Description of the etiological factors behind acute moderate and severe malnutrition in children under 5 years hospitalized at two high-complexity referral centers: Case series.

BACKGROUND: Acute malnutrition in children <5 years of age has a direct relationship with medical complications and mortality. We aimed to describe the etiologic factors in children with moderate and severe non-illness-related acute malnutrition who required hospitalization for treatment of malnutrition in two high-complexity hospital centers in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: This is a multicenter case series (December 2016 to December 2020) including patients aged 1-59 months with a weight/height indicator less than -2 SD. Electronic health records were reviewed, and demographic (sex, age, city of origin, and socioeconomic status) and clinical data (gestational age at birth, edema, and nutrition status) were collected. Descriptive analysis of information was performed. An exploratory bivariate analysis by diagnostic categories of moderate and severe acute malnutrition vs days of hospitalization was also performed. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included, 62.2% of whom were male, with a median age of 14 months (Q1-Q3: 7-24). The main etiologic factors of malnutrition were related to problems with total food intake (33.3%), transition in consistency of feeding (31.1%), and breastfeeding technique (22.2%). Only 13.3% had problems related to food insecurity. There were no statistically significant differences between moderate (median: 7 days; Q1-Q3: 5-12) and severe (median: 8 days; Q1-Q3: 5-16) acute malnutrition when compared by days of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The main etiologic factors of malnutrition in our study population were related to problems in the amount of food provided and transition in consistency of complementary feeding.

Adherencia a un programa alimentario dirigido a niños menores de 5 años, que asisten a un Hospital Materno Infantil de Asunción, Paraguay

Introducción. El Programa Alimentario Nutricional Integral (PANI) viene ejecutando acciones desde el año 2015 en servicios de salud de Asunción y años antes en otras regiones del país, con el fin de reducir los efectos negativos de la desnutrición; sin embargo, el éxito del PANI depende de la adherencia de los beneficiarios. Objetivo. Determinar la adherencia a un programa alimentario para el tratamiento de la desnutrición en niños menores de 5 años, ingresados en un Hospital Materno Infantil de Asunción, entre los años 2018 y 2021. Materiales y Método. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se incluyeron todos los niños ingresados al PANI del Hospital Materno Infantil de elección entre los años 2018 y 2021, digitalizados en planilla Excel y analizados con el software Epi Info versión 7. Resultados. De 211 niños registrados se obtuvo datos de 166 pacientes con una edad media ± 1 de 1,3 años ± 1, 53% niñas, el 50% presentaba un ingreso familiar menor al salario mínimo. El 87,35% de los niños ingresó con riesgo de desnutrición, 10,84% con desnutrición moderada y 1,81% grave. La tasa de deserción fue de 67,5%. Conclusión. La adherencia al tratamiento de la desnutrición fue baja. La implementación del PANI como política de salud debe ser fortalecida y monitoreada permanentemente de forma a garantizar sus objetivos, abordando otras variables que puedan estar relacionadas a la deserción. Palabras clave: desnutrición infantil; programas y políticas de nutrición y alimentación; cumplimiento y adherencia al tratamiento.

Introduction. The Comprehensive Nutritional Food Program (PANI) has been carrying out actions since 2015 in health services in Asunción and years before in other regions of the country, in order to reduce the negative effects of malnutrition, however; the success of PANI depends of the beneficiaries' adherence. Objective. To determine adherence to a food program for the treatment of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age, admitted to a Maternal and Child Hospital in Asunción, between 2018 and 2021. Materials and Method. Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic sampling. Secondary data from children admitted to the PANI of the Maternal and Child Hospital of choice between 2018 and 2021 were included, digitized in an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed with the Epi Info version 7 software. Results. 166 samples participated in the study; The average age of the users was 1.3 years ± 1 SD. 53% were girls; 100% were of Latin ethnicity. 87.35% of children were admitted at risk of malnutrition, while moderate and severe malnutrition was 10.84% and 1.81% respectively. 50% had an income less than the minimum wage. Dropouts were 67.5% and admissions were 32.5%. Conclusion. Adherence to malnutrition treatment was low. The implementation of the PANI as a health policy must be strengthened and permanently monitored in order to guarantee its objectives, addressing other variables that may be related to dropout.

Women's Autonomy and Anemia in Children under Five Years of Age: A Peruvian Population-Based Survey.

To determine the association between women's autonomy and the presence of childhood anemia in children under five years of age in Peru, a cross-sectional study utilizing data from the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey was carried out. The study employed generalized linear models with a Poisson distribution and log link function. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were calculated, along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), to assess the association of interest. A total of 15,815 women and their children under five years of age were analyzed. The prevalence of childhood anemia was 30.4% (95%CI: 29.5-31.3%), while the proportions of low, moderate and high autonomy of the mothers were 44.5%, 38.4% and 17.1%, respectively. Children under five years of age of women with a low level of autonomy were more likely to have anemia (aPR: 1.10; 95%CI: 1.00-1.21). Three out of ten children under five years of age suffer from anemia, and four out of ten mothers have a low level of autonomy. A low level of women's autonomy was associated with a higher probability of anemia in children under 5 years of age.

Malnutrition in mother-child dyads in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) / Má nutrição em díades mãe-filho no Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) / Malnutrición en díadas madre-hijo en el Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019)

Abstract: Malnutrition affects billions of individuals worldwide and represents a global health challenge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition (undernutrition or overweight) among mother-child dyads in children under 5 years old in Brazil in 2019 and to estimate changes in this prevalence from 2006 to 2019. Individual-level data from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) and the Brazilian National Survey of Demography and Health of Women and Children carried out in 2006 (PNDS 2006) were analyzed. Malnutrition outcomes in mother-child dyads included overweight mother and child, undernourished mother and child, and the double burden of malnutrition, i.e., overweight mother and child having any form of undernourishment (stunting, wasting, or underweight). Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. Most women (58.2%) and 9.7% of the children were overweight, 6.9% were stunted, and 3.1% of mothers and 2.9% of the children were underweight. The prevalence of overweight in the mother-child dyad was 7.8% and was statistically higher in Southern Brazil (9.7%; 95%CI: 7.5; 11.9) than in the Central-West (5.4%; 95%CI: 4.3; 6.6). The prevalence of overweight mother and stunted child was 3.5%, with statistically significant difference between the extremes of the mother's education [0-7 vs. ≥ 12 years, 4.8% (95%CI: 3.2; 6.5) and 2.1%, (95%CI: 1.2; 3.0), respectively]. Overweight in the dyad increased from 5.2% to 7.8%, and the double burden of malnutrition increased from 2.7% to 5.2% since 2006. Malnutrition in Brazilian mother-child dyads seems to be a growing problem, and dyads with lower formal education, higher maternal age, and from the South Region of Brazil were more vulnerable.

Resumo: A má nutrição afeta bilhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo e representa um desafio de saúde global. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de má nutrição (desnutrição ou excesso de peso) entre díades mãe-filho em crianças menores de cinco anos no Brasil em 2019 e estimar as mudanças nessa prevalência de 2006 a 2019. Foram analisados dados individuais do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher realizada em 2006 (PNDS 2006). Os desfechos de má nutrição incluíram mãe e filho com excesso de peso, mãe e filho desnutridos e a dupla carga de má nutrição, ou seja, mãe com excesso de peso e filho com qualquer forma de desnutrição (défict de crescimento, magreza ou baixo peso). Foram estimadas a prevalência e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A maioria das mulheres (58,2%) e 9,7% das crianças estavam acima do peso, 6,9% apresentaram déficit de crescimento e 3,1% das mães e 2,9% das crianças estavam abaixo do peso. A prevalência de excesso de peso na díade mãe-filho foi de 7,8% e foi estatisticamente maior no Sul do Brasil (9,7%; IC95%: 7,5; 11,9) do que no Centro-oeste (5,4%; IC95%: 4,3; 6,6). A prevalência de mãe com sobrepeso e filho com déficit de crescimento foi de 3,5%, com uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre os extremos de escolaridade materna [(0-7 vs. ≥ 12 anos de estudo), 4,8% (IC95%: 3,2; 6,5) and 2,1% (IC95%: 1,2; 3,0), respectivamente]. O excesso de peso na díade aumentou de 5,2% para 7,8% e a dupla carga de má nutrição aumentou de 2,7% para 5,2% desde 2006. A má nutrição nas díades mãe-filho brasileiras parece ser um problema crescente, sendo as mais vulneráveis aquelas com menor escolaridade e maior idade materna e residentes na Região Sul do Brasil.

Resumen: La malnutrición afecta a muchas personas en todo el mundo y representa un desafío para la salud mundial. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición (desnutrición o sobrepeso) entre díadas madre-hijo en niños menores de cinco años en Brasil en 2019 y estimar cambios en esta prevalencia de 2006 a 2019. Se analizaron datos individuales del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019) y de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud del Niño y de la Mujer de 2006 (PNDS 2006). Los resultados de la malnutrición incluyeron a madre e hijo con sobrepeso, madre e hijo desnutridos y la doble carga de mala nutrición, es decir, madre con sobrepeso e hijo con cualquier forma de desnutrición (retardo en el crecimiento, emaciación o bajo peso). Se calcularon prevalencias y los intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La mayoría de las mujeres (58,2%) y el 9,7% de los niños tenían sobrepeso, el 6,9% de los niños presentaban retraso en el crecimiento, y el 3,1% de las madres y el 2,9% de los niños, bajo peso. La prevalencia de sobrepeso en la díada madre-hijo fue del 7,8%, estadísticamente mayor en el Sur de Brasil (9,7%; IC95%: 7,5; 11,9) que en el Centro-Oeste (5,4%; IC95%: 4,3; 6,6). La prevalencia de madres con sobrepeso y de niños con retraso del crecimiento fue del 3,5%, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los extremos de nivel educativo de la madre [(0-7 vs. ≥ 12 años de nivel educativo), 4,8% (IC95%: 3,2; 6,5) y 2,1% (IC95%: 1,2; 3,0), respectivamente]. El sobrepeso en la díada tuvo un aumento del 5,2% al 7,8%, y la doble carga de mala nutrición aumentó del 2,7% al 5,2% desde 2006. La malnutrición en la díada madre-hijo brasileña resulta ser un problema creciente, siendo las más vulnerables aquellas con menor escolaridad y mayor edad materna y residentes en la Región Sur de Brasil.

Parâmetros hematológicos de crianças desnutridas após intervenção nutricional: ensaio clínico randomizado / Parámetros hematológicos de niños desnutridos después de intervención nutricional: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Hematological parameters of malnourished children after nutritional intervention: a randomized clinical trial

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar parâmetros hematológicos de crianças desnutridas após intervenção nutricional com farinha da castanha de caju. Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, cego. O estudo foi realizado no período de abril a dezembro de 2017, em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde. A amostra foi composta de crianças menores de 5 anos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão, sendo 15 no Grupo Intervenção (farinha da castanha de caju) e 15 crianças no Grupo Controle (farinha de carboximetilcelulose), alocadas nos grupos de forma randômica aleatória simples. Foram analisados os parâmetros de eritrócitos, hemoglobina e hematócrito (série vermelha) e de leucócitos, neutrófilos, segmentados, eosinófilos, monócitos e linfócitos (série branca). A coleta de sangue foi realizada em dois momentos: o primeiro antes da implementação da intervenção e o segundo após 32 semanas de utilização da farinha da castanha de caju. Para avaliação da normalidade e homogeneidade da amostra, utilizaram-se os testes de Shapiro-Wilk e de variância de Bartlett, respectivamente. Utilizou-se o teste T pareado dentro de cada grupo e, para avaliar possíveis associações entre os Grupos Intervenção e Controle e o nível de leucócitos (abaixo, normal e acima), utilizaram-se o teste exato de Fisher e/ou o teste Fisher-Freeman-Halton. Resultados Houve incremento na média das células individuais da série vermelha do hemograma, sobretudo nos padrões de hemoglobina de crianças desnutridas do Grupo Intervenção (p<0,05). A investigação também apontou diferença intragrupo no parâmetro da hemoglobina, tanto no Grupo Controle (p=0,007) como no Intervenção (p<0,001), bem como no parâmetro hematócrito para ambos os grupos (p=0,001). Especificamente na série branca, após a intervenção, evidenciou-se diminuição significativa nos leucócitos (p=0,04) e linfócitos (p<0,01) Conclusão Após intervenção, a utilização da farinha da castanha de caju melhorou os parâmetros hematológicos das crianças desnutridas. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (REBEC): U1111.1213.9219

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar parámetros hematológicos de niños desnutridos después de la intervención nutricional con harina da castaña de cajú. Métodos Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado, ciego. El estudio se realizó en el período de abril a diciembre de 2017, en dos Unidades Básicas de Salud. La muestra se compuso por niños menores de 5 años que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, 15 en el Grupo Intervención (harina de castaña de cajú) y 15 niños en el Grupo Control (harina de carboximetilcelulosa), repartidas en los grupos de forma muestreo aleatorio simple. Se analizaron los parámetros de eritrocitos, hemoglobina e hematocrito (serie roja) y de leucocitos, neutrófilos, segmentados, eosinófilos, monocitos e linfocitos (serie blanca). La muestra de sangre se realizó en dos momentos: el primero antes de la implementación de la intervención y el segundo después de 32 semanas de utilización de la harina da castaña de cajú. Para la evaluación de la normalidad y la homogeneidad de la amuestra, se utilizaron los tests de Shapiro-Wilk y de varianza de Bartlett, respectivamente. Se utilizó la prueba T pareada dentro de cada grupo y, para evaluar posibles asociaciones entre los Grupos Intervención y Control y el nivel de leucocitos (debajo, normal y superior), se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher o prueba de Fisher-Freeman-Halton. Resultados Hubo un aumento en el promedio de las células individuales de la serie roja del hemograma, sobre todo en los estándares de hemoglobina de niños desnutridos del Grupo Intervención (p<0,05). La investigación también apuntó una diferencia intragrupo en el parámetro de la hemoglobina, tanto en el Grupo Control (p=0,007) como en la Intervención (p<0,001), así como en el parámetro hematocrito para ambos grupos (p=0,001). Específicamente en la serie blanca, después de la intervención, se evidenció una disminución significativa en los leucocitos (p=0,04) y linfocitos (p<0,01) Conclusión Después de la intervención, la utilización de la harina de la castaña de cajú mejoró los parámetros hematológicos de los niños desnutridos.

Abstract Objective To assess hematological parameters of malnourished children after nutritional intervention with cashew nut flour. Methods This is a randomized, controlled, blind trial. The study was conducted from April to December 2017, in two Basic Health Units. The sample consisted of children under 5 years of age who met the inclusion criteria, 15 in the Intervention Group (cashew nut flour) and 15 children in the Control Group (carboxymethylcellulose flour), randomly allocated to the groups. The parameters of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit (red blood cells) and leukocytes, neutrophils, segmented, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes (white blood cells) parameters were analyzed. Blood collection was performed in two moments: the first before intervention implementation and the second after 32 weeks of use of cashew nut flour. To assess the sample normality and homogeneity, Shapiro-Wilk and Bartlett variance tests were used, respectively. The paired t-test was used within each group and, to assess possible associations between the Intervention and Control Groups and the level of leukocytes (below, normal and above), Fisher's Exact test and/or Fisher-Freeman-Halton test were used. Results There was an increase in the mean of the individual red blood cell count, especially in the hemoglobin patterns of malnourished children in the Intervention Group (p<0.05). The investigation also showed an intragroup difference in the hemoglobin parameter, both in the Control Group (p=0.007) and in the Intervention (p<0.001) as well as in the hematocrit parameter for both groups (p=0.001). Specifically in the white blood cells, after intervention, there was a significant decrease in leukocytes (p=0.04) and lymphocytes (p<0.01) Conclusion After intervention, the use of cashew nut flour improved the hematological parameters of malnourished children. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry (REBEC): U1111.1213.9219

Desnutrición crónica en niños menores de cinco años de la comunidad indígena awá, Barbacoas (Nariño, Colombia), 2019 / Chronic Malnutrition in Children under 5 Years Old in the Awá Indigenous Community, Barbacoas (Nariño ­ Colombia) in 2019 / Desnutrição crônica em crianças menores de cinco anos da comunidade indígena Awá, Barbacoas (Nariño, Colombia), 2019

Introducción: la desnutrición crónica en menores de 5 años se define como el retraso en el crecimiento, resultado de recurrentes carencias nutricionales, asociadas con pobreza, de salud y nutrición materna. El objetivo fue identificar la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica y factores asociados en menores de 5 años de la comunidad indígena awá, atendidos en la ips Unidad del Pueblo Indígena Awá (unipa) de Barbacoas (Nariño, Colombia) durante 2019. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal con enfoque analítico. Se incluyeron 527 niños menores de 5 años de la comunidad awá acudientes al programa de crecimiento y desarrollo de la ipsunipa. Se evaluó como desenlace la desnutrición crónica y, como factores asociados, características sociodemográficas, nutricionales y otras del estado de salud. Se consideró un valor de p menor al 5 % cuando se utilizó chi cuadrado, test exacto de Fisher y U de Mann-Whitney para determinar asociación estadística; además, se ajustó la relación a través de un modelo de regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: el 17.6 % de los niños pre-sentó desnutrición crónica. Se encontró asociación estadística con ser hijo de madre adolescente (p = 0.006), esquema de vacunación incompleto (p = 0.012), la edad (p = 0.017) y el peso al nacer (p = 0.017). Conclusión: en menores de 5 años de la comunidad awála frecuencia de desnutrición crónica está por encima de la media para esta población en general en Colombia. Es importante priorizar la búsqueda activa de desnutrición crónica en niños cuyas madres son adolescentes, niños con bajo peso al nacer y vacunación incompleta

Introduction: Chronic malnutrition in children under 5 years old is defined as stunting due to recurrent nutritional deficiencies associated with poverty, maternal health, and nutrition. This study aimed to iden-tify the prevalence of chronic malnutrition and associated factors in children under 5 years old from the indigenous Awá community, at Barbacoas, Nariño in 2019. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 527 children under 5 years old from the Awá community who attended a health institution for growth and development program. Chronic malnutrition was evaluated as an outcome, whereas sociodemographic, nutritional and other health characteristics as associated factors. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Mann­Whitney's U test were used to determine statistical association. Additionally, the relationship was adjusted through a multiple logistic regression model. Results: Chronic malnutrition was found in 17.6% of children. The statistical association was found in children of the ado-lescent mother, incomplete vaccination schedule, and age and birth weight. Conclusion: In children under 5 years old in the Awá community, the frequency of chronic malnutrition is above the average for the general population in Colombia. Prioritizing the active search for chronic malnutrition in children whose mothers are adolescents and those with low birth weight and incomplete vaccination is important

Introdução: a desnutrição crônica em crianças menores de cinco anos é definida como retardo de crescimento como resultado de deficiências nutricionais recorrentes associadas à pobreza, saúde materna e nutrição. O objetivo é identificar a prevalência de desnutrição crônica e fatores associados em crianças menores de 5 anos da comunidade indígena Awá, atendidas na Unidade ips do Povo Indígena Awá (unipa) de Barbacoas, Nariño durante 2019. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal de abordagem analítica. Foram incluídas 527 crianças menores de 5 anos da comunidade Awá que participaram do programa de crescimento e desen-volvimento da ipsunipa. A desnutrição crônica foi avaliada como desfecho e as características sociodemo-gráficas, nutricionais e outras características de saúde como fatores associados. Um valor de p inferior a 5% foi considerado quando o qui-quadrado, o teste exato de Fisher e o U de Mann Whitney foram usados para determinar a associação estatística, além disso, a relação foi ajustada por meio de um modelo de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: 17,6% das crianças apresentavam desnutrição crônica. Associação estatística foi encontrada com os fatores ser filho de mãe adolescente (valor p: 0,006), esquema vacinal incompleto (valor p: 0,012), idade (valor p: 0,017) e peso ao nascer (valor p: 0,017). Conclusão: em crianças menores de 5 anos da comunidade Awá, a frequência de desnutrição crônica está acima da média geral para esta popu-lação na Colômbia. É importante priorizar a busca ativa da desnutrição crônica em crianças cujas mães são adolescentes, em crianças com baixo peso ao nascer e com esquema de vacinação incompleto

Estado nutricional de estudiantes en el municipio de Colcapirhua

Introducción. El estado nutricional se define como la situación en la que se encuentra un individuo con respecto a la ingesta y los ajustes fisiológicos. Estos tienen lugar después de la absorción de los nutrientes y son suficientes para cubrir el gasto dado por las necesidades nutricionales por edad, sexo, características fisiológicas y actividad física. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar el estado nutricional de los alumnos de las escuelas primarias y secundarias del municipio de Colcapirhua en el departamento de Cochabamba. Metodología. El trabajo es descriptivo, transversal, observacional y prospectivo; Se examinaron 7122 estudiantes de 5 a 19 años de unidades educativas. Resultados. Los problemas por exceso llegan al 33%, de los cuales el 8,1% corresponden a varones con sobrepeso, mientras que las mujeres representan el 9,6% y los hombres con obesidad 9.6% y las mujeres el 6%. Los problemas de déficit llegan al 3,2%, de los cuales el 2% corresponde a varones con desnutrición / anemia, mientras que las mujeres representan el 1% y desnutrición severa con anemia para ambos sexos el 0,2%. Discusión. Los datos muestran que el sobrepeso se duplica, la diferencia en obesidad es desastrosa y el bajo peso también es diferente. Por lo tanto, el estudio muestra que los resultados han cambiado significativamente durante un período de alrededor de 6 años. En resumen, se puede decir que, con base en los diagnósticos establecidos, el riesgo de malnutrición debe ser reconocido temprano sin esperar a que ocurra el problema.

Introduction. Nutritional status is defined as the situation in which an individual finds himself regarding intake and physiological adjustments. These take place after absorption of nutrients and they are enough to cover the expense given by the nutritional needs by age, sex, physiological characteristics and physical activities. The objective of the work is to evaluate the nutritional status of school students of primary and secondary in Colcapirhua municipality in Cochabamba department. Methodology. The work is descriptive, transversal, observational and prospective; they were examined 7122 students from 5 to 19 years old of schools. Results. Excess problems reach to 33% which of them 8.1% correspond to overweight men, while women correspond to 9,6% and the overweight men 9,6% and the women 6%. Deficit problems reached to 3,2% of which the 2% correspond to men with malnutrition/ anemia, while women represent 1% and severe malnutrition for both sexes 0,2%. Discussion. Data show that the overweight doubles, the difference in obesity is catastrophic and the low weight is also different than expected. Thus study shows results have changed significantly during a period of 6 years. We can say that based on stablished diagnoses, the risk of malnutrition must be recognized in a timely manner without waiting for the problem to occur.

Introdução. O estado nutricional é definido como a situação em que o indivíduo se encontra em relação à ingestão e aos ajustes fisiológicos. Estes ocorrem após a absorção dos nutrientes e são suficientes para cobrir o gasto em função das necessidades nutricionais determinadas pela idade, sexo, características fisiológicas e atividade física. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar o estado nutricional dos alunos de escolas primárias e secundárias do município de Colcapirhua, no estado de Cochabamba. Metodologia. O trabalho é descritivo, transversal, observacional e prospectivo. Foram pesquisados 7122 estudantes entre 5 e 19 anos de unidades educativas. Resultados. Os problemas por excesso chegam a 33%, dos quais 8,1% correspondem a homens com sobrepeso, enquanto que as mulheres representam 9,6% e os homens com obesidade 9,6% e mulheres 6%. Os problemas de déficit chegam a 3,2%, dos quais 2% correspondem a homens com desnutrição/anemia, enquanto que as mulheres representam 1% e desnutrição severa representam 0,2% para ambos os sexos. Discussão. Os dados mostram que o sobrepeso se duplica, a diferença em obesidade é catastrófica e o baixo peso também é diferente do esperado. Portanto, o estudo mostra que os resultados mudaram significativamente no período de 6 anos. Pode-se dizer que, com base nos diagnósticos estabelecidos, o risco de má nutrição deve ser reconhecido, oportunamente, sem esperar que ocorra o problema.

Effects of HAART in the nutritional status of children and adolescents infected by HIV in Brazil: a systematic review / Efeitos da HAART no estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract The verification of factors associated with growth, body composition and nutritional and nutritional aspects after HIV infection in children or adolescents in Brazil is fundamental for progress in this area. We selected articles published until 2018, available on the platforms PubMed and Lilacs, using the keywords The following descriptors and their associations were used, extracted from MeSH: "Children", "Adolescent", "Anthropometry", "Nutritional Assessment", "HIV", "Brazil" adding the filter "and" for advanced searches. A total of 1,450 articles were found, and after selection and full reading, 19 were selected. The studies agreed that children and adolescents living with HIV present or may present alterations in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism and body composition due to infection or associated with therapy. Significant differences were observed in weight and height in infected infants compared to uninfected infants. The evaluation and monitoring of diet quality, as well as serum micronutrient monitoring, are fundamental to guarantee the clinical and treatment conditions of these patients, as well as to prevent disorders due to low nutrient intakes.

Resumo A verificação de fatores associados ao crescimento, composição corporal e aspectos alimentares e nutricionais, após a infecção pelo HIV em crianças ou adolescentes no Brasil é fundamental para avanços nesta área. Foram selecionados artigos publicados até 2018, disponibilizados nas plataformas PubMed e Lilacs, extraídas do MeSH: "Children", "Adolescent", "Anthropometry", "Nutritional Assessment", "HIV", "Brazil" adicionadas do filtro "and" para as pesquisas. Foram encontrados 1.450 artigos e após seleção e leitura integral foram selecionados 19. Os estudos concordaram que crianças e adolescentes vivendo com HIV apresentam ou podem apresentar alterações no metabolismo ósseo, de lipídeos e na composição corporal devido à infecção ou associadas à terapia. Observou-se diferença significativa do peso e estatura em crianças infectadas em relação às não infectadas. Percebe-se que a avaliação e o monitoramento da qualidade da dieta, bem como o acompanhamento sérico de micronutrientes, são fundamentais para garantir as condições clínicas e de tratamento destes pacientes, bem como para prevenir desordens por baixo consumo de nutrientes.

Determinantes socioeconômicos e de saúde da desnutrição infantil: uma análise da distribuição espacial / Socioeconomic and health determinants of child malnutrition: an analysis of spatial distribution

Analisar a distribuição espacial da desnutrição em crianças brasileiras de baixa renda e sua correlação com indicadores socioeconômicos e de serviços de saúde. Estudo ecológico, com dados secundários de representação nacional, tendo como variáveis a desnutrição infantil, os indicadores socioeconômicos e de serviços de saúde no Brasil. Utilizaram-se técnicas de estatística univariada e bivariada para a análise espacial. Foi observada uma dependência espacial para a desnutrição infantil (I=0,52; p=0,010), com as menores prevalências nas regiões mais desenvolvidas do país, Sul e Sudeste. Associação negativa foi obtida entre desnutrição infantil e a renda per capita (p<0,001) e o IDH (p<0,001). E associação positiva entre a desnutrição e os investimentos na atenção primária (p<0,001). Foram encontradas assimetrias espaciais, com maior prevalência de desnutrição nas regiões Norte-Nordeste e associações com os indicadores socioeconômicos e de serviços de saúde, o que reflete um processo histórico de desigualdades no país.

The spatial distribution of stunting in low-income Brazilian children and its correlation with socioeconomic and health service indicators are analyzed. Current ecological study, based on national secondary data, employed the variables child malnutrition, socioeconomic indicators and health services in Brazil. Univariate and bivariate statistical techniques were used for spatial analysis. A spatial dependence was reported for child malnutrition (I=0.52; p=0.010), with the lowest prevalence in the most developed regions of the country (South and Southeast regions). A negative association was detected between child malnutrition and per capita income (p <0.001) and Human Development Index (p <0.001), whilst there was a positive association between malnutrition and investments in primary care (p <0.001). Spatial asymmetries were found with a higher prevalence of malnutrition in the north-northeast regions and associations with socioeconomic and health service indicators, reflecting a historical process of inequalities in Brazil.

Evaluación del etiquetado frontal de advertencia de la Ley de Alimentos en adultos responsables de escolares de las comunas de La Serena y Coquimbo / Evaluation of the front-of-package warning labels of the Chilean Food Law by adults responsible for schoolchildren in the districts of La Serena and Coquimbo

RESUMEN Una política pública creada para abordar el problema de la obesidad en Chile, es la Ley de Alimentos del año 2016 y su Reglamento que incluye etiquetado frontal de advertencia. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar el reconocimiento, juicio de valor y utilización del etiquetado frontal de advertencia descrito en la reglamentación, en personas responsables de escolares de las comunas de La Serena y Coquimbo. En estudio transversal, se aplicaron 543 encuestas personales en 22 establecimientos educacionales seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Se utilizó prueba de Chi-cuadrado para bondad de ajuste y tablas de contingencia, se consideró significativo un valor p<0,05. El 98,7% reconoció los sellos de advertencia, principalmente en los envases. El 86,2% valoró como no saludable su presencia y 68,1%, como saludable su ausencia. La comparación de sellos fue realizada por el 67,5% de los encuestados, de los cuales un 97,4% eligió los alimentos con menor cantidad de sellos. El 91,3% señaló que disminuyó la cantidad de alimentos comprados con presencia de sellos en relación al período anterior a la vigencia de la Ley. Los sellos de advertencia son conocidos, entendidos y considerados en la selección de los alimentos.

ABSTRACT The Chilean Food Law of 2016 was a public policy created to address the problem of obesity in Chile and includes front-of-package warning labeling. The objective of the study is to evaluate the recognition, value judgment and use of the front-of-package warning labels described in the regulation, among caretakers of schoolchildren, in the districts of La Serena and Coquimbo, Chile. A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 543 personal surveys were applied in 22 educational establishments selected by stratified probability sampling. Chi-square goodness of fit test and contingency tables were used, a p value<0.05 was considered significant. Almost all caretakers surveyed (98.7%) recognized warning labels, mainly in packaging, 82% of the participants rated the presence of the labels as unhealthy and 68.1% reported the absence of the label indicated a healthy food. The label comparison was made by 67.5% of the respondents, of which 97.4% chose foods with fewer labels. 91.3% indicated that the quantity of food purchased with warning labels decreased in relation to the period before the law was launched. Warning labels are known, understood, and considered in food selection.

Impacto de la suplementación con micronutrientes sobre la desnutrición crónica infantil en Perú / Impact of micronutrient supplementation on chronic childhood malnutrition in Peru

Resumen La Desnutrición crónica infantil (DCI) condiciona el desarrollo físico y mental de los niños y niñas. A largo plazo, una alta incidencia puede generar y reforzar un círculo vicioso de desigualdad y pobreza. En ese sentido, evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones para reducir la DCI es importante para determinar si las políticas son efectivas o no. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la suplementación con micronutrientes sobre los niveles de desnutrición cronica infantil en el Perú en el periodo 2014-2017. Material y metodos: Se utilizó información de los niños y niñas de 6 a 59 meses de edad de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) de los años del 2014 al 2017. Se aplicó una estimación cuantitativa de naturaleza econometrica que consta de dos pasos. Primero se balancea la muestra mediante dos metodologias: Entropy Balancing (EB) y Machine Learning (ML). Luego se realizan estimaciones de diferencias para dos variables, la probabilidad de sufrir DCI y el puntaje Z entre quienes sufren DCI. Resultados: El haber realizado algun consumo de micronutrientes incrementa la probabilidad de sufrir desnutrición cronica. Se encuentran efectos positivos sobre el puntaje Z en los niños con DCI a partir de 54,1 sobres consumidos. Cuando se incluyen variables de control, los resultados no varian considerablemente. Conclusiones: La suplementación con micronutrientes tiene efectos negativos en la reducción de la DCI. Un impacto positivo solo se encuentra en los niños con DCI y que consumen más de 54,1 sobres; para cantidades menores, el consumo empeora los niveles de DCI.

Summary Chronic childhood malnutrition (CCM) affects mental and physical development of children. In the long-term, a high incidence of CCM generates a vicious circle of inequality and poverty. Therefore, evaluating the impact of interventions to ameliorate CCM may be a useful indicator of implemented policies. Objective : to evaluate the impact of micronutrient supplementation on chronic childhood malnutrition in Peru from 2014-2017. Methods : Data from Encuesta Demografica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) from 2014-2017 including children from 6 to 59 months of age were gathered. A two-step quantitative estimation was applied. first, the sample was balanced using Entropy Balancing (EB) and Machine Learning (ML). Second, differences in two variables were estimated, probability of having CCM and the Z score among those with CCM. Results : having consumed some micronutrient increases the probability of having CCM. A positive effect on the Z score was found above 54.1 sachets consumed. Results did not change after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions: micronutrient supplementation has a negative effect in reducing CCM, a positive effect was found at bigger consumptions.

Stunting and overweight among children in Northeast Brazil: prevalence, trends (1992-2005-2015) and associated risk factors from repeated cross-sectional surveys.

BACKGROUND: A study involving children from Alagoas (Northeast Brazil) revealed that, as a consequence of a drastic reduction in the prevalence of stunting between 1992 to 2005, (22.5 to 11.4%) combined with an increase in overweight prevalence (6.7 to 9.3%), the prevalence of these two conditions in 2005 was very close. If these trends were maintained, it is very likely that, at this time, the childhood overweight prevalence has already exceeded that of the stunting. However, no study is available to confirm this hypothesis. The identification of these changes is relevant to the planning and evaluation of public policies. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, time trends and associated factors with stunting and overweight in children from Alagoas. METHODS: Independent cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in 1992 (n = 1231), 2005 (n = 1381) and 2015 (n = 988). Data were collected from probabilistic samples of children aged 0-60 months. Stunting was defined by stature-for-age < - 2 sd and overweight by weight-for-stature > 2 sd. RESULTS: Between 1992, 2005 and 2015, the stunting prevalence was 22.6, 11.2 and 3.2% (reduction of 85.8%), while the overweight prevalence was 6.9, 7.5 and 14.9% (increase of 115.9%), respectively. After multivariate analysis, the following positive associations with stunting were observed in 1992: age group > 24 months (28.3% vs 14.5%), mother with ≥2 children (28.8% vs 12.8%), low birth weight (28.3% vs 15.7%) and mother with low schooling (29.3% vs 7.2%). In 2015 there was a higher prevalence of stunting in males (4.2% vs 2.2%), in children < 24 months (4.6% vs 2.2%), with low birth weight (8.6% vs 3.0%) and in those who had mothers with low schooling (7.0% vs 2.6%). Regarding overweight, in 1992 there was higher prevalence for male (9.1% vs 4.7%) and in children whose mothers had ≤2 children (8.9% vs 5.8%), while in 2015 only birth weight >  4 kg was associated to overweight (27.3% vs 14.2%). CONCLUSIONS: During the analyzed period, there was a significant decrease in stunting prevalence. At the same time, a substantial increase was observed in the overweight prevalence. Currently, stunting is a problem of low magnitude, while overweight has become a worrying public health problem.

Alimentación saludable en preescolares: un tema de interés para la salud pública / Healthy eating in preschoolers: a topic of interest for public health

Diversos organismos internacionales reconocen a los problemas de desórdenes nutricionales como una problemática de salud que afecta a todo el mundo. La forma en que los seres humanos asumen su alimentación repercute en su disposición intrínseca ante las enfermedades, siendo particularmente impactante durante las etapas tempranas de la vida, sobre todo en edades prees-colares por su incidencia en el desarrollo del individuo. Alrededor de esta situación, los autores del manuscrito que se presenta realizaron un análisis epidemiológico y salubrista desde diferentes posicionamientos establecidos en la bibliografía que fue consultada.

Several international organizations recognize the problems of nutritional disorders as a health problem that affects the entire world. The way how human beings assume their food has an impact on their intrinsic disposition towards diseases, being particularly striking in the early stages of life, especially in pre-school age because of its impact on the development of the individual. About this situation, the authors of the manuscript carried out an epidemiological and salubrious analysis from different positions established in the reviewed literature.

Validation and Adaptation of the Spanish Version of the STRONGkids Nutrition Screening Tool.

BACKGROUND: The use of malnutrition screening tools (MSTs) among hospitalized pediatric patients is a simple practice that may allow the identification of patients at nutrition risk. There are different tools developed in the English language, but there are limited data available on their validity when translated into other languages. The aim of this study was to construct a Spanish version (SV) of the STRONGkids MST and determine its validity and reliability in a pediatric population. METHODS: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the tool was performed, followed by the reliability, feasibility, and validity of the SV of the STRONGkids MST. Anthropometric assessment was used as the reference standard to evaluate the criterion validity of the MST. The length of hospital stay was used to determine predictive validity. RESULTS: A total 400 children were included in the study, 90 of whom took part in the reliability phase. The interrater agreement between dietitians and nursing staff was kappa (κ) = 0.67, while the intrarater agreement among dietitians was κ = 0.82. The feasibility of the MST was adequate for clinical use. The results for criterion validity between STRONGkids and anthropometric assessment was κ = 0.56, and the criterion validity between STRONGkids and length of hospital stay was κ = 0.20. The sensitivity of the MST was 86% and the specificity was 72%. CONCLUSIONS: The SV of the MST showed good reliability and feasibility. The validity is moderate, and the MST could be considered a useful resource for early detection of malnutrition risk.

Association of nutritional support programs with zinc deficiency in Colombian children: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a key role in the immune, gastrointestinal, respiratory and nervous systems. In Colombia, a vast percentage of children live in low-income households with food insecurity and nutritional deficiencies, including zinc. In an effort to improve children's well-being, public health measures such as nutritional support programs that provide meals have targeted the poorest populations. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of nutritional support programs on zinc deficiency in Colombian children, while considering their wealth and food security. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using data from the 2010 Colombian National Nutrition Survey, a population-based study representative of Colombia. A total of 4275 children between 12 and 59 months of age were included in the study. Stepwise logistic regressions were modelled with SPSS, first for zinc deficiency on wealth and food security, then adding enrolment in a nutritional support program, and finally, adjusting for socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: A zinc deficiency prevalence of 49% was found. The adjusted models showed an association of wealth quintiles: very poor (OR = 1.48) and poor (OR = 1.39), food security (OR = 0.75) and enrolment in a nutritional support program (OR = 0.76) with zinc deficiency. Enrolment in nutritional programs did not modify the relationship of wealth and food security to zinc deficiency. CONCLUSION: Zinc deficiency is associated with wealth, food security and enrolment in nutritional support programs. Nutritional programs may be a good alternative against zinc deficiency, if they focus appropriately on the needs of children according to their wealth and food security.

Factors associated with the development of dental defects acquired in the extrauterine environment

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the association of sociodemographic, child health, healthcare service, and access indicators with developmental defects of enamel (DDE) acquired outside the uterus, based on gestational factors. A cohort of births was carried out, and 982 children aged 12 to 30 months were examined. A total of 1,500 women were followed up as of the 5th month of gestation, and the child's gestational age was evaluated at follow-up. The clinical examination was performed as recommended by the World Health Organization, and defects were classified using the modified DDE index. Six models were considered: presence of DDE (Model 1) or opacities (Model 4), number of teeth with DDE (Model 2) or opacities (Model 5), and incidence rate of DDE (Model 3) or opacities (Model 6). Associations were estimated by relative risk (RR) in Poisson regression models. In the adjusted analysis, the mother's lowest education level was associated with the highest occurrence of DDE in Models 1 (RR = 26.43; p = 0.002), 2 (RR = 9.70; p = 0.009), and 3 (RR = 5.63; p = 0.047). Breastfeeding for over 12 months (RR = 0.45; p = 0.030) and recent use of anti-infection drugs (RR = 0.20; p = 0.039) had a protective effect on DDE (Model 1). The factors associated with the highest incidence of opacities were not having health insurance (RR = 2.00; p = 0.043) (Model 5), and belonging to a family of poor social class (RR = 4.67; p = 0.007) (Model 6). Children in a situation of socioeconomic vulnerability have a higher risk of presenting extrauterine DDE. Breastfeeding was a protection factor for DDE development.

Perfil nutricional de crianças no estado do Maranhão / Nutrition profile of children in Maranhão state

RESUMO: Introdução: O combate à má nutrição está entre os maiores desafios de saúde e precisa ser norteado conforme a realidade de cada região. Estudos que avaliem o estado nutricional são imprescindíveis para embasar intervenções, principalmente em crianças. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) no Maranhão. Método: Estudo transversal com crianças de 6 a 59 meses, de uma amostra do tipo probabilística e estratificada, representativa para o estado. Foram coletadas, por entrevistas, as variáveis "idade da criança", "sexo", "situação do domicílio" e "classificação de Insegurança Alimentar" (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar). Foi realizado o cálculo dos valores de escore z (Z) de estatura para a idade, peso para a estatura e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) para a idade. Oestado nutricional foi classificado segundo as normas do Ministério da Saúde. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados métodos estatísticos de correlação. Resultados: Das 956 crianças, 9,6% apresentaram estatura baixa ou muito baixa. Segundo o Z de IMC, o excesso de peso foi observado em 23,2% das crianças. As crianças da zona rural têm média Z de estatura e de IMC menor. No total, 70,4% das crianças apresentaram situação de insegurança alimentar, com correlação inversa com a estatura (r: -0,15; p < 0,0001) e sem correlação com o Z de IMC (r: -0,05; p = 0,09). Conclusão: A desnutrição crônica ainda pode ser considerada um problema de saúde pública no Maranhão, a despeito da transição nutricional que já ocorre nessas famílias.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Combating malnutrition is among the greatest health challenges and needs to be guided by the reality of each region. Studies that assess nutritional status are essential to support interventions, especially in children. Objective: To analyze the nutritional status of under-five children attended by the family health strategyin the state of Maranhao. Method: Cross-sectional study with children of a sample of probabilistic and stratified representative for the state, six to 59 months. The variables age of the child, gender, household situation and Food Insecurity (Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity) classification were collected through interviews. The z-score (Z) values ​of height for age, weight for height and Body Mass Index (BMI) for age were calculated.Thenutritional status of the children was classified according to the norms of the Ministry of Health. Statistical methods of correlation were used to analyze the data. Results: Of the 956 children, 9.6% had low or very low height for age. According to the BMI for age overweight was observed in 23.2% of children. The rural children have on average less height and body mass index Z. In total 70.4% of children were food insecure with inverse correlation with height-for-age Z (r = -0,15, p < 0,0001) and no correlation with BMI z score for age (r = -0,05, p= 0,09). Conclusion: Chronic malnutrition can still be considered a public health problem despite the nutritional transition that already occurs in these families.

Nutrición en el paciente pediátrico con enfermedades oncohematológicas / Nutrition in the pediatric patient suffering from oncohematological diseases

RESUMEN Introducción: una de las principales consecuencias de las enfermedades oncohematológicas es la aparición de desnutrición. Un estado nutricional subóptimo implica un empeoramiento de la calidad de vida del niño y una menor tasa de supervivencia lo que indica la necesidad de un mayor conocimiento por los pediatras y médicos de familia de los principios básicos sobre el tema. Objetivo: describir los aspectos relacionados con el manejo nutricional de los pacientes en edades pediátricas con enfermedades oncohematológicas. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de los principales artículos científicos de los últimos años, así como de la literatura impresa que incluye el tema, siendo seleccionados los contenidos más relevantes para la confección del informe final y contribuir a su utilización por los médicos que atienden estos enfermos. Resultados: el soporte nutricional especializado está indicado en pacientes con desnutrición, ingesta oral inferior al 70 % de sus requerimientos nutricionales durante tres días consecutivos y pacientes con complicaciones que comprometan el estado nutricional. Los tipos de soporte nutricional son la dieta oral, suplementación nutricional y nutrición artificial. La alimentación saludable aporta a cada individuo todos los alimentos necesarios para cubrir sus necesidades nutricionales, en las diferentes etapas de la vida. Conclusiones: La terapia nutricional aplicada al paciente oncológico consiste en corregir, tratar o prevenir los desequilibrios/carencias nutricionales con macronutrientes y micronutrientes, administrando fluidos, electrolitos y/o aplicando la nutrición parenteral o enteral, con el objetivo de mejorar el estado nutricional y la calidad de vida de los pacientes malnutridos o con riesgo de desnutrición.

ABSTRACT Introduction: one of the main consequences of oncohematological diseases is the appearance of malnutrition. A suboptimal nutritional status implies a worsening of the quality of life of child and a lower survival rate which indicates the need for increasing knowledge by pediatricians and family doctors of the basic principles that support the area under discussion. Objective: to describe the aspects related to the nutritional management of pediatric patients suffering from oncohematological diseases. Methods: a search of the main scientific articles published during the last years was performed, as well as of the printed literature that includes the topic, the most relevant contents for the preparation of the final report were revised, in order to contribute to the doctors who attend these sick children. Results: specialized nutritional support is indicated in patients with malnutrition, oral intake less than 70 % of their nutritional requirements for three consecutive days, and patients with complications that compromise their nutritional status. The types of nutritional support are oral diet, nutritional supplementation and artificial nutrition. Healthy eating provides each individual with all the necessary food to cover their nutritional needs in different stages of life. Conclusions: the nutrition therapy applied to cancer patients consists of correcting, treating or preventing imbalances, nutritional deficiencies with macronutrients and micronutrients, fluids intake, electrolytes and the application of parenteral or enteral nutrition, all these steps are aimed at improving the nutritional status and the quality of life of malnourished patients or at risk of malnutrition.

Déficit estatural infantil em beneficiários do programa bolsa família: análise dos determinantes sociais e da evolução da desigualdade no Brasil / Child stunting in beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família program: analysis of social determinants and the evolution of inequality in Brazil

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar as desigualdades sociais e a associação entre condições de vida e a baixa estatura infantil em beneficiários de um programa de transferência de renda brasileiro. Trata-se de estudo desenvolvido a partir de três desenhos diferentes, que se utilizaram de dados secundários disponibilizados pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) e do Atlas de Desenvolvimento Humano do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). Considerou-se como variável dependente o déficit estatural infantil nos beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), as variáveis independentes estavam relacionadas às condições de vida e oferta de serviços de saúde nos 5570 municípios brasileiros. Foram utilizados indicadores relacionados às condições educacionais, socioeconômicas, sanitárias e de desenvolvimento municipal, referentes aos anos de 2009 a 2012. Para a análise dos determinantes, foi realizada a análise bivariada pelo teste de independência χ², estimada a razão de prevalência não ajustada e ajustada, e constituído um modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson. A dependência espacial do déficit estatural foi verificada pelo Índice Moran Global e a correlação espacial com as variáveis independentes foi obtida pelo Índice de Moran bivariado. Para a análise das modificações nas desigualdades sociais foram calculados o Coeficiente Angular de Desigualdade e o Índice Relativo de Desigualdade. Para todos os testes foi adotado um nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que a chance de maior prevalência de déficit estatural foi superior nos municípios que apresentaram indicador socioeconômico baixo (RP 1,43; 95% IC 1,25­1,64) e menor para priorização da atenção primária baixa (0,78; 0,70­0,87). A dependência espacial no déficit estatural foi observada (I=0,52; p=0,010), com predominância de altas prevalências nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Houve redução na prevalência da baixa estatura e melhora nos indicadores socioeconômicos, com diminuição das desigualdades absolutas e relativas ao longo do período estudado. Como principais conclusões dos três estudos, ficaram evidentes a redução nas desigualdades socioeconômicas durante o período analisado, a forte determinação social e a dependência espacial do déficit estatural em crianças beneficiárias do PBF (AU).

This study aimed to identify social inequalities and the associations between life conditions and child stunting on beneficiaries of a Brazilian cash transfer program. It was developed from three different designs, using secondary data from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian National Health System (DATASUS, from the Portuguese acronym) and from the Brazilian division of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The dependent variable was child stunting in beneficiaries of the Brazilian cash transfer program called "Programa Bolsa Família (PBF)" and the independent variables were those related to life conditions and public health services characteristics in the 5570 Brazilian municipalities, especially indicators for educational and socioeconomic status, sanitation, income inequality and human development, from 2009 to 2012. Regarding the analysis of determinants, it was initially performed a bivariate analysis using Chi-square test, followed by the estimation of adjusted Prevalence Ratios through the Poisson Regression modelling. The spatial dependence of child stunting prevalence was assessed by the Global Moran Index and the spatial correlation was verified by the Bivariate Moran Index. In order to assess the modifications in social inequalities between 2009 and 2012, the Slope Index of Inequality and the Relative Index of Inequality were calculated. For all tests, the significance threshold adopted was 5%. Results showed that the probability of having a high prevalence of child stunting was higher in those municipalities with low socioeconomic indicators (PR 1.43; 95% CI 1.25­1.64) and higher prioritization of Primary Health Care (0.78; 0.70­0.87). It was observed spatial dependence in the distribution of child stunting (I=0.52; p=0.010), with higher prevalence in North and Northeast regions. It was observed reduction in the prevalence of child stunting and an improvement in socioeconomic indicators, followed by a decrease in the absolute and relative inequalities over the period (2009 to 2012). In conclusion, the child stunting in Brazil showed a significant reduction in the inequalities, a strong evidence of the social determination and a spatial dependence, when analyzed in children beneficiaries of the "Bolsa Família" program (AU).

Cómo intervenir y prevenir el retraso del crecimiento en niños menores de cinco años de hogares incluidos en el Sisbén de Caldas / How to intervene and prevent stunting of children from homes belonging to the Sisbén in Caldas

Resumen Introducción. El retraso del crecimiento o la desnutrición crónica (baja estatura para la edad) indica un fracaso en el logro del potencial genético con el que nacemos. Objetivo. Estimar modelos predictivos de retraso del crecimiento en hogares con menores de cinco años en el departamento de Caldas, inscritos en el Sistema de Identificación de Potenciales Beneficiarios de Programas Sociales (Sisbén). Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio analítico en todos los hogares (N=56.987) incluidos en la base de datos del Sisbén III con presencia de menores de cinco años (N=33.244). Las variables estudiadas fueron las características demográficas y socioeconómicas, el acceso a la salud, la vivienda, la pobreza, la educación, el mercado laboral y el retraso del crecimiento. El análisis multivariado se realizó en dos fases: en la primera, se llevó a cabo un análisis exploratorio en los hogares mediante un análisis de clasificación jerárquica (conglomerado) y, luego, se estimó un modelo no lineal predictivo (probit) con el retraso del crecimiento como variable dependiente. Resultados. La mayor proporción de retraso del crecimiento en los menores de cinco años se encontró en la subregión Centro Sur, en la cabecera municipal y en los hogares con ingresos menores de USD$65 mensuales. Conclusión. La pobreza de los hogares caldenses con jefatura femenina en los que viven los menores de cinco años inscritos en el Sisbén, es el mayor predictor de su retraso en el crecimiento.

Abstract Introduction: Growth retardation or chronic malnutrition (low height for age) indicates a failure in the natural genetic potential that allows us to growth. Objective: To estimate predictive models of growth retardation in households with children younger than five years in the department of Caldas and registered in the identification system of potential beneficiaries of social programs ( Sistema de Identificación de Potenciales Beneficiarios de Programas Sociales, Sisbén ). Materials and methods: We conducted an analytical study in all households (N=56,987) included in the Sisbén III database with the presence of children younger than five years (N=33,244). The variables under study were demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health service access, housing, poverty, education, job market, and growth retardation. The multivariate analysis was done in two phases: first, an exploratory analysis of households using hierarchical classification (cluster), then estimation of a nonlinear predictive model (probit) with growth retardation as the dependent variable. Results. The largest proportion of growth retardation in children younger than five years was found in southcentral Caldas, in urban centers, and households with monthly income lower than USD$ 65. Conclusion. Poverty in Caldas women-headed households with children younger than five years registered in the Sisbén was the main predictor of growth retardation.