Social value, normative features and gender differences associated with speeding and compliance with speed limits.

INTRODUCTION: Among risky driving behaviors, speeding is a main causal and aggravating factor of road crashes and is more frequent among males than females. Research suggests that this gender gap could be explained by gender social norms that lead males to assign more social value to speeding than females. However, few studies have proposed directly investigating gendered prescriptive norms associated with speeding. We propose to address this gap through two studies based on the socio-cognitive approach to social norms of judgment. METHODS: Study 1 (N = 128, within-subject design) investigated the extent to which speeding is subject to social valuation among males, compared to females, through a self-presentation task. Study 2 (N = 885, between-subject design) aimed to identify the dimension of social value (i.e., social desirability, social utility) that both genders associate with speeding, based on a judgment task. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Although results of study 1 indicate that both genders devaluate speeding and valuate speed limits compliance, we found that males do so to a lesser extent than females. Results of study 2 further suggest that males less valuate speed limit compliance than females on the social desirability dimension, while no gender difference were found in valuation of speeding on both dimensions of social value. Regardless of gender, results also indicate that speeding is valued more on the social utility than on the social desirability dimension, while speed limit compliance is valued similarly on both dimensions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Road safety campaigns toward males could benefit to focus more on enhancing the representations of speed compliant drivers, in terms of social desirability, than devaluing the representation of speeding drivers.

The effect of social media influencers' on teenagers Behavior: an empirical study using cognitive map technique.

The increase in the use of social media in recent years has enabled users to obtain vast amounts of information from different sources. Unprecedented technological developments are currently enabling social media influencers to build powerful interactivity with their followers. These interactions have, in one way or another, influenced young people's behaviors, attitudes, and choices. Thus, this study contributes to the psychological literature by proposing a new approach for constructing collective cognitive maps to explain the effect of social media influencers' distinctive features on teenagers' behavior. More in depth, this work is an attempt to use cognitive methods to identify adolescents' mental models in the Tunisian context. The findings reveal that the influencers' distinctive features are interconnected. As a result, the influencer's distinctive features are confirmed in one way or another, to the teenagers' behavior. These findings provide important insights and recommendations for different users, including psychologists and academics.

Avaliação de perguntas e a interação entrevistador-entrevistado em entrevista com uso de questionário padronizado / Evaluating questions and interviewer-interviewee interaction in an interview using a standardized questionnaire

Resumo A avaliação de perguntas de questionário de inquérito de saúde no Brasil limita-se, na maioria das vezes, aos testes-piloto e debriefing das entrevistas. O objetivo do presente artigo é contribuir para preencher essa lacuna ao apresentar uma metodologia de avaliação cognitiva para identificação de perguntas potencialmente "problemáticas" quanto à sua formulação e o que ocorre, na interação entrevistador-entrevistado, ao aplicá-las em entrevistas com o uso de questionário padronizado em um inquérito regional de saúde. O estudo utilizou dois roteiros padronizados para identificação de dificuldades de redação e/ou compreensão e avaliação da interação entrevistador-entrevistado. Dentre as 513 perguntas do questionário individual de pesquisa, 68 questões foram indicadas como sendo potencialmente problemáticas à compreensão e comunicação pelos entrevistados. As perguntas que apresentaram problemas na sua formulação, com maior pontuação (>40), foram aquelas relacionadas à quantificação de tempo; ao grau de dificuldade para o autocuidado; à situação no trabalho e à estimação do rendimento. Dentre as perguntas apontadas como problemáticas na avaliação pelo Sistema de Apreciação de Perguntas (SAP), o autocuidado e horas trabalhadas estão entre aquelas que também tiveram pontuação alta na avaliação da interação.

Abstract The evaluation of health survey questions in Brazil is limited, in most cases, to pilot tests and interview debriefing. The purpose of this article is to contribute to filling this gap by presenting a cognitive assessment methodology for identifying potentially "problematic" questions regarding their formulation and what happens in the interviewer-interviewee interaction, when applying them in interviews using the standardized questionnaire in a regional health survey. In this study, two standardized scripts were used to identify difficulties in writing and/or understanding and evaluating the interviewer-interviewee interaction. Among the 513 questions in the individual research questionnaire, 68 questions were indicated as being potentially problematic for the interviewees to understand and communicate. The questions that presented problems in their formulation, with the highest score (>40), were those related to the quantification of time; the degree of difficulty for self-care; work situation and income estimation. Among the questions identified as problematic in the evaluation by the Question Appraisal System (SAP), self-care and hours worked are among those that also scored high in the interaction evaluation.

Examining the Effects of Mirror Therapy on Psychological Readiness and Perception of Pain in ACL-Injured Female Football Players.

Virtual reality-guided imagery (VRGI) and mirror therapy (MT) have been used in isolation to treat patients suffering from different injuries. However, no attempts have been made to understand the effects of combined VRGI and MT added to conventional physical therapy, and no information exists regarding perceptual responses to these rehabilitation strategies in female football players. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of MT added to conventional rehabilitation on psychological readiness and perception of pain in ACL-injured female football players. Thirty ACL-injured female football players competing in the 2nd and 3rd Italian tier who underwent an ACL rehabilitation program from the same clinic participated in this study. Players were randomly distributed in an MT group (n = 15) and a CON group (n = 15). All participants reported their perception of pain on a VAS before and after the interventions and their psychological readiness to return to sport after ACL injury and reconstruction surgery on the ACL-RSI scale after the intervention. An independent-sample t-test was performed to assess between-group differences in post-intervention ACL-RSI, and a further independent-sample t-test to assume non-significant differences between VAS values before the intervention. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test the null hypothesis of no different change in VAS over time between groups. After the intervention, the MT group perceived largely greater psychological readiness (p < 0.01). MT and CON groups experienced a large reduction in VAS after the intervention (p < 0.001). However, a small time × group interaction was observed (p = 0.023). MT reported a greater perception of the psychological readiness of the soccer players and a lower perception of pain than those who performed conventional therapy.

The effectiveness of sexual health counseling based on cognitive-behavioral therapy on sexual satisfaction and inefficient sexual beliefs of primigravida women.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy may change sex life, this period may be associated with decreased sex, and this is due to fear of miscarriage, nausea and vomiting, fear of harm to the fetus, fatigue, and fear of ruptured membranes. Midwives could help them to improve their sexual life during this period. One of the important approaches to improving sexual life during pregnancy is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This nonmedical approach could improve misconceptions about sex during pregnancy. The aim of this study was the effect of sexual health counseling based on CBT on sexual satisfaction and inefficient sexual beliefs of primigravida women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial study, the research population being 52 pregnant women who were randomly divided into groups, the experimental (26) and the control (26). Before the sexual health counseling based on CBT, the Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Inefficient Sexual Beliefs Questionnaire were filled by both the groups. These standard questionnaires were completed three times (before, immediately, and 4 weeks after intervention). After pretest, eight sexual health counseling sessions (90 min) were performed for the experimental group. The control group received routine care. Data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistics tests, ANOVA, and post hoc tests by Bonferroni method in SPSS version 22. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean score of inefficient sexual beliefs in the interventional group before intervention, immediately after the intervention, and 1 month later was obtained 22.85 ± 9.57, 12.92 ± 7.25, and 7.86 ± 13.88, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean score of sexual satisfaction before the study, immediately after the intervention, and 1 month later was 88.77 ± 11.89, 95.62 ± 9.27, and 94.65 ± 8.28, respectively, in the experimental group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Sexual health counseling based on CBT could reduce inefficient sexual beliefs and increase the sexual satisfaction of the primigravida women during pregnancy, but most participants preferred fewer sessions.

A corpus-based study on the cognitive construction of security in discourse.

A discourse-based approach to understanding security has been explored in the study of International Relations, yet how other agents rather than the political agents speak to conceptualize the emotive appeal in unconventional security issues is less discussed. This corpus-based cognitive critical discourse study examines security by combining the International Relations' theory of securitization with the proximization approach in Critical Discourse Studies. As a case study, texts concerning Confucius Institutes on the National Association of Scholars' official website from 2014 to 2020 were collected to discuss how the threat is constructed discursively and cognitively for an endeavor to influence the public and the political decision-making process. The corpus was further divided into two sub-corpora in order to expose the difference in their cognitive construction of Confucius Institutes. The findings show that the American academia delivers a bottom-up securitizing move by constructing education security discourse on Confucius Institutes in the initial process, yet later the whole-of-society security narratives interacting with a top-down securitizing move from the political agents have been adopted. As indicated by the corpus statistics, the concerned discourses are discursively constructed by following the "Self-Other" dichotomy security narratives, in which Confucius Institutes are cognitively transformed from an academic issue to a national security issue and legitimized through proximization in the spatial, temporal, and axiological dimensions.

A cognitive approach for blockchain-based cryptographic curve hash signature (BC-CCHS) technique to secure healthcare data in Data Lake.

In today's digital world, information is exchanged among various sources, and it is expected that each interaction or transaction among the sources must be reliable and secure. In these circumstances, blockchain technology can be applied to ensure healthcare data security in an efficient way. Blockchain is an ordered list of records linked together through a chain of blocks in a distributed ledger. It is a decentralized and tamper-proof database system. It can be used to store the medical records of patients and play a vital role in healthcare to maintain and share medical data securely. At present, many scholars are focusing on the privacy and security in electronic health record (EHR) sharing based on blockchain technology. But still, the security of health data plays a significant challenge. A Cognitive Approach blockchain-based cryptographic curve hash signature (BC-CCHS) technique is proposed to secure patients' medical records and share their personal health data safely and conveniently. The proposed approach is carried out in the Hyperledger framework. Here, several phases like registration, authentication, uploading, and requesting are involved in enhancing the security mechanism. The proposed methodology is experimentally tested and validated with the existing techniques regarding encryption time, decryption time, throughput, delay, and overall processing time.

Contribution of the Cognitive Approach to Language Assessment to the Differential Diagnosis of Primary Progressive Aphasia.

Diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is essentially based on the identification of progressive impairment of language abilities while other cognitive functions are preserved. The three variants of PPA are characterized by core and supportive clinical features related to the presence or absence of language impairment in different linguistic domains. In this article, we review the cognitive neuropsychological approach to the assessment of PPA and its contribution to the differential diagnosis of the three variants. The main advantage of this assessment approach is that it goes beyond the mere description and classification of clinical syndromes and identifies impaired and preserved cognitive and linguistic components and processes. The article is structured according to the main language domains: spoken production, language comprehension, and written language. Each section includes a brief description of the cognitive processes involved in the assessment tasks, followed by a discussion of typical characteristics for each PPA variant and common pitfalls in the interpretation of the results. In addition, the clinical benefit of the cognitive neuropsychological approach for the behavioral management of PPA is briefly sketched out in the conclusion.

The Impact of Self-Review Intervention Method in Reducing Depression Symptoms.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to introduce, present, and describe the self-review therapeutic method that was designed and presented by Pourhosein based on Beck's cognitive theory, Islamic philosophy, and the return to Iqbal-e-Lahouri's self-awareness to reduce the symptoms of depression and increase happiness. Method : In this study in addition to a theoretical and methodological discussion about self-review intervention method browsing, an example of research done in this field is mentioned. Results: The basic principles of this approach have been based on human integrity with a cognitive approach. The underlying principle in this method is the bareness and consciousness of the human being from the inner and outer features of the self in which as a human being becomes more aware of his internal and external traits and his emotional responses will become more realistic. Conclusion: This method is presented in a systematic manner, which if goes well, the patients' consciousness about their self is increased and their symptoms of depression will decrease. In this study, while explaining its theoretical and methodological foundations, some research examples suggest a decrease in these symptoms.

Self-regulated learning versus activity-based intervention to reduce challenging behaviors and enhance school-related function for children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Self-regulated learning is an active learning cognitive approach which helps individuals to be aware of their own ability and environment and control their own learning. AIM: This study examined the therapeutic effects of self-regulated learning on reducing challenging behaviors and enhancing school-related function in children with autism spectrum disorders. METHODS: Forty children (aged 6-12) were randomized into a 12-week Self-Regulated Learning or Activity-Based intervention control group. Three outcome measures, assessing the behavior and school-related function of the children in both groups, were administered before and after the intervention and at one-month follow-up. The results between the two groups were also compared. RESULTS: The Self-Regulated Learning group showed significantly better results in reducing concerning behaviors and enhancing the school-related function than the activity-based group post-intervention and at one-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The Self-Regulated Learning intervention was more effective compared to the Activity-Based intervention with particular benefits for on-going learning and improvements.

Abordagem cognitiva: uma contribuição para análise da gênese da política pública de esporte e do lazer / Cognitive approach: a contribution to the analysis of the genesis of public policy on sport and leisure

Trata-se de um ensaio teórico o qual apresenta a tese de que Abordagem Cognitiva pode se tornar uma ferramenta teórico-metodológica valiosa para os pesquisadores na área das políticas públicas de esporte e lazer para compreensão de sua gênese. O texto apresenta a fundamentação da teoria da ação pública, bem como seus principais conceitos e trabalha o referencial como ponto fundante da abordagem. Em seguida, o texto busca explorar o potencial analítico como promotor de ideias partindo de um caso em particular. Por último, o estudo aponta para a necessidade de maior aproximação da área de políticas públicas de esporte e lazer com a abordagem cognitiva, com a finalidade de evidenciar questões não explícitas nas letras dos programas analisados.

This is a theoretical essay which presents a thesis that Cognitive approach can become a valuable theoretical-methodological tool for researchers in the field of public policies on sport and leisure to understand its genesis. The text presents a rationale for the theory of public action, as well as its main principles and works the referential as a fundamental point of the approach. Then, the text seeks to explore the analytical potential as a promoter of ideas starting from a particular case. Finally, the study points to the need for a closer approach to the area of public policies on sport and leisure with a cognitive approach, with an emphasis on highlighting non-explicit issues in the letters of promotional programs.

Proof in the Science of the Criminal Process in Ukraine: Conceptual Approaches to Understanding the Essence.

With the reformation of Ukrainian criminal procedural legislation and the conviction of individual scholars in the necessity of applying a methodological approach to scientific research, new ideas on the nature and procedure of criminal procedural evidence have started to emerge in the domestic scientific literature. The purpose of the paper is to distinguish scientific concepts to criminal procedural proof and substantiation of the expediency of isolation and use of the complex and systemic approach. This study of criminal procedural proof was performed using a methodological approach, the essence of which is to change the attention of the researcher from the object as such to the means and methods of their own thought. The application of an activity-based methodological approach in scientific research allows us to further develop other conceptual ideas about criminal procedural proof, which will contribute to a deeper and more complete study of this legal phenomenon.

Self-Management Intervention for Attention and Executive Functions Using Equine-Assisted Occupational Therapy Among Children Aged 6-14 Diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, is currently one of the most common diagnoses given to children. Children with ADHD have a unique cognitive profile that involves difficulties in executive functions (EFs) and in the self-management system of the brain, and are at higher risk for educational failure, social and emotional difficulties, and high risk behavior. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of self-management intervention for attention and executive functions using equine-assisted occupational therapy (STABLE-OT) for school-aged children with ADHD. Design: A pre-post design was used in the intervention. Setting/location: The study was conducted at two riding school stables is Israel. Subjects: Twenty-five 6-14-year-old children (3 girls, 22 boys, age: 7.8-12.3 years, M = 9.41 ± 1.75) diagnosed with ADHD participated in a therapeutic equestrian riding intervention. Intervention: The intervention included structured 45-min sessions for 12 weeks, while integrating child- and family-centered strategy acquisition and immediate feedback principles. Outcome measures: Their EF and occupational performance were evaluated pre- and post-intervention, using The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Results: Results showed a significant improvement in EF, as reflected by statistically significant decreases in the Global Executive Composite (GEC; t = 2.801; p = 0.01), metacognitive index (t = 3.873; p = 0.001), working memory (t = 2.476; p = 0.021), monitor (t = 2.359; p = 0.027), and initiation (t = 3.204; p = 0.004) subscales of the BRIEF questionnaire. A statistically (p < 0.001) and clinically significant improvement was also found in the COPM performance and satisfaction scales. Conclusions: This study provides key preliminary evidence supporting the effectiveness of an individual equine-assisted OT intervention for children with ADHD. It constitutes an initial step toward clinical implementation of such therapeutic approaches, and is expected to spark further research in this area.

Effectiveness of cognitive orientation to (daily) occupational performance (CO-OP) on children with cerebral palsy: A mixed design.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of physical disabilities during childhood. Therapeutic interventions mainly focus on impairment reduction to address motor-based difficulties. In contrast, Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) is a cognitive approach, providing intervention at the level of activity and participation. AIMS: This study aims to determine whether the CO-OP approach improves motor skills and achievement in motor-based occupational performance goals in children with CP. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: In this mixed design research (i.e., a multiple baseline single case experimental design and a one-group pretest-posttest design), five children with CP participated in 12 CO-OP intervention sessions. Repeated measures of motor skills for the multiple baseline single case experimental design were taken using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP); pre- and post-measures of parent/child perception of performance and satisfaction were identified using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM); level of achievement was identified using Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS). OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: According to the BOTMP results, all children were able to engage in the CO-OP intervention to improve motor performance. Significant differences after treatment were found in both performance and performance satisfaction ratings using the COPM as rated by parents and children. The GAS results showed progress in achievement levels for all children; all goals were achieved or exceeded. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: CO-OP intervention can be helpful in improving motor skills and achieving self-identified, motor-based goals in children with CP.

Esquemas de personalidade mais prevalentes em indivíduos que praticaram crimes / Most prevalent drawing of personalityin individuals who committed crimes

Neste estudo propôs-se avaliar a identificação dos esquemas de personalidade mais comuns para tipos de crimes em presidiários. Tomou-se como orientação teórica a abordagem cognitiva, para a qual a personalidade é considerada como sendo formada por valores centrais, desenvolvidos bem cedo na vida dos indivíduos e resultantes de fatores presentes em seu ambiente. Participaram do estudo 244 presidiários, homens e mulheres, do Presídio Professor Jacy de Assis, de Uberlândia- MG, julgados e condenados por crimes diversos; eles responderam a um questionário sócio-demográfico e ao questionário de Esquemas de Personalidade- forma reduzida de Young, o qual avalia os quinze esquemas que se encontram inseridos em cinco grandes domínios: Desconexão e Rejeição, Autonomia e Desempenho Prejudicados, Limites Prejudicados, Orientação para o Outro, Supervigilância e Inibição. As análises foram realizadas por meio do programa SPSS 18.0 e calculadas análises estatísticas descritivas (frequência, porcentagem, média e desvio-padrão). Observou--se que os presidiários pontuaram mais alto nas respostas para o Esquema Autossacrifício e menor média para Defectividade/ Vergonha.(AU)

This study evaluates the identification of the most common personality types for criminal convicts. The cognitive approach was used as theoretical orientation. The personality is considered as being formed by core values, is developed early on in the life of individuals and results from current factors present in their environment. The study considered 355 prisoners, both men and women, from a facility called Professor Jacy de Assis, in Uberlândia - MG; the prisoners were judged and convicted of various crimes; they answered a socio-demographic questionnaire and also the Schemes of Personality - reduced form from Young, which assesses the fifteen schemes that are inserted into major domains: Disconnection and Rejection, Autonomy and PerformanceUnderdogs, prejudiced limits, orientation towards the other, hyper vigilance and inhibition. All the Analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 and calculated descriptive statistical analysis (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation). It was observed that inmates scored higher on responses for the self-sacrifice scheme and had low scores for defectiveness/shame.(AU)

Esquemas de personalidade mais prevalentes em indivíduos que praticaram crimes / Most prevalent drawing of personalityin individuals who committed crimes

Neste estudo propôs-se avaliar a identificação dos esquemas de personalidade mais comuns para tipos de crimes em presidiários. Tomou-se como orientação teórica a abordagem cognitiva, para a qual a personalidade é considerada como sendo formada por valores centrais, desenvolvidos bem cedo na vida dos indivíduos e resultantes de fatores presentes em seu ambiente. Participaram do estudo 244 presidiários, homens e mulheres, do Presídio Professor Jacy de Assis, de Uberlândia- MG, julgados e condenados por crimes diversos; eles responderam a um questionário sócio-demográfico e ao questionário de Esquemas de Personalidade- forma reduzida de Young, o qual avalia os quinze esquemas que se encontram inseridos em cinco grandes domínios: Desconexão e Rejeição, Autonomia e Desempenho Prejudicados, Limites Prejudicados, Orientação para o Outro, Supervigilância e Inibição. As análises foram realizadas por meio do programa SPSS 18.0 e calculadas análises estatísticas descritivas (frequência, porcentagem, média e desvio-padrão). Observou--se que os presidiários pontuaram mais alto nas respostas para o Esquema Autossacrifício e menor média para Defectividade/ Vergonha.

This study evaluates the identification of the most common personality types for criminal convicts. The cognitive approach was used as theoretical orientation. The personality is considered as being formed by core values, is developed early on in the life of individuals and results from current factors present in their environment. The study considered 355 prisoners, both men and women, from a facility called Professor Jacy de Assis, in Uberlândia - MG; the prisoners were judged and convicted of various crimes; they answered a socio-demographic questionnaire and also the Schemes of Personality - reduced form from Young, which assesses the fifteen schemes that are inserted into major domains: Disconnection and Rejection, Autonomy and PerformanceUnderdogs, prejudiced limits, orientation towards the other, hyper vigilance and inhibition. All the Analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 and calculated descriptive statistical analysis (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation). It was observed that inmates scored higher on responses for the self-sacrifice scheme and had low scores for defectiveness/shame.

Eficacia de la terapia cognitivo conductual en la prevención de la depresión posparto / Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the prevention of postnatal depression

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la terapia cognitivo conductual (TCC) en la prevención de la depresión posparto (DPP) en mujeres embarazadas consideradas en riesgo de padecerla. Método: Revisión bibliográfica en PubMed, Medline, PsychInfo, Embase y de la Cochrane Library de publicaciones efectuadas entre enero de 1991 y junio de 2012 respecto de investigaciones sobre la eficacia de la TCC en la prevención de la DPP. Resultados: De la literatura analizada se concluye que la depresión en el embarazo requiere de un manejo eficiente tanto para tratar los síntomas de la depresión preparto (DAP), como de prevenir la DPP. Mientras diversos estudios han demostrado la eficacia de la TCC en el tratamiento de la DPP, sólo pocos estudios controlados se han centrado sobre su eficacia en la prevención de la DPP. La eficacia en la prevención de la DPP en mujeres en riesgo durante el embarazo ha sido apoyada sólo por pocos estudios, los cuales presentan algunas limitaciones metodológicas. Conclusión: Resultan necesarios estudios clínicos para confirmar la eficacia de tal estrategia de prevención psicoterapéutica en las mujeres en riesgo de DPP.

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the prevention of postnatal depression (PD) in pregnant women at risk. Methods: PubMed, Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, and the Cochrane Library data bases were searched from January 1991 to June 2011 to review studies on the efficacy of CBT in the prevention of PD. Results: The literature analyzed recommends that depression in pregnancy requires an efficient management to provide mother's symptoms relief as well as to prevent PD. While several studies demonstrated the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of PD, only a few controlled studies focused on its efficacy in the prevention of PD in women identified at risk during pregnancy. The efficacy of CBT in preventing PD in pregnant women at risk is supported by only a few studies, presenting some methodological flaws. Conclusion: Better designed trials are needed to strongly support the efficacy of such psychotherapeutic preventive strategy in women at risk for PD.