Mass Spectrometric Study of the Most Common Potential Migrants Extractible from the Inner Coatings of Metallic Beverage Cans.

Population exposure to endocrine disrupting chemical- bisphenols, which are used commonly in food containers and drinking water pipes in Europe, is above acceptable health and safety levels, according to updated research data. In order to evaluate the most abundant potential migrants in canned sweetened beverages marketed in Poland, we performed the HPLC-MS screening test of the migrants present in the can coating material. The analyzed samples represented the three top-ranked companies of the global soft drink market; it is reasonable to assume that the obtained data are of global validity. The tested can coatings and beverages contained bisphenols conjugates such as five butoxyethanol (BuOEtOH) adducts with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), one butoxyethanol adduct with bisphenol A monoglycidyl ether (BAMGE), and cyclo-di-BADGE. The performed HPLC-MS/MS analysis in the MRM mode enabled evaluation of the concentrations of the detected conjugates in canned beverages which were found to be very low, namely at the level of 1 µg/L. On the other hand, the high consumption of canned beverages may yield a risk associated with the presence of these compounds in the diet. The subsequent HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS experiments allowed, for the first time, a detailed determination of the fragmentation pathways of the detected migrants as well as detection of the isomers of the two migrants, namely BADGE + BuOEtOH and BADGE + BuOEtOH + HCl.

Oligoester Identification in the Inner Coatings of Metallic Cans by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Cone Voltage-Induced Fragmentation.

The application of polyesters as food contact materials is an alternative to epoxy resin coatings, which can be a source of endocrine migrants. By using high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) with cone voltage-induced fragmentation in-source, a number of polyester-derived migrants were detected in the extracts of inner coatings of metallic cans. The polyester-derived migrants were detected in each inner coating of fish product-containing cans (5/5) and in one inner coating of meat product-containing can (1/5). They were not detected in the inner coatings of vegetable/fruit product-containing cans (10 samples). The respective detected parent and product ions enabled differentiation between cyclic and linear compounds, as well as unambiguous identification of diol and diacid units. Most of the detected compounds, cyclic and linear, were composed of neopentyl glycol as diol and two diacid comonomers, namely isophthalic acid and hexahydrophthalic acid. The other detected oligoesters were composed of neopentyl glycol or propylene glycol and adipic acid/isophthalic acid as comonomers. The compounds containing propylene glycol as diol were found to be exclusively linear cooligoesters. On the basis of abundances of [M+Na]+ ions, the relative contents of cyclic and linear oligoesters were evaluated.

Development of Biological Coating from Novel Halophilic Exopolysaccharide Exerting Shelf-Life-Prolonging and Biocontrol Actions for Post-Harvest Applications.

The literature presents the preserving effect of biological coatings developed from various microbial sources. However, the presented work exhibits its uniqueness in the utilization of halophilic exopolysaccharides as food coating material. Moreover, such extremophilic exopolysaccharides are more stable and economical production is possible. Consequently, the aim of the presented research was to develop a coating material from marine exopolysaccharide (EPS). The significant EPS producers having antagonistic attributes against selected phytopathogens were screened from different marine water and soil samples. TSIS01 isolate revealed the maximum antagonism well and EPS production was selected further and characterized as Bacillus tequilensis MS01 by 16S rRNA analysis. EPS production was optimized and deproteinized EPS was assessed for biophysical properties. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis revealed that EPS was a heteropolymer of glucose, galactose, mannose, and glucuronic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-visible spectra validated the presence of determined sugars. It showed high stability at a wide range of temperatures, pH and incubation time, ≈1.63 × 106 Da molecular weight, intermediate solubility index (48.2 ± 3.12%), low water holding capacity (12.4 ± 1.93%), and pseudoplastic rheologic shear-thinning comparable to xanthan gum. It revealed antimicrobial potential against human pathogens and antioxidants as well as anti-inflammatory potential. The biocontrol assay of EPS against phytopathogens revealed the highest activity against Alternaria solani. The EPS-coated and control tomato fruits were treated with A. solani suspension to check the % disease incidence, which revealed a significant (p < 0.001) decline compared to uncoated controls. Moreover, it revealed shelf-life prolonging action on tomatoes comparable to xanthan gum and higher than chitosan. Consequently, the presented marine EPS was elucidated as a potent coating material to mitigate post-harvest losses.

Antibiofilm Properties and Demineralization Suppression in Early Enamel Lesions Using Dental Coating Materials.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dental coating materials on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. The test materials were PRG Barrier Coat (PRG), BioCoat Ca (BioC), and FluorDental Jelly (FluorJ). Bovine enamel specimens were demineralized to mimic early enamel lesions. The biofilm was developed on a specimen treated with one of the materials by using a modified Robbins device flow-cell system. Scanning electron and fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, viable and total cell counts, and gene expression assessments of the antibiofilm were performed. Ion incorporation was analyzed using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy electron probe microanalyzer. All materials allowed biofilm formation but reduced its volume. FluorJ was the only material that inhibited biofilm accumulation and had a bactericidal effect, revealing 0.66 log CFU in viable cells and 1.23 log copy reduction in total cells compared with the untreated group after 24 h of incubation. The ions released from PRG varied depending on the element. BioC contributed to enamel remineralization by supplying calcium ions while blocking the acid produced from the biofilm. In summary, the dental coating materials physically prevented acid attacks from the biofilm while providing ions to the enamel to improve its mechanical properties.

Graphene-Based Coatings for Surface Modification and Their Applications in Fixed Orthodontics: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Surface coating technology can assist fixed appliances by reducing friction, improving antibacterial characteristics, and increasing corrosion resistance. The application of functional coatings composed of graphene onto the surfaces of orthodontic brackets and archwires has been shown to enhance their mechanical qualities. The objective of the current study was to carry out a scoping analysis of published recent evidence on the utilization of graphene as a covering material in metallic orthodontic accessories, such as brackets and archwires; Methods: A scoping review was undertaken following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Dentistry and Oral Science Source, and Google Scholar were searched between 2003 and 2023; Results: In total, 38 potential references were detected, from which 10 were selected for this review. These articles addressed the benefits of the application of graphene-oxide functional coatings onto the surface of archwires and brackets during fixed orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic graphene-oxide-based coatings provide improved surface characteristics (e.g., reduced friction and anticorrosive effects), antibacterial capabilities, and biocompatibility. These characteristics can increase the effectiveness of orthodontic therapy, improve patient comfort, and lower the likelihood of problems; Conclusion: Orthodontists should be aware of and comprehend the prerequisites for using graphene-oxide-coated archwires and brackets to fulfill needs throughout their clinical practice.

Recommended Values for the Hydrophobicity and Mechanical Properties of Coating Materials Usable for Preparing Controlled-Release Fertilizers.

The hydrophobicity and mechanical properties of coating materials and the nitrogen (N) release rates of 11 kinds of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) were determined in this study. The results show that the N release periods of the CRFs had negative correlations with the water absorption (WA) of the coating materials (y = 166.06x-1.24, r = 0.986), while they were positively correlated with the water contact angle (WCA) and elongation at break (EB) (y = 37.28x0.18, r = 0.701; y = -19.42 + 2.57x, r = 0.737). According to the fitted functional equation, CRFs that could fulfil the N release period of 30 days had a coating material WA < 2.4%, WCA > 68.8°, and EB > 57.7%. The recommended values for a CRF that can fulfil the N release period of 30 days are WA < 3.0%, WCA > 60.0°, and EB > 30.0% in the coating materials. CRFs with different nutrient release periods can be designed according to the recommended values to meet the needs of different crops. Furthermore, our experiments have illustrated that the N release period target of 30 days can be reached for modified sulfur-coated fertilizers (MSCFs) by improving their mechanical properties.

Tackling fat, oil, and grease (FOG) build-up in sewers: Insights into deposit formation and sustainable in-sewer management techniques.

The increasing global demand for fatty products, population growth, and the expansion of food service establishments (FSEs) present significant challenges for the wastewater industry. This is often due to the build-up of fat, oil and grease (FOG) in sewers, which reduces capacity and leads to sanitary sewer overflows. It is crucial to develop economic and sustainable in-sewer FOG management techniques to minimise maintenance costs and service disruptions caused by the removal of FOG deposits from sewers. This study aims to understand the process of FOG deposit formation in both concrete and non-concrete sewers. Compared to fresh cooking oil, disposal of used cooking oil in households and FSE sinks results in the formation of highly adhesive and viscous FOG deposits. This occurs due to hydrolysis during frying, which increases the concentration of fatty acids, particularly palmitic acid, in the used cooking oil. Furthermore, metal ions from food waste, wastewater, and dishwashing detergents contribute to the saponification and aggregation reactions which cause FOG deposition in both concrete and non-concrete sewers. However, the leaching of Ca2+ ions exacerbates FOG deposition in cement-concrete sewers. The article concludes by suggesting future research perspectives and proposes implementation strategies for microbially induced concrete corrosion (MICC) control to manage FOG deposition in sewers. One such strategy involves applying superhydrophobic coating materials with low surface free energy and high surface roughness to the interior surfaces of the sewer. This approach would help repel wastewater carrying FOG deposit components, potentially disrupting the interaction between FOG components, and reducing the adhesion of FOG deposits to sewer surfaces.

Fluoride Retention in Root Dentin following Surface Coating Material Application.

This study aimed to use an in-air micro-particle-induced X-ray/gamma emission (in-air µPIXE/PIGE) system to evaluate tooth-bound fluoride (T-F) in dentin following the application of fluoride-containing tooth-coating materials. Three fluoride-containing coating materials (PRG Barrier Coat, Clinpro XT varnish, and Fuji IX EXTRA) and a control were applied to the root dentin surface of human molars (n = 6, total 48 samples). Samples were stored in a remineralizing solution (pH 7.0) for 7 or 28 days and then sectioned into two adjacent slices. One slice of each sample was immersed in 1M potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution for 24 h and rinsed with water for 5 min for the T-F analysis. The other slice did not undergo KOH treatment and was used to analyze the total fluoride content (W-F). The fluoride and calcium distributions were measured in all the slices using an in-air µPIXE/PIGE. Additionally, the amount of fluoride released from each material was measured. Clinpro XT varnish demonstrated the highest fluoride release among all the materials and tended to show high W-F and T-F and lower T-F/W-F ratios. Our study demonstrates that a high fluoride-releasing material shows high fluoride distribution into the tooth structure and low conversion from fluoride uptake by tooth-bound fluoride.

Bacterial adhesion and antibacterial property of coating materials containing theobromine and S-PRG filler.

Theobromine (TB) has been reported to promote tooth remineralization, strengthen tooth substance, and relieve dentin hypersensitivity. This study aimed to evaluate experimental tooth coating materials containing TB and surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) fillers by examining the effects on bacterial adhesion and antibacterial properties. In addition, the amount of TB eluted from the coating material was measured. There was no significant difference in bacterial adhesion depending on the presence or absence of TB in the coating material, however, a significant decrease in the amount of bacterial adhesion was observed when S-PRG fillers were added to the coating material. The amount of eluted TB did not differ depending on the type of the filler in the coating material. It was suggested that TB could be used to develop a new dental material with the potential ability to inhibit the initiation and progression of dental caries.

Highly Self-Healable Polymeric Coating Materials with Enhanced Mechanical Properties Based on the Charge Transfer Complex.

Polymeric coating materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for developing next-generation flexible displays. However, PCMs are frequently subjected to external stimuli, making them highly susceptible to repeated damage. Therefore, in this study, a highly self-healing PCM based on a charge transfer complex (CTC) was developed, and its thermal, self-healing, and mechanical properties were examined. The self-healing material demonstrated improved thermal stability, fast self-healing kinetics (1 min), and a high self-healing efficiency (98.1%) via CTC-induced multiple interactions between the polymeric chains. In addition, it eliminated the trade-off between the mechanical strength and self-healing capability that is experienced by typical self-healing materials. The developed PCM achieved excellent self-healing and superior bulk (in-plane) and surface (out-of-plane) mechanical strengths compared to those of conventional engineering plastics such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polysulfone (PSU), and polyethersulfone (PES). These remarkable properties are attributed to the unique intermolecular structure resulting from strong CTC interactions. A mechanism for the improved self-healing and mechanical properties was also proposed by comparing the CTC-based self-healing PCMs with a non-CTC-based PCM.

Application of Integrated BWM Fuzzy-MARCOS Approach for Coating Material Selection in Tooling Industries.

The life of metal forming dies and the efficiency of tooling industries depends on the mechanical and wear properties of tool steel. These properties can be further improved by depositing the ceramic coating on heat-treated tool steel. Numerous coating materials with various excellent features are already available commercially; however, the selection of the best coating material is still an immense challenge for users. Compared to various studies related to material selection problems in the contrasting area of utilization, remarkably, little research work has been done in tooling industries. In the present work, we have identified eight coating materials (alternatives) and nine evaluation criteria under the consultation of an expert in the tooling application and tribological field. To deal with this coating material selection problem, an integrated fuzzy-multi attributed decision-making method is proposed which comprises best worst method and fuzzy-Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the Compromise Solution method. This integrated fuzzy- multi attributed decision-making method is used to evaluate the alternatives, and the obtained results were scrutinized via utilizing various sensitivity analysis procedures. In the first phase of analysis, seven scenarios of criteria weight change were used, which was derived by the best-worst method; dynamic matrices are used in the second phase of analysis. In the third and fourth phases, obtained ranks were compared with those obtained by different weight calculation methods and ranking methods, respectively. In the present study, AlCrN/TiAlN coating (alternative Cm5) was found to be the best coating material based on the results obtained after sensitivity analysis. Further, in this study, we have proposed a novel method that helps to solve the coating material selection problem or any kind of selection complications.

Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds for Food and Agricultural Applications.

This review presents an updated scenario of findings and evolutions of encapsulation of bioactive compounds for food and agricultural applications. Many polymers have been reported as encapsulated agents, such as sodium alginate, gum Arabic, chitosan, cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, Shellac, xanthan gum, zein, pullulan, maltodextrin, whey protein, galactomannan, modified starch, polycaprolactone, and sodium caseinate. The main encapsulation methods investigated in the study include both physical and chemical ones, such as freeze-drying, spray-drying, extrusion, coacervation, complexation, and supercritical anti-solvent drying. Consequently, in the food area, bioactive peptides, vitamins, essential oils, caffeine, plant extracts, fatty acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and terpenes are the main compounds encapsulated. In the agricultural area, essential oils, lipids, phytotoxins, medicines, vaccines, hemoglobin, and microbial metabolites are the main compounds encapsulated. Most scientific investigations have one or more objectives, such as to improve the stability of formulated systems, increase the release time, retain and protect active properties, reduce lipid oxidation, maintain organoleptic properties, and present bioactivities even in extreme thermal, radiation, and pH conditions. Considering the increasing worldwide interest for biomolecules in modern and sustainable agriculture, encapsulation can be efficient for the formulation of biofungicides, biopesticides, bioherbicides, and biofertilizers. With this review, it is inferred that the current scenario indicates evolutions in the production methods by increasing the scales and the techno-economic feasibilities. The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for most of the encapsulation methods is going beyond TRL 6, in which the knowledge gathered allows for having a functional prototype or a representative model of the encapsulation technologies presented in this review.

Feasible Detoxification Coating Material for Chemical Warfare Agents Using Poly(methyl methacrylate)-Branched Poly(ethyleneimine) Copolymer and Metal-Organic Framework Composites.

Defense against chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is regarded as a top priority for the protection of humanity, but it still depends on physical protection with severe limitations such as residual toxicity and post-treatment requirement. In this study, a strategically designed functional polymeric substrate was composited with a metal-organic framework catalyst to remove toxicity immediately. A series of PMMA-BPEI copolymers exhibited high processability as a coating and accelerated the catalytic activity of Zr(IV)-based metal-organic framework catalysts (UiO-66). Among them, PMB12_40 composite coating on a cotton fabric, containing a PMMA-BPEI copolymer (PMMA/BPEI = 1/2) and 40% of UiO-66 catalyst, can efficiently decompose nerve agent simulants (methyl-paraoxon) under both liquid phase (t1/2 = 0.14 h) and humidified (t1/2 = 4.8 h) conditions. Moreover, a real agent, GD, was decomposed 100% by PMB12_40 in 4 h at 25 °C and 65% relative humidity. On the basis of superior catalytic activity, the PMB composites are anticipated to be a potential material for active chemical protection coating.

Semi-3D cultures using Laminin 221 as a coating material for human induced pluripotent stem cells.

It was previously believed that human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) did not show adhesion to the coating material Laminin 221, which is known to have specific affinity for cardiomyocytes. In this study, we report that human mononuclear cell-derived hiPSCs, established with Sendai virus vector, form peninsular-like colonies rather than embryonic stem cell-like colonies; these peninsular-like colonies can be passaged more than 10 times after establishment. Additionally, initialization-deficient cells with residual Sendai virus vector adhered to the coating material Laminin 511 but not to Laminin 221. Therefore, the expression of undifferentiated markers tended to be higher in hiPSCs established on Laminin 221 than on Laminin 511. On Laminin 221, hiPSCs15M66 showed a semi-floating colony morphology. The expression of various markers of cell polarity was significantly lower in hiPSCs cultured on Laminin 221 than in hiPSCs cultured on Laminin 511. Furthermore, 201B7 and 15M66 hiPSCs showed 3D cardiomyocyte differentiation on Laminin 221. Thus, the coating material Laminin 221 provides semi-floating culture conditions for the establishment, culture and induced differentiation of hiPSCs.

Ascertain a minimum coating thickness for acid protection of enteric coatings by means of optical coherence tomography.

Enteric coatings are designed to protect active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) against untimely release in the stomach. Acid protection of such coatings depends on the coating layer thickness and integrity, which must be determined in an accurate and reliable way to ensure the final product's desired performance. Our work addresses the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for characterizing the coating thickness and variability of an enteric-coated drug product and linking them to resistance against gastric fluid. In this study, three batches of enteric-coated tablets drawn during the manufacturing process were investigated. An industrial OCT system was used to establish the coating thickness variability of single tablets (intra-tablet), all tablets in a batch (inter-tablet) and between the batches (inter-batch). Based on the large amount of OCT data, we calculated a critical coating thickness for the investigated film coating, which was found to be 27.4 µm. The corresponding distribution has a mean coating thickness of 44.3 µm ± 7.8 µm. The final coated product has a final mean coating thickness of 63.4 µm ± 8.7 µm, guaranteeing that all tablets meet the quality criterion (i.e., acid protection). Based on the measured thickness distributions, already known distribution functions were considered and an additional, new function was proposed for characterizing the coating thickness distributions in the early stages of industrial coating processes. The proposed approach can be transferred to in-line monitoring of the tablet coating processes, which could drastically improve the production efficiency by ultimately allowing real-time release testing (RTRT).

An overview on liquisolid technique: its development and applications.

With its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, the liquisolid technique offers solutions for numerous formulation problems. Among these are dissolution enhancement and sustaining drug release, and the liquisolid technique dealt with both approaches. This review focuses on the latest advances in the technique. It discusses modified additives for use as carrier materials, which secure the required large surface area for enclosing liquids. The review also covers the modern liquipellet technique derived from the extrusion/palletization technique. Also, the liquiground term is introduced, combining the advantages of co-grinding with the liquisolid concept. Furthermore, several grades of Eudragits, and hydrophilic retarding polymers are mentioned to explain modes of sustaining drug release. This review sums up the liquisolid technique development and its applications recently achieved.

What is this review about? This review is about a formulation technique known as 'liquisolid'. The article discusses the application of this technique in enhancing dissolution of water insoluble drugs and sustaining release of other drugs. It also complies the advances in this technique. How is the review structured? This review gives a highlight on the preparation of liquisolid compacts, the additives used formulation for both enhancing drug dissolution and drug release retardation. The review also includes sections for drug-release enhancement and the advances in this method as liquipellets and liquiground. There is also a section for utilizing this technique to sustain and control drug release. What can we conclude? In its simplicity of formulation, liquisolid techniques fits preparing solid dosage forms for a variety of release patterns.

Research progress on enteric-soluble soft capsule / 中国药房

Enteric-soluble soft capsule is a kind of new preparation that does not disintegrate in the stomach ，but releases rapidly in the intestinal tract to play a pharmacodynamic role. It has the unique advantages of improving drug stability ，reducing drug irritation ，delivering drugs directionally to the intestinal tract ，and prolonging drug action time. In this paper ，the decomposition and release mechanism ，application advantages ，classification of enteric-soluble coating materials and preparation methods of enteric-soluble soft capsule are sorted and summarized ，in order to provide reference for further development of this type of preparation.

Graft copolymer of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyether polyol (CMC-g-TMN-450) improves the crosslinking degree of polyurethane for coated fertilizers with enhanced controlled release characteristics.

Novel superhydrophobic sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modified polyurethane (MPU) was developed as the membrane material for controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) by cross-linking polymerization of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and CMC-based modified polyol (CMP) which was made by grafting CMC onto polyether polyol (TMN-450). The modified polyurethane coated fertilizer (MPUCF) was prepared by using MPU as the membrane material through a fluidized bed device. Analysis results of 13C NMR showed that the coatings of PUCF and MPUCF were prepared by connecting hydroxyl to isocyanate groups to form a carbamate. MPU had lower water absorption rates than PU, and MPUCF coating showed excellent hydrophobicity. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that MPUCF coating surface was much more smooth and flat than that of PUCF. Furthermore, the nitrogen (N) release longevity of MPUCF can increased to 140 days when the coating rate was 5%. It is concluded that MPU was an excellent superhydrophobic coating material for CRF.

The importance of the coating material type and amount in the preparation of liquisolid systems based on magnesium aluminometasilicate carrier.

Albeit the preparation of liquisolid systems represents an innovative approach to enhance the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs, their broader utilization is still limited mainly due to the problematic conversion of the liquid into freely flowing and readily compressible powder. Accordingly, the presented study aims to determine the optimal carrier/coating material ratio (R value) for formulations based on magnesium aluminometasilicate (NUS2) loaded with polyethylene glycol 400. Four commercially available colloidal silica were used as coating materials in nine different R values (range of 5 - 100). The obtained results suggested that the higher R value leads to the superior properties of powder mixtures, such as better flowability, as well as compacts with higher tensile strength and lower friability. Moreover, it was observed that the type of coating material impacts the properties of liquisolid systems due to the different arrangement of particles in the liquisolid mixture. To confirm the noted dependency of R value and coating material type, the one- and two-way ANOVA, linear regression and principal component analysis (PCA) techniques were performed. In addition, a comparison of results with the properties of loaded NUS2 itself revealed that LSS with sufficient properties may be prepared even without the coating material.

Performance of Green Concrete and Inorganic Coating Materials.

Green concrete (GC) was developed for realizing sustainable development, recycling waste materials, and reducing environmental pollution. For the practical use of GC, various harmful materials must blocked from entering its cracks and pores; and its strength and durability must be improved. The use of an inorganic coating material (ICM) for GC effectively prevents the intrusion of harmful materials and repairs the concrete. ICMs can reduce the permeability and increase the durability of concrete. This study investigated GC, construction waste, and ICMs and used recycled sand and gravel as well as construction waste as substitutes for cement. The results indicate that the coarse aggregate substitution, water-binder ratio, and recycled fine aggregate substitution must be controlled suitably in GC. Furthermore, the coating layer, fine aggregate substitution, and aging of the ICM mut be controlled suitably. GC with an ICM showed poorer performance than conventional concrete, mainly because of the high porosity. Nonetheless, the ICM somewhate reduces the porosity and resists the penetration of chloride ions, thereby promoting concrete quality.