Anesthetic management of a patient with multiple sclerosis - case report / Controle anestésico de paciente com esclerose múltipla - relato de caso

Abstract Background and objectives: Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, characterized by muscle weakness, cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, and personality disorders. Factors that promote disease exacerbation are stress, physical trauma, infection, surgery, and hyperthermia. The objective is to describe the anesthetic management of a case referred to urological surgery. Case report: A female patient, 44 years of age, with multiple sclerosis, diagnosed with nephrolithiasis, referred for endoscopic ureterolythotripsy. Balanced general anesthesia was chosen, with midazolam, propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion; sevoflurane via laryngeal mask airway; and spontaneous ventilation. Because the patient had respiratory difficulty presenting with chest wall rigidity, it was decided to discontinue the infusion of remifentanil. There was no other complication or exacerbation of disease postoperatively. Conclusion: The use of neuromuscular blockers (depolarizing and non-depolarizing) is a problem in these patients. As there was no need for muscle relaxation in this case, muscle relaxants were omitted. We conclude that the combination of propofol and sevoflurane was satisfactory, not resulting in hemodynamic instability or disease exacerbation.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Esclerose múltipla é doença desmielinizante do cérebro e da medula espinhal, caracterizada por fraqueza muscular, disfunção cognitiva, perda da memória, alterações de personalidade. Fatores que promovem exacerbação da doença são estresse, trauma físico, infecções, cirurgias, hipertermia. O objetivo é descrever a abordagem anestésica de um caso encaminhado a cirurgia urológica. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 44 anos, portadora de esclerose múltipla, com o diagnóstico de nefrolitíase, é encaminhada a ureterolitotripsia endoscópica. Optou-se por anestesia geral balanceada com midazolam, propofol e remifentanil em infusão alvo-controlada, sevoflurano sob máscara laríngea e ventilação espontânea. Tendo apresentado dificuldade ventilatória por tórax rígido, optou-se por interromper a infusão de remifentanil. Não se registraram outras intercorrências nem exacerbação da doença no pós-operatório. Conclusão: O uso de bloqueadores neuromusculares (tanto despolarizantes como não-despolarizantes) constitui um problema nestes pacientes. Como não havia necessidade de relaxamento muscular neste caso, eles foram omitidos. Concluímos que a associação de propofol e sevoflurano foi satisfatória, não resultando em instabilidade hemodinâmica nem exacerbação da doença.

Anesthetic management of a patient with multiple sclerosis - case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, characterized by muscle weakness, cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, and personality disorders. Factors that promote disease exacerbation are stress, physical trauma, infection, surgery, and hyperthermia. The objective is to describe the anesthetic management of a case referred to urological surgery. CASE REPORT: A female patient, 44 years of age, with multiple sclerosis, diagnosed with nephrolithiasis, referred for endoscopic ureterolythotripsy. Balanced general anesthesia was chosen, with midazolam, propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion; sevoflurane via laryngeal mask airway; and spontaneous ventilation. Because the patient had respiratory difficulty presenting with chest wall rigidity, it was decided to discontinue the infusion of remifentanil. There was no other complication or exacerbation of disease postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The use of neuromuscular blockers (depolarizing and non-depolarizing) is a problem in these patients. As there was no need for muscle relaxation in this case, muscle relaxants were omitted. We conclude that the combination of propofol and sevoflurane was satisfactory, not resulting in hemodynamic instability or disease exacerbation.

[Anesthetic management of a patient with multiple sclerosis - case report]. / Controle anestésico de paciente com esclerose múltipla - relato de caso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, characterized by muscle weakness, cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, and personality disorders. Factors that promote disease exacerbation are stress, physical trauma, infection, surgery, hyperthermia. The objective is to describe the anesthetic management of a case referred to urological surgery. CASE REPORT: A female patient, 44 years of age, with multiple sclerosis, diagnosed with nephrolithiasis, referred for endoscopic ureterolythotripsy. Balanced general anesthesia was chosen, with midazolam, propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion; sevoflurane via laryngeal mask airway; and spontaneous ventilation. Because the patient had respiratory difficulty presenting with chest wall rigidity, it was decided to discontinue the infusion of remifentanil. There was no other complication or exacerbation of disease postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The use of neuromuscular blockers (depolarizing and non-depolarizing) is a problem in these patients. As there was no need for muscle relaxation in this case, muscle relaxants were omitted. We conclude that the combination of propofol and sevoflurane was satisfactory, not resulting in hemodynamic instability or disease exacerbation.

Robotic prostatectomy: the anesthetist's view for robotic urological surgeries, a prospective study / Prostatectomia robótica: análise anestesiológica de cirurgias urológicas robóticas: estudo prospectivo / Prostatectomía robótica: análisis anestesiológico de cirugías urológicas robóticas, un estudio prospectivo

Background and objectives: Although many features of robotic prostatectomy are similar to those of conventional laparoscopic urological procedures (such as laparoscopic prostatectomy), the procedure is associated with some drawbacks, which include limited intravenous access, relatively long operating time, deep Trendelenburg position, and high intra-abdominal pressure. The primary aim was to describe respiratory and hemodynamic challenges and the complications related to high intra-abdominal pressure and the deep Trendelenburg position in robotic prostatectomy patients. The secondary aim was to reveal safe discharge criteria from the operating room. Methods: Fifty-three patients who underwent robotic prostatectomy between December 2009 and January 2011 were prospectively enrolled. Main outcome measures were non-invasive monitoring, invasive monitoring and blood gas analysis performed at supine (T0), Trendelenburg (T1), Trendelenburg + pneumoperitoneum (T2), Trendelenburg-before desufflation (T3), Trendelenburg (after desufflation) (T4), and supine (T5) positions. Results: Fifty-three robotic prostatectomy patients were included in the study. The main clinical challenge in our study group was the choice of ventilation strategy to manage respiratory acidosis, which is detected through end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure and blood gas analysis. Furthermore, the mean arterial pressure remained unchanged, the heart rate decreased significantly and required intervention. The central venous pressure values were also above the normal limits. Conclusion: Respiratory acidosis and "upper airway obstruction-like" clinical symptoms were the main challenges associated with robotic prostatectomy procedures during this study. .

Justificativa e objetivos: Embora muitas características da prostatectomia robótica sejam semelhantes àquelas de laparoscopias urológicas convencionais (como a prostatectomia por laparoscopia), o procedimento está associado a alguns inconvenientes, incluindo acesso intravenoso limitado, tempo cirúrgico relativamente longo, posição de Trendelenburg profunda e pressão intra-abdominal alta. O objetivo principal foi descrever as alterações respiratória e hemodinâmica e as complicações relacionadas à pressão intra-abdominal elevada e à posição de Trendelenburg profunda em pacientes submetidos à prostatectomia robótica. O objetivo secundário foi revelar critérios seguros de alta do centro cirúrgico. Métodos: Foram inscritos prospectivamente 53 pacientes submetidos à prostatectomia robótica entre dezembro de 2009 e janeiro de 2011. As medidas de desfecho primário foram: monitoramento não invasivo, monitoramento invasivo e gasometria feita em decúbito dorsal (T0), Trendelenburg (T1), Trendelenburg + pneumoperitônio (T2), Trendelenburg pré-desinsuflação (T3), Trendelenburg pós-desinsuflação (T4) e posições supinas (T5). Resultados: O principal desafio clínico em nosso grupo de estudo foi a escolha da estratégia de ventilação para controlar a acidose respiratória, que é detectada por meio da pressão de dióxido de carbono expirado e da gasometria. Além disso, a pressão arterial média permaneceu inalterada e a frequência cardíaca diminuiu significativamente e precisou de intervenção. Os valores da pressão venosa central também estavam acima dos limites normais. Conclusão: A acidose respiratória e sintomas clínicos "semelhantes à obstrução ...

Justificación y objetivos: Aunque muchas características de la prostatectomía robótica sean similares a las de las laparoscopias urológicas convencionales (como la prostatectomía laparoscópica), el procedimiento está asociado con algunos inconvenientes, incluyendo el acceso intravenoso limitado, tiempo quirúrgico relativamente largo, posición de Trendelenburg profunda y presión intraabdominal alta. El objetivo principal fue describir las alteraciones respiratorias y hemodinámicas y las complicaciones relacionadas con la presión intraabdominal elevada y con la posición de Trendelenburg profunda en pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía robótica. El objetivo secundario fue revelar criterios seguros de alta del quirófano. Métodos: Cincuenta y tres pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía robótica entre diciembre de 2009 y enero de 2011 fueron incluidos en un estudio prospectivo. Las principales medidas de resultado fueron: monitorización no invasiva, monitorización invasiva y gasometría realizada en decúbito dorsal (T0), Trendelenburg (T1), Trendelenburg + neumoperitoneo (T2), Trendelenburg predesinsuflación (T3), Trendelenburg posdesinsuflación (T4) y posiciones supinas (T5). Resultados: Cincuenta y tres pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía robótica fueron incluidos en el estudio. El principal reto clínico en nuestro grupo de estudio fue la elección de la estrategia de ventilación para controlar la acidosis respiratoria, que es detectada por medio de la presión de dióxido de carbono espirado y la gasometría. Además, la presión arterial media permaneció inalterada, y la frecuencia cardíaca disminuyó significativamente y fue necesario intervenir. Los valores de la presión venosa central también estaban por encima de los límites normales. ...

[Robotic prostatectomy: The anesthetist's view for robotic urological surgeries, a prospective study]. / Prostatectomia robótica: análise anestesiológica de cirurgias urológicas robóticas: estudo prospectivo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although many features of robotic prostatectomy are similar to those of conventional laparoscopic urological procedures (such as laparoscopic prostatectomy), the procedure is associated with some drawbacks, which include limited intravenous access, relatively long operating time, deep Trendelenburg position, and high intra-abdominal pressure. The primary aim was to describe respiratory and hemodynamic challenges and the complications related to high intra-abdominal pressure and the deep Trendelenburg position in robotic prostatectomy patients. The secondary aim was to reveal safe discharge criteria from the operating room. METHODS: Fifty-three patients who underwent robotic prostatectomy between December 2009 and January 2011 were prospectively enrolled. Main outcome measures were non-invasive monitoring, invasive monitoring and blood gas analysis performed at supine (T0), Trendelenburg (T1), Trendelenburg + pneumoperitoneum (T2), Trendelenburg-before desufflation (T3), Trendelenburg (after desufflation) (T4), and supine (T5) positions. RESULTS: Fifty-three robotic prostatectomy patients were included in the study. The main clinical challenge in our study group was the choice of ventilation strategy to manage respiratory acidosis, which is detected through end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure and blood gas analysis. Furthermore, the mean arterial pressure remained unchanged, the heart rate decreased significantly and required intervention. The central venous pressure values were also above the normal limits. CONCLUSION: Respiratory acidosis and "upper airway obstruction-like" clinical symptoms were the main challenges associated with robotic prostatectomy procedures during this study.

Laparoscopic-assisted prepubic urethrostomy in a cat with urethral stenosis / Uretrostomia pré-púbica videoassistida em um felino com estenose uretral

Urethrostomy is a surgical technique used in cases of partial or total obstruction of the urethra, and the laparoscopic approach may be a treatment option. Due to the scarcity of studies involving the technique, this paper reports the case of laparoscopic-assisted pre-pubic urethrostomy (hybrid laparoscopic) in a cat with urethral stricture. A five-years-old cat presenting recurrent feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) had undergone to perineal urethrostomy two years and nine months ago. After this procedure, the patient underwent another four corrective surgeries without success. Laboratory tests (blood count and biochemical) and image diagnosis were realized. The patient was subjected to laparoscopic-assisted pre-pubic urethrostomy and it was achieved therapeutic success and adequate patient quality of life. It is concluded that this technique is feasible and safe in cats, making it a possible choice of surgical treatment for urethral stricture.(AU)

A uretrostomia é técnica cirúrgica utilizada em casos de obstrução parcial ou total da uretra, e na abordagem laparoscópica pode ser uma opção de tratamento. Devido à escassez de estudos envolvendo essa técnica, este trabalho relata o caso de uretrostomia pré-púbica videoassistida (laparoscópica híbrida) em um felino com estenose uretral. O paciente de cinco anos de idade apresentando histórico de doença do trato urinário inferior dos felinos (DTUIF) recorrente, havia sido submetido a uretrostomia perineal há dois anos e nove meses. Depois desse procedimento, o paciente passou por mais quatro cirurgias corretivas sem sucesso. Após realização de exames laboratoriais (hemograma e bioquímicos) e de imagem, o animal foi submetido a uretrostomia pré-púbica laparoscópica híbrida, obtendo-se sucesso terapêutico e possibilitando ao paciente adequada qualidade de vida. Conclui-se que esta técnica é viável e segura em gatos, tornando-a uma possível escolha de tratamento cirúrgico para estenose uretral.(AU)

Raquianestesia com dose baixa da combinação de bupivacaína e fentanil: uma boa alternativa para a cirurgia de ressecção transuretral de próstata em pacientes idosos em regime ambulatorial / Spinal anesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine-fentanyl combination: a good alternative for day case transurethral resection of prostrate surgery in geriatric patients / Raquianestesia con baja dosis de la combinación de bupivacaina y fentanilo: una buena alternativa para la cirugía de resección transuretral de próstata en pacientes ancianos en régimen ambulatorial

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a eficácia, a duração do bloqueio, a permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestesia e os efeitos adversos do uso por via intratecal de doses baixas de bupivacaína em combinação com fentanil e compará-los com a dose convencional de prilocaína e fentanil em cirurgia de ressecção transuretral de próstata em pacientes idosos em regime ambulatorial. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram randomicamente designados 60 pacientes para dois grupos: o Grupo B recebeu 4 mg de bupivacaína a 0,5% + 25 µg de fentanil e o Grupo P recebeu 50 mg de prilocaína a 2% + 25 µg de fentanil intratecal. Qualidade e duração dos bloqueios, tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e efeitos adversos foram comparados. RESULTADOS: A duração do bloqueio e o tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica foram menores no Grupo B do que no Grupo P (p < 0,001 para ambos). Hipotensão e bradicardia não foram observadas no Grupo B, que foi significativamente diferente do Grupo P (p = 0,024, p = 0,011, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: A administração intratecal de 4 mg de bupivacaína + 25 µg de fentanil forneceu raquianestesia adequada com menos tempo de duração do bloqueio e de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica com perfil hemodinâmico estável comparado à administração intratecal de 50 mg de prilocaína + 25 µg de fentanil para cirurgia de ressecção transuretral de próstata em pacientes idosos em regime ambulatorial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effectiveness, block duration, postanesthesia care unit stay and adverse effects of using intrathecal low dose bupivacaine and fentanyl combination and compared with conventional dose prilocaine and fentanyl combination for day case transurethral resection of prostate surgery in geriatric patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were randomized into two groups with Group B receiving 4 mg bupivacine 0.5% + 25 µg fentanyl and Group P receiving 50 mg prilocaine 2% + 25 µg fentanyl intrathecal. Block quality and duration, postanesthesia care unit stay and adverse effects were compared. RESULTS: Block durations and postanesthesia care unit stay were shorter in Group B than in Group P (p < 0.001 in both). Hypotension and bradycardia were not seen in Group B which was significantly different than in Group P (p = 0.024 and p = 0.011 respectively). CONCLUSION: Intrathecal 4 mg bupivacaine + 25 µg fentanyl provided adequate spinal anesthesia with shorter block duration and postanesthesia care unit stay with stable hemodynamic profile than intrathecal 50 mg prilocaine + 25 µg fentanyl for day case transurethral resection of prostate surgery in geriatric patients.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la eficacia, la duración del bloqueo, la permanencia en la sala de recuperación postanestésica y los efectos adversos del uso por vía intratecal de dosis bajas de bupivacaina en combinación con el Fentanilo, y compararlos con la dosis convencional de prilocaína y Fentanilo en cirugía de resección transuretral de próstata en pacientes ancianos en régimen ambulatorial. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Fueron designados aleatoriamente 60 pacientes para dos grupos: el Grupo B que recibió 4 mg de bupivacaina al 0,5% + 25 µg de Fentanilo y el Grupo P que recibió 50 mg de prilocaína al 2% + 25 µg de Fentanilo intratecal. Se compararon la calidad y la duración de los bloqueos, el tiempo de permanencia en la sala de recuperación postanestésica y los efectos adversos. RESULTADOS: La duración del bloqueo y el tiempo de permanencia en la sala de recuperación postanestesia fueron menores en el Grupo B que en el Grupo P (p < 0,001 para ambos). La hipotensión y la bradicardia no se observaron en el Grupo B, que fue significativamente diferente del Grupo P (p = 0,024, p = 0,011, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: La administración intratecal de 4 mg de bupivacaina + 25 µg de Fentanilo produjo una raquianestesia adecuada con menos tiempo de duración del bloqueo y permanencia en la sala de recuperación postanestésica, con el perfil hemodinámico estable que la administración intratecal de 50 mg de prilocaína + 25 µg de Fentanilo para la cirugía de resección transuretral de próstata en pacientes ancianos en régimen ambulatorial.