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Sales promotion is getting more and more prosperous in Chinese cross-border e-commerce platforms where the demand is uncertain. However, most existing literature on promotion strategies is focusing on deterministic demand. In this paper, we propose a game-theoretical model under multiplicative stochastic demand to investigate the pricing, inventory quantity and sales promotion strategies for a supply chain which is consisted of one cross-border distributor and one capital-constrained retailer under a consignment contract. We obtain the equilibrium outcomes under stochastic demand, and find that the optimal price and promotion investment depend on demand uncertainty under endogenous inventory decisions. With exogenous unlimited inventory, the retailer prefers owing promotion right when the elasticity of price and promotion is small enough and its capital is sufficient, while the distributor always prefers to control sales promotion. With endogenous inventory quantity, the sensitivity of demand to price is influence by the demand uncertainty. The retailer prefers to decide the promotion when the price-elasticity is small, while the distributor prefers to decide the promotion under large promotion-elasticity. And the intensity of optimal sales promotion made by retailers may be stronger than that when the distributor owns the promotion right, which depends on the elasticity of price and promotion. More importantly, it is always better for consumers when the distributor reserves the promotion right as a lower optimal retailing price is offered.
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OBJECTIVES@#Implants for traumatic orthopedic injuries are costly, and usually borne by the patient. We determined whether a consignment policy decreases morbidity and mortality rates, decreases length of stay, and decreases total expenditure of our patients.@*METHODS@#This is an ambispective cohort study comparing patients whose orthopedic implant surgeries were done before consignment policy and thus paid for out-of-pocket (Group A), and patients whose surgeries were done under the policy, and whose implants were paid for by hospital funding (Group B). Patient records and hospital bills were reviewed. A total of 206 patients were included in the study, and we gathered data from department and hospital records regarding the incidence of morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and total hospital expenditure.@*RESULTS@#In this study, we demonstrate no difference in the incidence of morbidities and mortalities between the two groups. There was also no significant difference in the total hospital expenditure of both. There is a slightly shorter preoperative stay, and significantly longer postoperative and total hospital stays for Group B patients.@*CONCLUSION@#The consignment policy, in its first year of implementation, demonstrated no difference in the incidence of morbidity and mortality, or total hospital expenditures. Further long-term studies may be undertaken to improve accuracy of results.
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To further reduce carbon emissions, supply chain members implement the low-carbon production process and use varieties of contracts to coordinate the channel. Considering the effect of emission reduction, this paper studies a two-echelon supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. Two supply chain members dedicate to maximize profits by reducing their products' carbon emissions under two different contracts: the wholesale price contract and the consignment contract. The Stackelberg differential game is used, and the optimal strategies of emission reduction effort, wholesale, and retail price in the two situations are studied. The results show that the Pareto improvement for the whole supply chain can be reached under the consignment contract. However, the specific impacts on the retailer and the manufacturer are different. When consumers have a higher level of environmental awareness, the retailer tends to decrease her proportion of sales revenue under the consignment contract. At that time, choosing the wholesale price contract is more favorable for the retailer. However, as the retailer's proportion of sales revenue becomes lower, the proportion of revenue belonging to the manufacturer will increase. It would be better for the manufacturer to choose the consignment contract.
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Carbono , Comportamento do Consumidor , Comércio , ContratosRESUMO
Objective To explore and improve the hospital consumables logistics distribution and cost control system based on consignment mode to solve the current problems in many hospitals for material management.Methods Improvement measures were taken from the aspects of network information system,inventory management,establishing organization architecture and post responsibility as well as introducing IOT technology.Results The system contributed to optimizing consumables management flow and saved hospital cost.Conclusion The hospital consumables logistics distribution and cost control system based on consignment mode is of great value for the management of hospital consumables.
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Los estudios en torno a los emigrantes, sus grupos de referencia, sus comunidades y economías de origen, se han enfocado en los efectos de las oportunidades laborales en sus familias, la economía local o nacional. En un sentido diferente, la presente investigación analizó el impacto de las disminución del envío de remesas sobre la dinámica psicosocial (pertenencia, categorización, representación e identidad social) de las comunidades emigrantes.
The studies around the emigrants, their groups of reference, their communities and economies of origin, have focused in the effects of the labor opportunities at their families, the local or national economy. In a different sense, the present investigation analyzed the impact of the diminution of the shipment of remittances on the psychosociological dynamics (property, categorisation, representation and social identity) of the communities emigrants, through a psychosociological analysis of interviews semistructured to its relatives and their friendships, interpreted the passed, present and prospective situations like dimensions of communitarian self-preservation emigrant
