (CRT), and choroidal thickness (CT) in patients with psoriasis. METHODS: The study included 43 patients diagnosed with psoriasis not receiving systemic treatment and 41 healthy volunteers. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used for retinal and choroidal thickness measurements. The mean RNFL, quadrant RNFL (superior, inferior, nasal, temporal), and CRT values were recorded. The choroidal thickness measurements were taken from the subfoveal area, towards the temporal and nasal directions from the fovea at distances of 500, 1000, and 1500 µm. RESULTS: The RNFL was determined to be thinner in the superior quadrant (p=0.025), and the CT was thicker at all the measurement points (p < 0.05) in the patients with psoriasis. The CRT values were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). No correlation was determined between the parameters measured and disease duration or severity. CONCLUSIONS: Thinning of the RNFL and increased CT may be a sign of choroidal microvascular changes and ganglion cell damage due to psoriasis.

Safety and efficacy of intravitreal injection of conbercept for the treatment of patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia: Results from the SHINY study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal injections of 0.5 mg conbercept in patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia (pmCNV). METHODS: The 177 pmCNV patients were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive conbercept or sham injection, respectively. The conbercept group receive conbercept intravitreal injections administered on a pro re nata (PRN) basis after 3 monthly loading doses. The sham group received three consecutive monthly sham injections and then one conbercept injection followed by PRN conbercept intravitreal injections. RESULTS: At month 3, the mean BCVA for the two groups were improved by 12.0 letters (conbercept group, from 54.05 letters to 66.05 letters) and 0.6 letters (sham group, from 49.77 letters to 50.33 letters), respectively (p < 0.001). The mean central retinal thickness (CRT) at month 3 in the two groups decreased 62.0 µm (conbercept group, from 348.90 µm to 286.18 µm) and 4.4 µm (sham group, from 347.86 µm to 343.47 µm) (p < 0.001). At month 9, the mean BCVA improved by 13.3 letters in the conbercept group and 11.3 letters in the sham group. The mean CRT decreased 73.6 µm in the conbercept group and 55.9 µm in the sham group (p < 0.001). The most common ocular adverse events were associated with intravitreal injections, such as conjunctival haemorrhage and increased intraocular pressure. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injections of 0.5 mg conbercept provided improvement in visual and anatomical outcomes in pmCNV patients with low rates of ocular and nonocular safety events.

Non-Invasive Treatment of Early Diabetic Macular Edema by Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation with the Valeda Light Delivery System.

Purpose: Diabetes is associated with ocular complications including diabetic macular edema (DME). Current therapies are invasive and include repeated intravitreal injections and laser therapy. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a treatment (Tx) that utilizes selected wavelengths of light to induce cellular benefits including reduction of inflammation and edema. This single-center, open-label, post-hoc analysis explored the utility of multiwavelength PBM in subjects with DME. Methods: Analysis included review of data from patients undergoing standard clinical care with an approved and marketed PBM medical device, the Valeda® Light Delivery System. Subjects with early-stage DME with good vision (Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) > 20/25, logMAR > 0.1) were evaluated in clinic and treated with one series of multiwavelength PBM (Tx delivered 3x/week over 3-4 weeks; total of 9 Tx sessions). Clinical, anatomical, and safety parameters were assessed in addition to subjective quality of life. Results: A total of 30 eyes (19 subjects) were analyzed. Subjects were predominately male (68.4%) with a mean age of 56 ± 14 years. Reductions in central retinal thickness (CRT), resolution of intraretinal fluid (IRF) and improvement in diabetic retinopathy severity scale scores were observed following PBM treatment in select patients. Baseline BCVA remained stable over the follow-up observation period of 3 months post-PBM. Approximately 64% of patients reported subjective improvements in their ocular condition and decreased influence in everyday life. Detailed OCT evaluations confirmed no safety issues related to phototoxicity up to 16 months. Conclusion: Early-stage DME subjects treated with Valeda multiwavelength PBM showed improvements in clinical and anatomical parameters. The Valeda multiwavelength PBM approach demonstrates a favorable safety profile with no signs of phototoxicity following an independent OCT review. PBM therapy may offer an alternative, non-invasive treatment strategy with a unique mechanism and modality for patients with early-stage DME.

Intraoperative slow-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) in epiretinal membrane peeling surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the dexamethasone (DEX) intravitreal implant for the regression of macular edema and the improvement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after the removal of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). Methods: This prospective randomized controlled trial recruited 81 patients with idiopathic ERM. These patients all underwent 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy combined with ERM and internal limiting membrane peeling surgery. Among them, 41 eyes in the DEX group received additional DEX implants and 40 in the non-DEX group did not. Outcomes including central retinal thickness (CRT), BCVA, and intraocular pressure were measured 1 and 3 months after surgery. Results: The DEX group had thinner CRTs compared to the non-DEX group at 1 month postoperatively (p <0.05), but did not differ significantly at the 1-week and 3-month follow-up visits (p = 0.109 and p = 0.417, respectively). There were no statistical differences with respect to BCVA (p = 0.499, 0.309, 0.246, and 0.517, respectively) and intraocular pressure (p = 0.556, 0.639, 0.741, and 0.517, respectively) between the two groups at each point of follow-up visits. Conclusion: DEX accelerated the reduction of CRT at 1 month after surgery. However, no evidence of further anatomical (CRT) or functional (BCVA) benefits using DEX was observed at 3 months. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT05416827.

Optical coherence tomography angiography in birdshot chorioretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To describe the retinal vascular changes in birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to compare them with changes in macular thickness. METHODS: In this multicenter study, patients with a diagnosis of BSCR and a positive HLA-A29 underwent fluorescein angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and OCTA. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and the area of capillary non-perfusion were manually measured by two examiners in fluorescein angiography (FA) and 3 × 3-mm OCTA images of the superficial retinal layer. These measurements were compared to central retinal thickness. To calculate normal capillary density, we collected data from 22 controls who had OCTA performed on one visit only. RESULTS: A total of 44 eyes with BSCR were enrolled. The mean automated parafoveal superficial capillary density in BSCR eyes was 0.47 ± 0.03. The differences between the foveal capillary density of BSCR patients and healthy subjects were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean area of FAZ manually measured on the 3 × 3 mm unsegmented OCTA images was larger in eyes with BSCR (1.34 ± 0.41 mm2; P < 0.0001). Measurement of FAZ area showed good interobserver (κ 0.88) and intraobserver repeatability (κ 0.79) on OCTA images. The intraclass correlation coefficient for FAZ measurements on FA between the two observers was 0.48. The OCT retinal thickness maps of all BSCR eyes demonstrated statistically significant thinning compared to those of control subjects (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the potential contribution of OCTA as a new non-invasive imaging technology that monitors disease activity in BSCR patients.

Clinical outcomes of different regimens of intravitreal Conbercept for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical outcomes of two intravitreal injection regimens of Conbercept used to treat choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia (PM-CNV). METHODS: A total of 72 eyes of 72 patients were treated: 39 eyes received a single injection followed by treatment pro re nata (1 + PRN); 33 eyes first received 3 consecutive monthly injections (3 + PRN) then followed by PRN. After initial injection, patients were followed up for 12 months. RESULTS: The mean age of 72 patients was 45.3 ± 5.1 years, with the mean diopter of -10.62 ± 3.24D. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.86 ± 0.23 LogMAR with 1 + PRN and 0.90 ± 0.19 LogMAR with 3 + PRN at baseline (P = 0.422), 0.36 ± 0.07 and 0.33 ± 0.05 LogMAR at month 3 (P = 0.026); and 0.33 ± 0.03 and 0.32 ± 0.02 LogMAR at month 12 (P = 0.096). The central retinal thickness (CRT) was 333.5 ± 22.7 µm with 1 + PRN and 341.2 ± 20.9 µm with 3 + PRN at baseline (P = 0.139), 281.53 ± 10.28 and 273.15 ± 13.24 µm at month 3 (P = 0.004); 266.83 ± 8.14 and 264.91 ± 9.27 µm at month 12 (P = 0.350). The number of injections in the 1 + PRN group was significantly lower than that observed in the 3 + PRN group (2.15 ± 1.06 versus 3.36 ± 0.74; P < 0.001). During the follow-up, no serious ocular complications and adverse reactions related to Conbercept and injections occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Both injection regimens resulted in similar visual outcomes in PM-CNV patients. The 1 + PRN regimen had fewer injections and might be more suitable in this patient population.

The effect of topical ketorolac tromethamine on macular thickening after phacoemulsification in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: To determine the effect of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% in preventing post-phacoemulsification macular thickening. This randomized clinical trial. patients randomized 1:1 to receive either topical ketorolac three times a day or a placebo. METHODS: A total of 101 eyes of 101 diabetic patients who were scheduled for phacoemulsification and had normal macular contour and thickness enrolled consecutively. The topical ketorolac and placebo were prescribed on the day before surgery and continued up to 4 weeks after surgery. Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, a history of intravitreal injection in less than three months, a history of macular photocoagulation in less than 6 months, and any other concomitant ocular pathologies were excluded. Central macular thickness (CMT) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was recorded in the follow-ups of 6, 12, and 24 weeks after the surgery and compared with the controls. RESULTS: 49 eyes in the case group and 52 eyes in the control group were analyzed. Mean BCVA was significantly improved in both groups at all follow-ups (P < 0.001 for all). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the BCVA in different time points except week 12 (P = 0.028) among the study group. In the case and control groups, CMT was increased at all follow-ups (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the two groups regarding the mean of CMT at any time point postoperatively (P > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, topical ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% is not effective in the prevention of post-phacoemulsification macular thickening in diabetic patients. TRAIL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered into www. CLINICALTRIAL: gov with the RCT registration number NCT03551808. (2018/06/11 ) CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03551808.

Efficacy and safety of different conbercept injection regimens in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization in pathological myopia: a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical efficacy of conbercept 1 + pro re nata (PRN) (i.e., reinjection as needed after one injection) and 3 + PRN (reinjection as needed after 3 months of injection) regimens in choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia (PM-CNV). METHODS: From 06/2019 to 06/2020, 65 patients (65 eyes) confirmed with PM-CNV were included in this retrospective study. Intravitreal injection of 0.5 mg conbercept was conducted either with the 1 + PRN or 3 + PRN strategy. Patients were followed up for 12 months. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), CNV lesion leakage area, the number of injections, and postoperative adverse reactions were observed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 42.10 ± 4.69 years, and the average diopter was - 11.26 ± 2.97D. The BCVA at month 3 in the 3 + PRN (n = 30) group was lower than in the 1 + PRN (n = 35) group (P < 0.001). The CRT at month 3 in the 3 + PRN group was lower than in the 1 + PRN group (P < 0.001). After 12 months, there were no differences in the BCVA and CRT between the two groups (P > 0.05). The number of injections was less in 1 + PRN than in 3 + PRN (2.14 ± 1.06 vs. 3.37 ± 0.76, P < 0.001) at 12 months. No serious treatment-related ocular complications or serious systemic adverse events were found. CONCLUSION: The 1 + PRN and 3 + PRN strategies of intravitreal injection of conbercept are effective in treating PM-CNV. The 1 + PRN regimen required fewer injections, and it might be more suitable for the treatment of PM-CNV.

Brolucizumab Intravitreal Injections for Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Real-Life Study on a Cohort of Italian Patients.

Background and Objectives: To report the real-life Brolucizumab therapeutical outcomes of treatment-naïve and non-treatment-naïve eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and to analyze the incidence of therapy-related adverse events. Materials and Methods: A total of 56 eyes of 54 patients diagnosed with nAMD were retrospectively evaluated over a 3-month follow-up. Naïve eyes received a 3-month loading phase, whereas non-naïve eyes were treated with one intravitreal injection + ProReNata scheme. The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) change. In addition, patients were stratified on the basis of fluid accumulation site, whether intra-retinal (IRF), sub-retinal (SRF), or sub-retinal pigmented epithelium (SRPE), to separately assess the eventual BCVA change in each subgroup. Finally, the incidence of ocular adverse events was evaluated. Results: In naïve eyes, a significant improvement of BCVA (LogMar) was observed at all timepoints from baseline (1 month-Mean Difference (MD): -0.13; 2 months MD: -0.17; 3 months MD: -0.24). In non-naïve eyes, a significant mean change was observed at all timepoints, with the exception of 1-month follow-up (2 months MD: -0.08; 3 months MD: -0.05). CRT significantly changed in both groups at all timepoints at a similar pace within the first two months, with naïve eyes displaying a larger overall thickness decrease at the end of the follow-up (Group 1 = MD: -123.91 µm; Group 2 = MD: -110.33 µm). With respect to the location of the edema, a significant BCVA change was observed in naïve patients with fluid in all three sites at the end of the follow-up (SRPE = MD: -0.13 (p = 0.043); SR = MD: -0.15 (p = 0.019); IR = MD: -0.19 (p = 0.041). Non-naïve patients exhibited significant mean BCVA changes only with respect to SR and IR fluid presence (SRPE = MD: -0.13 (p = 0.152); SR = MD: -0.15 (p = 0.007); IR = MD: -0.06 (p = 0.011). One naïve patient experienced acute-onset anterior and intermediate uveitis which completely resolved after therapy. Conclusions: Brolucizumab was demonstrated to be a safe and efficient alternative in improving both the anatomical and functional parameters of eyes with nAMD in this small, uncontrolled, series of patients.

Treatment of Non-Infectious Posterior Uveitis with Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implants in a Real-World Setting.

Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety associated to the treatment of patients with non-infectious posterior uveitis with intravitreal dexamethasone (DEX) implants in a real-world clinical setting. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective, single center analysis of the data from 29 patients with non-infectious posterior uveitis in whom 38 eyes were treated with dexamethasone intravitreal implants in routine clinical practice between January 2012 and October 2017. The parameters of visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were recorded 6 weeks after the first implant was administered, in accordance with the clinical guidelines for the use of these implants, and after a 6-month follow-up period. In addition, the formation of cataracts was evaluated at 12 months. Results: Treatment with the DEX implant caused a significant improvement in the VA from baseline at 6 weeks in eyes treated with 2-6 implants and for eyes without cataracts. A significant decrease in CRT was observed relative to the baseline at 6 weeks for eyes treated with 1 and 2-6 implants, which was maintained at 6 months for those eyes treated with 2-6 implants. This significant improvement in CRT at 6 weeks and 6 months was evident in eyes with and without cataracts. During the study period, the IOP was found to increase significantly from baseline at 6 weeks in some eyes but this was managed topically, and no surgical intervention was necessary. Conclusion: Intravitreal DEX implants represent an effective and safe therapy for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis in routine clinical practice, producing favorable visual and anatomical outcomes after the administration of just 2-6 DEX implants.

Effect of Adjunctive Intravitreal Conbercept Injection at the End of 25G Vitrectomy on Severe Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: 6-Month Outcomes of a Randomised Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-operative versus pre-operative plus post-operative intravitreal conbercept (IVC) injection on severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: This was a prospective, comparative and randomised study. A total of 84 patients who underwent vitrectomy for severe PDR were included in this study. Patients were randomly divided into control (41 eyes) and experiment (43 eyes) groups. Patients in the experiment group received adjunctive pre-operative and post-operative IVC injection, whereas patients in the control group only received pre-operative IVC injection. The incidence of post-operative vitreous haemorrhage (POVH), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were determined. RESULTS: The incidence of early POVH was significantly different between the two groups, but no significant difference was observed between groups at 3 and 6 months. In the experiment group, the BCVA was significantly improved 1 month after surgery when compared with the control group (p 0.019). There was no marked difference in the mean post-operative BCVA at 3 and 6 months between groups (p 0.063 and 0.082). CRT was significantly lower in the experiment group than in the control group at 1 and 3 months after surgery (p 0.037 and 0.041), but there was no significant difference at 6 months (p 0.894). CONCLUSION: Additional IVC injected at the end of surgery improves the POVH and BCVA at the early stage after surgery in severe PDR, but this benefit is absent at 6 months. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of IVC at the end of vitrectomy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: chictr.org.cn identifier: ChiCTR2200060735. Retrospectively registered, register date: 9 June 2022.

Comparing the Efficacy of Intravitreal Dexamethasone and Time-displaced Fluocinolone Acetonide on Central Retinal Thickness in Patients with Uveitis.

BACKGROUND: To compare the efficacy of intravitreally administered dexamethasone (Dex) and subsequent time-displaced fluocinolone acetonide (FA) on central subfield thickness (CST) in eyes with noninfectious uveitis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of twenty-three eyes (18 patients) subsequently receiving intravitreal Dex and FA implants. The main outcome measures were CST, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and status of inflammation. RESULTS: CST (Dex: p < .0001; FA: p = .0008) and BCVA (Dex: p = .0009; FA: p = .0005) improved significantly with both implants. Significantly better effects were noted with Dex for absolute and relative CST reduction (p = .0089 and p = .0051, respectively). Final BCVA did not differ between groups (p = .1893). Dex significantly increased IOP, whereas FA did not. One eye was actively inflamed after Dex and FA injection at follow-up (inflamed eyes before injection: [Dex: 2; FA: 6]). CONCLUSION: Both implants significantly reduced CST and induced a significant gain in visual acuity. Dex might be more effective in reducing CST.

Association between structural and functional treatment outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: The administration frequency of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have been widely discussed. The primary objective of the study was to explore the association between anatomical outcomes and changes in functional outcome. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed neovascular AMD with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up. Only one eye per patient was included. Patients were treated according to the observe-and-plan or the pro-re-nata regimen. All patients were regularly examined from the time of diagnosis up to 24 months. The effect of intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid (SRF) and pigment epithelium detachment (PED) at any time point on visual acuity (VA) was tested, as well as the long-term effect and the risk of losing VA. Further, the variability of central retinal thickness (CRT) was calculated for each eyes' individual measures during the observation period, excluding the monthly loading phase. The prognostic effect of each factor on VA was estimated by regression analysis. The primary outcome measure was VA, which was correlated with the presence or absence of fluid, seen as IRF, SRF or PED. RESULTS: A total of 504 treatment naïve eyes from 504 patients was included. The presence of IRF was associated with lower VA at all visits (p < 0.001). However, the presence of SRF or PED was not significantly associated with worse VA at any time point during the observation period. Patients in the upper quartile of CRT variance had a greater loss in VA after 12 and 24 months (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective cohort study, the presence of intraretinal fluid was associated with poorer visual outcome in neovascular AMD patients treated with anti-VEGF, but the presence of subretinal fluid and PEDs was not. This suggests that IRF is worse than subretinal fluid and PEDs for AMD outcomes and therefore requires the most intensive treatment. Further, we found that patients with the highest CRT variability during the study period had poorer visual outcomes after 12 and 24 months, indicating that stringent control of retinal fluid volume fluctuations is important to prevent visual acuity decline over time.