Synthesis, characterization and structural analysis of complexes from 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine derivatives with transition metals.

The synthesis and structural characterization of three families of coordination complexes synthesized from 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (8, Ph-TPY), 4'-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (9, ClPh-TPY) and 4'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (10, MeOPh-TPY) ligands with the divalent metals Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+ are reported. The compounds were synthesized from a 1:2 mixture of the metal and ligand, resulting in a series of complexes with the general formula [M(R-TPY)2](ClO4)2 (where M = Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+, and R-TPY = Ph-TPY, ClPh-TPY and MeOPh-TPY). The general formula and structural and supramolecular features were determinated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction for bis(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)nickel(II) bis(perchlorate), [Ni(C21H15N3)2](ClO4)2 or [Ni(Ph-TPY)2](ClO4)2, bis[4'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine]manganese(II) bis(perchlorate), [Mn(C22H17N3O)2](ClO4)2 or [Mn(MeOPh-TPY)2](ClO4)2, and bis(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)manganese(II) bis(perchlorate), [Mn(C21H15N3)2](ClO4)2 or [Mn(Ph-TPY)2](ClO4)2. In all three cases, the complexes present distorted octahedral coordination polyhedra and the crystal packing is determined mainly by weak C-H...π interactions. All the compounds (except for the Ni derivatives, for which FT-IR, UV-Vis and thermal analysis are reported) were fully characterized by spectroscopic (FT-IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy) and thermal (TGA-DSC, thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry) methods.

Organic or Inorganic Zinc for Laying Hens? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Zinc Sources on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, and Zinc Excretion.

The higher availability of zinc (Zn) from organic than inorganic sources is already established, but more assertive and cost-friendly protocols on the total replacement of inorganic with organic Zn sources for laying hens still need to be developed. Because some discrepancy in the effects of this replacement in laying hen diets is noticeable in the literature, the objective of this meta-analysis was to properly quantify the effect size of total replacing inorganic Zn with organic Zn in the diet of laying hens on their laying performance, egg quality, and Zn excretion. A total of 2340 results were retrieved from Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, WOS, and Science Direct databases. Of these, 18 primary studies met all the eligibility criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, the replacement of inorganic Zn with organic Zn, regardless of other factors, improved (p < 0.01) egg production by 1.46%, eggshell thickness by 0.01 mm, and eggshell resistance by 0.11 kgf/cm2. Positive results of the same nutritional strategy on egg weight and Zn excretion were only observed at specific conditions, especially when organic Zn was supplemented alone in the feed, not combined with other organic minerals. Therefore, there is evidence in the literature that the total replacement of inorganic Zn with organic Zn improves egg production, eggshell thickness, and eggshell resistance. Factors such as hen age and genetics, organic Zn source, concentration of Zn in the feed, and the strategy of its supplementation have to be more carefully considered in protocols designed to address egg weight and Zn excretion by the hen.

Uso de fontes orgânica e inorgânica de enxofre na dieta de bovinos / Use of organic and inorganic sources in the beef cattle diet

A bovinocultura de corte é responsável por uma grande parcela na produção de alimentos no mundo. Uma das principais estratégias para aprimorar a criação de gado é a alimentação, sendo que os minerais apresentam importante papel nutricional. O enxofre é caracterizado como um macromineral, devido sua exigência nos bovinos, e possui várias funções vitais, por isso, frequentemente deve ser suplementado na dieta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a fonte inorgânica de enxofre (flor de enxofre) com uma fonte orgânica (quelato de enxofre) e seus diferentes níveis de suplementação sobre o desempenho de novilhas ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus submetidas a sistema de confinamento. Para isso foram utilizadas 24 novilhas entre 13 e 16 meses, com peso médio inicial de 230 kg, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: dose diária recomendada (6,72 g) de enxofre proveniente da flor de enxofre; dose diária recomendada de enxofre (6,72 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre; 50% da dose recomendada de enxofre (3,36 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre e 75% da dose diária recomendada de enxofre (5,04 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre. Durante o período experimental de 90 dias foi fornecido dieta composta por 81% de concentrado e 19% de volumoso em quantidade equivalente a 2% do peso vivo na matéria seca de cada novilha. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para desempenho animal, conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar. O tratamento com fonte orgânica de enxofre na metade da dose diária recomendada apresentou redução de 29,7% na excreção fecal de enxofre. Com isso, pode-se concluir que o uso de metade da dose de enxofre na forma orgânica (quelato de enxofre) pode ser uma opção para diminuir a inclusão do elemento mineral na dieta de bovinos de corte, já que os animais submetidos à metade da dose de quelato de enxofre atingiram o mesmo desempenho animal do grupo submetido à dose diária recomendada da fonte inorgânica de enxofre.

Beef cattle is responsible for a large portion of food production in the world. One of the main strategies to improve cattle breeding is feeding, with minerals playing an important role for diet supplementation. Sulfur is characterized as a macromineral, due to its requirement in cattle, and has several vital functions, therefore, it must often be supplemented in the diet. The present study aimed to compare the inorganic source of sulfur (sulfur flower) with an organic source (sulfur chelate) and their different levels of supplementation performance of ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus heifers submitted to a feed lot system. Thus, 24 heifers aged between 13 and 16 months, with an average initial weight of 230 kg, were randomly distributed into four treatments: recommended daily dose (6.72 g) of sulfur from the sulfur flower; recommended daily dose (6.72 g) from sulfur chelate; 50% of the recommended dose of sulfur (3.36 g) from sulfur chelate and 75% of the recommended daily allowance (5.04 g) from sulfur chelate. During the 90-day experimental period, a diet consisting of 81% concentrate and 19% forage was provided in an amount equivalent to 2% of the live weight in the dry matter of each heifer. There were no significant differences between treatments for animal performance, feed conversion and feed efficiency. Treatment with an organic source of sulfur at half the recommended daily dose showed a reduction of 29.7% in fecal sulfur excretion. In conclusion, the use of half the dose of sulfur in the organic form (sulfur chelate) can be an option to reduce the inclusion of the mineral element in the diet of beef cattle, since the animals submitted to half the dose of sulfur chelate reached the same animal performance of the group submitted to the recommended daily dose of the inorganic source of sulfur.

Mesoporous Palladium N,N'-Bis(3-Allylsalicylidene)o-Phenylenediamine-Methyl Acrylate Resins as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Heck Coupling Reaction.

Palladium N,N'-bis(3-allylsalicylidene)o-phenylenediamine complex (PdAS) immobilized onto mesoporous polymeric methyl acrylate (MA) based resins (PdAS(x)-MA, x = 1, 2, 5, or 10 wt.%) were successfully prepared as heterogeneous catalysts for the Heck reaction. The catalysts were synthesized via radical suspension polymerization using PdAS as a metal chelate monomer, divinylbenzene and MA as co-monomers. The effect of the PdAS(x) content on the physicochemical properties of the resins is also reported. The catalysts were characterized by using a range of analytical techniques. The large surface area (>580 m2·g-1) and thermal stability (up to 250 °C) of the PdAS(x)-MA materials allows their application as catalysts in the C-C coupling reaction between iodobenzene and MA in the presence of trimethylamine at 120 °C using DMF as the solvent. The PdAS(10)-MA catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic performance with no significant catalytic loss being observed after five reuses, thereby indicating excellent catalyst stability in the reaction medium.

Role of Azospirillum brasilense in triggering different Fe chelate reductase enzymes in cucumber plants subjected to both nutrient deficiency and toxicity.

Azospirillum brasilense was reported to up-regulate iron (Fe) uptake mechanisms, such as Fe reduction and rhizosphere acidification, in both Fe sufficient and deficient cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.). Strategy I plants take up both Fe and copper (Cu) after their reduction mediated by the ferric-chelate reductase oxidase (FRO) enzyme. Interestingly, in cucumber genome only one FRO gene is reported. Thus, in the present study we applied a bioinformatics approach to identify the member of cucumber FRO gene family and allowed the identification of at least three CsFRO genes, one of which was the already identified, i.e. CsFRO1. The expression patterns of the newly identified transcripts were investigated in hydroponically grown cucumber plants treated with different Fe and Cu nutritional regimes. Gene expression was then correlated with morphological (i.e. root architecture) and physiological (Fe(III) reducing activity) parameters to shed light on: i) the CsFRO homologue responsible of the increased reduction activity in Fe-sufficient plants inoculated with A. brasilense cucumber plants, and ii) the possible effect of A. brasilense in ameliorating the symptoms of Cu toxicity in cucumber plants. The data obtained showed that all the CsFRO genes were expressed in the root tissues of cucumber plants and responded to Cu starvation, combined Cu/Fe deficiency and Cu toxicity. Only CsFRO3 was modulated by the A. brasilense in Fe-sufficient plants suggesting for the first time a different specificity of action of the three isoenzymes depending not only on the nutritional regime (either deficiency or toxicity) but also on the presence of the PGPR. Furthermore, results suggest that the PGPR could even ameliorate the stress symptoms caused by both the double (i.e. Cu and Fe) and Cu deficiency as well as Cu toxicity modulating, on one hand, the growth of the root system and, on the other hand, the root nutrient uptake.

One-Step Immobilization and Stabilization of a Recombinant Enterococcus faecium DBFIQ E36 L-Arabinose Isomerase for D-Tagatose Synthesis.

A recombinant L-arabinose isomerase from Enterococcus faecium DBFIQ E36 was immobilized onto multifunctional epoxide supports by chemical adsorption and onto a chelate-activated support via polyhistidine-tag, located on the N-terminal (N-His-L-AI) or on the C-terminal (C-His-L-AI) sequence, followed by covalent bonding between the enzyme and the support. The results were compared to reversible L-AI immobilization by adsorption onto charged agarose supports with improved stability. All the derivatives presented immobilization yields of above 75%. The ionic interaction established between agarose gels containing monoaminoethyl-N-aminoethyl structures (MANAE) and the enzyme was the most suitable strategy for L-AI immobilization in comparison to the chelate-activated agarose. In addition, the immobilized biocatalysts by ionic interaction in MANAE showed to be the most stable, retaining up to 100% of enzyme activity for 60 min at 60 °C and with Km values of 28 and 218 mM for MANAE-N-His-L-AI and MANAE-C-His-L-AI, respectively.

Biodisponibilidad de minerales que lados y no que lados: una revisión sistemática / Bioavailability of chelated and non-chelated minerals: a systematic review

RESUMEN Los minerales son elementos esenciales para la vida y su equilibrio es imprescindible para múltiples procesos fisiológicos, bioquímicos y metabólicos. La forma en que son ingeridos determina su funcionalidad. Se sugiere que los minerales quelados tienen mejor biodisponibilidad. El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática para verificar si los minerales quelados (MQ) son más biodisponibles que los no quelados (MNQ). Se revisaron publicaciones en el período entre 2007 y 2017 en las bases de datos Pubmed, Lilacs y Cochrane Library en los idiomas portugués e inglés, y con las palabras clave: "mineral chelates", "micronutrient chelate", "bioavailability micronutrient chelate", organic mineral, "iron chelate", "zinc chelate", "magnesium chelate", "copper chelate" y "chelate" y sus respectivas traducciones en portugués (idioma original de este artículo). Se seleccionaron 446 artículos, quedando 24 trabajos pendientes de aplicación de criterios de inclusión/exclusión, siendo 15 de ellos en animales (manganeso, zinc, cobre, hierro, cromo, cobalto y selenio) y 9 en humanos, sólo con hierro y calcio. Los estudios demostraron mayor absorción, transporte y biodisponibilidad para los MQ en comparación con los MNQ. Sin embargo, serían necesarios más estudios en humanos, abordando la biodisponibilidad de otros minerales, así como la estandarización de las dosificaciones de estos micronutrientes.

ABSTRACT Minerals are essential elements for life and their balance is important for multiple physiological, biochemical and metabolic processes. The way they are ingested determines their functionality. It has been suggested that chelated minerals have better bioavailability. The objective of this work was to perform a systematic review of published articles to verify if chelated minerals are more bioavailable than non-chelated minerals. Publications were reviewed in the period between 2007 and 2017 in Pubmed, Lilacs and Cochrane Library databases in Portuguese and English with the keywords: "mineral chelates", "micronutrient chelate", "bioavailability micronutrient chelate", organic mineral, "iron chelate", "zinc chelate", "magnesium chelate", "copper chelate" and "chelate" and their respective translations in Portuguese (the original language of this article). 446 articles were selected and 24 papers were left after the application of inclusion / exclusion criteria. Of these, 15 were in animals (manganese, zinc, copper, iron, chromium, cobalt and selenium) and 9 in humans, and focused on iron and calcium. The studies showed greater absorption, transport and bioavailability for chelated compared to non-chelated minerals. More human studies, however, are necessary to address the bioavailability of other minerals, as well as the standardization of the dosajes of these micronutrients.

Iron Bisglycinate Chelate and Polymaltose Iron for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Pilot Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is a major public health problem worldwide. Iron Bisglycinate Chelate (FeBC) and polymaltose iron (FeP) are used for the treatment of IDA and exhibit good tolerability with a low incidence of adverse effects. However, these compounds have important differences in their structures and bioavailability. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of oral supplementation with FeBC and FeP in anemic children. METHODS: In this double-blind study, children aged 1 to 13 years who were diagnosed with IDA were randomly divided into two groups: i) FeBC, supplemented with iron bisglycinate chelate, and ii) FeP, supplemented with polymaltose iron (3.0 mg iron/kg body weight/day for 45 days for both groups). RESULTS: Both treatments resulted in significant increases in hemoglobin levels, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Cell Distribution Width (RDW) and in a reduction of transferrin levels, relative to initial values. However, only FeBC treatment significantly increased ferritin and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) levels. A significant negative correlation was observed between the increase in ferritin and initial hemoglobin levels in the FeBC group, indicating that the absorption of FeBC is regulated by the body iron demand. CONCLUSION: These results provide preliminary evidence to suggest a greater efficacy of FeBC than FeP in increasing iron stores.

Expression analysis and biochemical characterization of beans plants biofortificated with zinc.

The present work was carried out in greenhouse conditions at the Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo AC in Delicias, Chihuahua, México. Four different concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 100 µM L-1) of Zn chelate and sulfate were used to study the antioxidant system of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Three genes related with antioxidant activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT)] were selected for expression study. Results showed that when Zn chelate at 50 and 100 µM L-1 were applied SOD was repressed and GSH-Px expression was low at 0, 25 and 100 µM L-1 while with sulfate form SOD expression was low and GSH-Px expression was strong in all treatment. CAT was highly expressed in all form and treatments. For a biochemical study the same enzymes were spectrophotometrically measured. SOD activity shows differences in both forms of Zn, chelate form was different at 25, 50 and 100 µM L-1 with less activity at 100 µM L-1 and sulfate treatment shows differences in all concentrations used. GSH-Px activity shows significant differences with sulfate form at 25, 50 µM L-1 where at 50 µM the activity was higher and low at 100 µM L-1, CAT does not exhibit significant differences but with chelate treatment at 50-100 µM L-1 the activity was higher compared to sulfate. Finally, to raise the Zn concentration in bean under biofortification program is a promising strategy in cropping systems in order to increase the ingestion of zinc and antioxidant capacity in the general population and provided the benefits that this element offered in human health.

A density functional theory investigation of the interaction of the tetraaqua calcium cation with bidentate carbonyl ligands.

Calcium complexes with bidentate carbonyl ligands are important in biological systems, medicine and industry, where the concentration of Ca2+ is controlled using chelating ligands. The exchange of two water molecules of [Ca(H2O)6]2+ for one bidentate monosubstituted and homo disubstituted dicarbonyl ligand was investigated using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method. The ligand substituents NH2, OCH3, OH, CH3, H, F, Cl, CN and NO2 are functional groups with distinct electron-donating and -withdrawing effects that bond directly to the sp2 C atom of the carbonyl group. The geometry, charge and energy characteristics of the complexes were analyzed to help understand the effects of substituents, spacer length and chelation. Coordination strength was quantified in terms of the enthalpy and free energy of the exchange reaction. The most negative enthalpies were calculated for the coordination of bidentate ligands containing three to five methylene group spacers between carbonyls. The chelate effect contribution was analyzed based on the thermochemistry. The electronic character of the substituent modulates the strength of binding to the metal cation, as ligands containing electron-donor substituents coordinate stronger than those with electron-acceptor substituents. This is reflected in the geometric (bond length and chelating angle), electronic (atomic charges) and energetic (components of the total interacting energy) characteristics of the complexes. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA)-an approach for partitioning of the energy into its chemical origins-shows that the electrostatic component of the coordination is predominant, and yields relevant contribution of the covalent term, especially for the electron-withdrawing substituted ligands. The chelate effect of the bidentate ligands was noticeable when compared with substitution by two monodentate ligands. Graphical abstract The affinity of 18 bidentate carbonyl ligands toward the [Ca(H2O)4]2+ cation is evaluated in terms of energetic, geometric and electronic parameters of the isolated ligands and the substituted aqua complexes. The electronic effects-inductive and mesomeric-intrinsic to the molecular structure of each ligand are found to modulate the strength of the metal-ligand interaction. The effects of polysubstitution, chelation and the length of the alkyl spacers between the anchor points of the ligand are also analyzed.

Effect of zinc level and source (zinc oxide vs. Zinc glycine) on bone mechanical and geometric parameters, and histomorphology in male ross 308 broiler chicken

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding zinc (Zn) mineral supplements from organic (ZnGly) and inorganic (ZnO) sources to growing male Ross 308 chickens on the mechanical, geometric, and histomorphometrical parameters of long bones. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with Zn at 50 or 100 mg·kg-1 of a premix, except the control group (0 suppl). The serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 was higher in the ZnGly50 group compared with the control group. Positive influence of Zn on the femur is highlighted when considering the significant increase in parameters such as mean relative wall thickness, and maximum elastic and ultimate strengths after Zn administration. Zinc supplementation did not affect tibial parameters. The histomorphometric analysis showed a positive impact of Zn supplementation (irrespective of source and level) on femoral trabecular thickness. Rapid loss in actual bone volume in tibial metaphyseal trabeculae was observed with ZnGly at 50 mg·kg-1. In conclusion, this study showed that dietary Zn supplementation positively influences bone mechanical properties, confirming its beneficial effect on the development of the skeletal system and bone tissue of broilers tested for a nutritional-osteoporotic factor. Adverse health effects in trabecular bone as a result of the use of Zn at 50 mg·kg-1 of the premix show that supplementing Zn at the recommended dose (100 mg·kg-1) is essential.(AU)

Effect of zinc level and source (zinc oxide vs. Zinc glycine) on bone mechanical and geometric parameters, and histomorphology in male ross 308 broiler chicken

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding zinc (Zn) mineral supplements from organic (ZnGly) and inorganic (ZnO) sources to growing male Ross 308 chickens on the mechanical, geometric, and histomorphometrical parameters of long bones. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with Zn at 50 or 100 mg·kg-1 of a premix, except the control group (0 suppl). The serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 was higher in the ZnGly50 group compared with the control group. Positive influence of Zn on the femur is highlighted when considering the significant increase in parameters such as mean relative wall thickness, and maximum elastic and ultimate strengths after Zn administration. Zinc supplementation did not affect tibial parameters. The histomorphometric analysis showed a positive impact of Zn supplementation (irrespective of source and level) on femoral trabecular thickness. Rapid loss in actual bone volume in tibial metaphyseal trabeculae was observed with ZnGly at 50 mg·kg-1. In conclusion, this study showed that dietary Zn supplementation positively influences bone mechanical properties, confirming its beneficial effect on the development of the skeletal system and bone tissue of broilers tested for a nutritional-osteoporotic factor. Adverse health effects in trabecular bone as a result of the use of Zn at 50 mg·kg-1 of the premix show that supplementing Zn at the recommended dose (100 mg·kg-1) is essential.

Quality and stability of eggs from laying hens fed with organic minerals and lycopene / Qualidade e estabilidade dos ovos de poedeiras alimentadas com licopeno e minerais orgânicos

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using lycopene and organic minerals in diets for laying hens on the egg quality and stability of eggs stored for 30 days under different storage environments. An entirely randomized design was adopted in 2x3x3 factorial scheme (mineral sources x lycopene levels x storage periods) with six replicates of eight hens per experimental unit. The experimental diets were: feed containing inorganic minerals (IM) without added lycopene; IM with added lycopene (400mg kg-1); IM with added lycopene (800mg kg-1); organic minerals (OM) without added lycopene; OM with added lycopene (400mg kg-1); OM with added lycopene (800mg kg-1). After 112 days of feeding experimental diets, it was selected 60 eggs treatment-1, which were later labeled, stored in room and refrigerated temperature, and subjected to different storage periods (0, 15 and 30 days). Variables analyzed were: Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk color, albumen and yolk pH, and lipid oxidation (TBARS). Stability of eggs is not altered as a function of mineral sources and levels of lycopene studied. However, increasing storage time affects the quality of the eggs of laying hens at both storage conditions.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização do licopeno e de minerais orgânicos em rações para poedeiras sobre a qualidade e estabilidade dos ovos armazenados por até 30 dias, em diferentes ambientes de conservação. Adotou-se um DIC em esquema fatorial 2x3x3 (fontes de minerais x níveis de licopeno x períodos de armazenamento) com seis repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram: ração contendo minerais inorgânicos (MI) sem a adição de licopeno; MI com a adição de licopeno (400mg kg-1); MI com a adição de licopeno (800mg kg-1); minerais orgânicos (MO) sem a adição de licopeno; MO com a adição de licopeno (400mg kg-1); MO com a adição de licopeno (800mg kg-1). Após 112 dias de fornecimento das rações experimentais, foram selecionados 60 ovos tratamento-1 que, posteriormente, foram identificados, acondicionados em temperatura ambiente e refrigerado, e submetidos a diferentes períodos de armazenamento (0, 15 e 30 dias). As variáveis analisadas foram: unidade Haugh, índice de gema, coloração de gema, pH de albúmen e gema e oxidação lipídica (TBARS). A estabilidade dos ovos não é alterada em função das fontes minerais e dos níveis de licopeno estudados. No entanto, o aumento do período de estocagem prejudica a qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras semipesadas, em ambas as condições de armazenamento.

Quality and stability of eggs from laying hens fed with organic minerals and lycopene / Qualidade e estabilidade dos ovos de poedeiras alimentadas com licopeno e minerais orgânicos

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using lycopene and organic minerals in diets for laying hens on the egg quality and stability of eggs stored for 30 days under different storage environments. An entirely randomized design was adopted in 2x3x3 factorial scheme (mineral sources x lycopene levels x storage periods) with six replicates of eight hens per experimental unit. The experimental diets were: feed containing inorganic minerals (IM) without added lycopene; IM with added lycopene (400mg kg-1); IM with added lycopene (800mg kg-1); organic minerals (OM) without added lycopene; OM with added lycopene (400mg kg-1); OM with added lycopene (800mg kg-1). After 112 days of feeding experimental diets, it was selected 60 eggs treatment-1, which were later labeled, stored in room and refrigerated temperature, and subjected to different storage periods (0, 15 and 30 days). Variables analyzed were: Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk color, albumen and yolk pH, and lipid oxidation (TBARS). Stability of eggs is not altered as a function of mineral sources and levels of lycopene studied. However, increasing storage time affects the quality of the eggs of laying hens at both storage conditions.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização do licopeno e de minerais orgânicos em rações para poedeiras sobre a qualidade e estabilidade dos ovos armazenados por até 30 dias, em diferentes ambientes de conservação. Adotou-se um DIC em esquema fatorial 2x3x3 (fontes de minerais x níveis de licopeno x períodos de armazenamento) com seis repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram: ração contendo minerais inorgânicos (MI) sem a adição de licopeno; MI com a adição de licopeno (400mg kg-1); MI com a adição de licopeno (800mg kg-1); minerais orgânicos (MO) sem a adição de licopeno; MO com a adição de licopeno (400mg kg-1); MO com a adição de licopeno (800mg kg-1). Após 112 dias de fornecimento das rações experimentais, foram selecionados 60 ovos tratamento-1 que, posteriormente, foram identificados, acondicionados em temperatura ambiente e refrigerado, e submetidos a diferentes períodos de armazenamento (0, 15 e 30 dias). As variáveis analisadas foram: unidade Haugh, índice de gema, coloração de gema, pH de albúmen e gema e oxidação lipídica (TBARS). A estabilidade dos ovos não é alterada em função das fontes minerais e dos níveis de licopeno estudados. No entanto, o aumento do período de estocagem prejudica a qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras semipesadas, em ambas as condições de armazenamento.(AU)

Quality and stability of eggs from laying hens fed with organic minerals and lycopene

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using lycopene and organic minerals in diets for laying hens on the egg quality and stability of eggs stored for 30 days under different storage environments. An entirely randomized design was adopted in 2x3x3 factorial scheme (mineral sources x lycopene levels x storage periods) with six replicates of eight hens per experimental unit. The experimental diets were: feed containing inorganic minerals (IM) without added lycopene; IM with added lycopene (400mg kg-1); IM with added lycopene (800mg kg-1); organic minerals (OM) without added lycopene; OM with added lycopene (400mg kg-1); OM with added lycopene (800mg kg-1). After 112 days of feeding experimental diets, it was selected 60 eggs treatment-1, which were later labeled, stored in room and refrigerated temperature, and subjected to different storage periods (0, 15 and 30 days). Variables analyzed were: Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk color, albumen and yolk pH, and lipid oxidation (TBARS). Stability of eggs is not altered as a function of mineral sources and levels of lycopene studied. However, increasing storage time affects the quality of the eggs of laying hens at both storage conditions.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização do licopeno e de minerais orgânicos em rações para poedeiras sobre a qualidade e estabilidade dos ovos armazenados por até 30 dias, em diferentes ambientes de conservação. Adotou-se um DIC em esquema fatorial 2x3x3 (fontes de minerais x níveis de licopeno x períodos de armazenamento) com seis repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram: ração contendo minerais inorgânicos (MI) sem a adição de licopeno; MI com a adição de licopeno (400mg kg-1); MI com a adição de licopeno (800mg kg-1); minerais orgânicos (MO) sem a adição de licopeno; MO com a adição de licopeno (400mg kg-1); MO com a adição de licopeno (800mg kg-1). Após 112 dias de fornecimento das rações experimentais, foram selecionados 60 ovos tratamento-1 que, posteriormente, foram identificados, acondicionados em temperatura ambiente e refrigerado, e submetidos a diferentes períodos de armazenamento (0, 15 e 30 dias). As variáveis analisadas foram: unidade Haugh, índice de gema, coloração de gema, pH de albúmen e gema e oxidação lipídica (TBARS). A estabilidade dos ovos não é alterada em função das fontes minerais e dos níveis de licopeno estudados. No entanto, o aumento do período de estocagem prejudica a qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras semipesadas, em ambas as condições de armazenamento.

Quality and stability of eggs from laying hens fed with organic minerals and lycopene

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using lycopene and organic minerals in diets for laying hens on the egg quality and stability of eggs stored for 30 days under different storage environments. An entirely randomized design was adopted in 2x3x3 factorial scheme (mineral sources x lycopene levels x storage periods) with six replicates of eight hens per experimental unit. The experimental diets were: feed containing inorganic minerals (IM) without added lycopene; IM with added lycopene (400mg kg-1); IM with added lycopene (800mg kg-1); organic minerals (OM) without added lycopene; OM with added lycopene (400mg kg-1); OM with added lycopene (800mg kg-1). After 112 days of feeding experimental diets, it was selected 60 eggs treatment-1, which were later labeled, stored in room and refrigerated temperature, and subjected to different storage periods (0, 15 and 30 days). Variables analyzed were: Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk color, albumen and yolk pH, and lipid oxidation (TBARS). Stability of eggs is not altered as a function of mineral sources and levels of lycopene studied. However, increasing storage time affects the quality of the eggs of laying hens at both storage conditions.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização do licopeno e de minerais orgânicos em rações para poedeiras sobre a qualidade e estabilidade dos ovos armazenados por até 30 dias, em diferentes ambientes de conservação. Adotou-se um DIC em esquema fatorial 2x3x3 (fontes de minerais x níveis de licopeno x períodos de armazenamento) com seis repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram: ração contendo minerais inorgânicos (MI) sem a adição de licopeno; MI com a adição de licopeno (400mg kg-1); MI com a adição de licopeno (800mg kg-1); minerais orgânicos (MO) sem a adição de licopeno; MO com a adição de licopeno (400mg kg-1); MO com a adição de licopeno (800mg kg-1). Após 112 dias de fornecimento das rações experimentais, foram selecionados 60 ovos tratamento-1 que, posteriormente, foram identificados, acondicionados em temperatura ambiente e refrigerado, e submetidos a diferentes períodos de armazenamento (0, 15 e 30 dias). As variáveis analisadas foram: unidade Haugh, índice de gema, coloração de gema, pH de albúmen e gema e oxidação lipídica (TBARS). A estabilidade dos ovos não é alterada em função das fontes minerais e dos níveis de licopeno estudados. No entanto, o aumento do período de estocagem prejudica a qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras semipesadas, em ambas as condições de armazenamento.

Insertion of beta-alanine in model peptides for copper binding to His96 and His111 of the human prion protein.

The prion protein coordinates copper with high affinity in the regions encompassing residues 92-99 (GGGTHSQW) and 106-115 (KTNMKHMAGA). Cu(II) binding to these sites involves the coordination of the His96/His111 imidazole ring and backbone deprotonated amides that precede the His residue. Such a coordination arrangement involves the formation of hexa- and penta-membered cycles that provide further stabilization of the metal-peptide complex. The purpose of the present study is to introduce a methylene group in the peptide backbone, to evaluate the impact of increasing the size of these cycles in Cu(II) binding. Thus, a ß-alanine residue was inserted at different positions preceding the His residue in these prion fragments, and their Cu(II) coordination properties were assessed by UV-Visible absorption, circular dichroism, and electron paramagnetic resonance. Spectroscopic data show that the insertion of a methylene group leads to a completely different Cu(II) coordination that involves the His96/His111 imidazole ring and nitrogen or oxygen atoms provided by the peptide backbone towards the C-terminal. This study clearly shows that two main factors determine the nature of Cu(II)-peptide complexes involving an anchoring His residue and deprotonated amides from the backbone chain: i) the stabilization of Cu(II)-peptide complexes due to the formation of cyclic structures (i.e. chelate effect) and ii) the nature of the residues associated to the deprotonated amide groups that participate in metal ion coordination.

Fumaric acid and calcium and phosphorus chelate in the diet of weaned piglets / Ácido fumárico e quelato de cálcio e fósforo na ração de leitões desmamados

Two experiments (E) were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of fumaric acid and carbo-amino-fosfo-quelato of calcium diets of weaned pigs on performance (E1) and intestinal morphology (E2). A total of 96 and 32 pigs with initial mean weights of 5,66 kg ± 0,44kg and 5,34 ± 0,45kg , in E1 and in E2, were used respectively. Randomized block designs were used in both experiments, with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement in E1 and a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement in E2. No interaction between acidifier, source of calcium and phosphorus were found for the variables studied in the two experiments. No treatment effects were found on daily feed intake in evaluating periods. Feed conversion from 0 to 17 days was better (P 0.05) when inorganic sources of Ca and P were fed; however, no difference was observed in other periods. The averages of villus height (AV), crypt depth (PC), AV: PC relationship and mucous membrane of the duodenum and of the jejunum didnt differ among treatments. Considering the total nursery period, no benefit was found in using an acidifier, however the carbo-amino-fosfo-quelato of calcium studied may replace the inorganic sources in the diets of piglets, with no damage to performance and to intestinal morphology.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do ácido fumárico e de diferentes fontes de cálcio contendo fósforo, adicionados nas dietas de leitões desmamados, sobre o desempenho (E1) e morfometria intestinal (E2). Utilizaram-se 96 e 32 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, com pesos médios de 5,66 ± 0,44kg e 5,34 ± 0,45kg, no E1 e E2, respectivamente. Os delineamentos experimentais foram em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (níveis de ácido fumárico x fontes de cálcio e fósforo) no E1 e 2 x 2 x 2 (níveis de ácido fumárico x fontes de cálcio e fósforo x épocas de abate) no E2. Não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) no consumo diário de ração nos períodos avaliados. A conversão alimentar foi melhor (P 0,05) no período de 0-17 dias, com fontes inorgânicas de Ca e P, entretanto, nos outros períodos não foram verificadas diferenças. As médias de altura de vilosidade (AV), profundidade de cripta (PC), e espessura de mucosa do duodeno e do jejuno, não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Não houve vantagem do uso de acidificante nas rações, contudo, a fonte orgânica de Ca contendo P estudada pode substituir as fontes inorgânicas nas rações de leitões, sem prejuízo no desempenho e na morfometria do intestino delgado.

Fumaric acid and calcium and phosphorus chelate in the diet of weaned piglets / Ácido fumárico e quelato de cálcio e fósforo na ração de leitões desmamados

Two experiments (E) were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of fumaric acid and carbo-amino-fosfo-quelato of calcium diets of weaned pigs on performance (E1) and intestinal morphology (E2). A total of 96 and 32 pigs with initial mean weights of 5,66 kg ± 0,44kg and 5,34 ± 0,45kg , in E1 and in E2, were used respectively. Randomized block designs were used in both experiments, with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement in E1 and a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement in E2. No interaction between acidifier, source of calcium and phosphorus were found for the variables studied in the two experiments. No treatment effects were found on daily feed intake in evaluating periods. Feed conversion from 0 to 17 days was better (P 0.05) when inorganic sources of Ca and P were fed; however, no difference was observed in other periods. The averages of villus height (AV), crypt depth (PC), AV: PC relationship and mucous membrane of the duodenum and of the jejunum didnt differ among treatments. Considering the total nursery period, no benefit was found in using an acidifier, however the carbo-amino-fosfo-quelato of calcium studied may replace the inorganic sources in the diets of piglets, with no damage to performance and to intestinal morphology.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do ácido fumárico e de diferentes fontes de cálcio contendo fósforo, adicionados nas dietas de leitões desmamados, sobre o desempenho (E1) e morfometria intestinal (E2). Utilizaram-se 96 e 32 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, com pesos médios de 5,66 ± 0,44kg e 5,34 ± 0,45kg, no E1 e E2, respectivamente. Os delineamentos experimentais foram em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (níveis de ácido fumárico x fontes de cálcio e fósforo) no E1 e 2 x 2 x 2 (níveis de ácido fumárico x fontes de cálcio e fósforo x épocas de abate) no E2. Não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) no consumo diário de ração nos períodos avaliados. A conversão alimentar foi melhor (P 0,05) no período de 0-17 dias, com fontes inorgânicas de Ca e P, entretanto, nos outros períodos não foram verificadas diferenças. As médias de altura de vilosidade (AV), profundidade de cripta (PC), e espessura de mucosa do duodeno e do jejuno, não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Não houve vantagem do uso de acidificante nas rações, contudo, a fonte orgânica de Ca contendo P estudada pode substituir as fontes inorgânicas nas rações de leitões, sem prejuízo no desempenho e na morfometria do intestino delgado.

Lecitina, silicone e amido na adubação foliar de couve (Brassica oleracea L.) / Lecithin, silicon and starch in the foliar feeding on collard green (Brassica oleracea L.)

Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, avaliar os efeitos que a lecitina, amido e silicone possam ter na eficiência da adubação foliar, utilizando-se sais e quelatos como fonte de micronutrientes. Para isso foi realizado um experimento em que avaliaram-se os efeitos da adição de diferentes adjuvantes em relação à absorção e translocação de zinco e manganês na forma de sais e quelatos. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, com quatro fatores em estudo e dois níveis cada, perfazendo um fatorial 2x2x2x2, totalizando dezesseis tratamentos. Além dos tratamentos, foi adicionada testemunha como tratamento adicional, perfazendo, assim, um total de 102 parcelas. Cada parcela foi constituída por um vaso, contendo uma planta de couve-manteiga (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.). Os tratamentos constaram de combinações entre 2 fontes (sulfato e quelato) e de presença ou ausência de três substâncias na calda de pulverização: lecitina de soja desengordurada, um siliconado comercial e gel de amido de mandioca. A determinação dos efeitos constituiu-se na análise do teor de zinco e manganês nas folhas novas 30 dias após a pulverização. A adição de lecitina aumentou a absorção do sulfato de zinco ao passo que o produto siliconado aumentou a absorção do zinco quelatizado. Tanto a lecitina quanto o produto siliconado, quando adicionados à calda de pulverização, aumentaram o teor de manganês. O gel de amido não aumentou a absorção de nenhum micronutriente.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of lecithin, starch and silicon may have in the efficiency of foliar feeding, using salts and chelates as source of nutrients. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse condition at Univerdidade Federal de Goiás (Jataí unit) - GO, set in a completely randomized design, with six replications, four factors in study and two levels each, making a 2x2x2x2 factorial arrangement, totalizing 16 treatments. Moreover, a control was added as an additional treatment, totalizing, 102 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisteed of by a vase of collard green plant (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.). The treatments consisted of 2 minor nutrient sources (sulfate and chalate) and of absence and presence of three substance added to the spray solution: soydean lecithin de-waxed, a commercial silicon surfactant and starch. After analyses of the leaves, 30 days after the pulverization, it was clear that the amount of zinc and manganese was influenced by the adjutants and fertilizer. The use of lecithin increased the absorption of zinc sulfate whereas the use of silicon increased the absorption of zinc chelate. Both chelate and sulfate increased the absorption of manganese. starch had no influence on micronutrient.