The light chain of tetanus toxin bound to arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide inhibits cortical reaction in mouse oocytes.

Introduction: Cortical reaction is a secretory process that occurs after a spermatozoon fuses with the oocyte, avoiding the fusion of additional sperm. During this exocytic event, the cortical granule membrane fuses with the oocyte plasma membrane. We have identified several molecular components involved in this process and confirmed that SNARE proteins regulate membrane fusion during cortical reaction in mouse oocytes. In those studies, we microinjected different nonpermeable reagents to demonstrate the participation of a specific protein in the cortical reaction. However, the microinjection technique has several limitations. In this work, we aimed to assess the potential of cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) as biotechnological tools for delivering molecules into oocytes, and to evaluate the functionality of the permeable tetanus toxin (bound to CPP sequence) during cortical reaction. Methods: Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides have demonstrated the optimal internalization of small molecules in mammalian cells. Two arginine-rich CPP were used in the present study. One, labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein, to characterize the factors that can modulate its internalization, and the other, the permeable light chain of tetanus toxin, that cleaves the SNAREs VAMP1 and VAMP3 expressed in mouse oocytes. Results: Results showed that fluorescent CPP was internalized into the oocyte cytoplasm and that internalization was dependent on the concentration, time, temperature, and maturation stage of the oocyte. Using our functional assay to study cortical reaction, the light chain of tetanus toxin bound to arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide inhibited cortical granules exocytosis. Discussion: Results obtained from the use of permeable peptides demonstrate that this CPP is a promising biotechnological tool to study functional macromolecules in mouse oocytes.

Knockin' on Egg's Door: Maternal Control of Egg Activation That Influences Cortical Granule Exocytosis in Animal Species.

Fertilization by multiple sperm leads to lethal chromosomal number abnormalities, failed embryo development, and miscarriage. In some vertebrate and invertebrate eggs, the so-called cortical reaction contributes to their activation and prevents polyspermy during fertilization. This process involves biogenesis, redistribution, and subsequent accumulation of cortical granules (CGs) at the female gamete cortex during oogenesis. CGs are oocyte- and egg-specific secretory vesicles whose content is discharged during fertilization to block polyspermy. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms controlling critical aspects of CG biology prior to and after the gametes interaction. This allows to block polyspermy and provide protection to the developing embryo. We also examine how CGs form and are spatially redistributed during oogenesis. During egg activation, CG exocytosis (CGE) and content release are triggered by increases in intracellular calcium and relies on the function of maternally-loaded proteins. We also discuss how mutations in these factors impact CG dynamics, providing unprecedented models to investigate the genetic program executing fertilization. We further explore the phylogenetic distribution of maternal proteins and signaling pathways contributing to CGE and egg activation. We conclude that many important biological questions and genotype-phenotype relationships during fertilization remain unresolved, and therefore, novel molecular players of CG biology need to be discovered. Future functional and image-based studies are expected to elucidate the identity of genetic candidates and components of the molecular machinery involved in the egg activation. This, will open new therapeutic avenues for treating infertility in humans.

Compensatory endocytosis occurs after cortical granule exocytosis in mouse eggs.

Compensatory endocytosis (CE) is one of the primary mechanisms through which cells maintain their surface area after exocytosis. Considering that in eggs massive exocytosis of cortical granules (CG) takes place after fertilization, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of CE following cortical exocytosis in mouse eggs. For this purpose, we developed a pulse-chase assay to detect CG membrane internalization. Results showed internalized labeling in SrCl2 -activated and fertilized eggs when chasing at 37°C, but not at a nonpermissive temperature (4°C). The use of kinase and calcineurin inhibitors led us to conclude that this internal labeling corresponded to CE. Further experiments showed that CE in mouse eggs is dependent on actin dynamics and dynamin activity, and could be associated with a transient exposure of phosphatidylserine. Finally, CE was impaired in A23187 ionophore-activated eggs, highlighting once again the mechanistic differences between the activation methods. Altogether, these results demonstrate for the first time that egg activation triggers CE in mouse eggs after exocytosis of CG, probably as a plasma membrane homeostasis mechanism.

Maturação in vitro de oócitos bovinos é negativamente afetada por CHIR99021, inibidor específico de GSK3 / In vitro maturation of bovine oocytes is negatively affected by CHIR99021, a specific inhibitor of GSK3

A enzima glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK3) atua em várias vias de sinalização pela fosforilação e desfosforilação de proteínas, participando de várias funções celulares. Poucos estudos descrevem sua participação na maturação in vitro (MIV) de oócitos bovinos, mas sabe-se que sua inibição inespecífica tem um impacto negativo nesse processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de CHIR99021, inibidor específico da GSK3, em diferentes aspectos da MIV de complexos de cumulusoócito (CCOs) bovino e seu impacto na produção in vitro. Os CCOs foram aspirados de ovários de vacas abatidas e maturados em meio suplementado com 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 6,0 μM de CHIR99021. A análise estatística dos resultados por regressão linear (p≤0,01) mostrou que após 22 h de MIV, o tratamento causou redução dose-dependente no grau de expansão das células cumulus; na viabilidade de oócitos avaliada por coloração com calceína-AM e iodeto de propídio; nas taxas de maturação nuclear, e migração de grânulos corticais avaliadas por marcação com orceína acética a 2% e com lectina Lens culinaris-FITC (LCA), respectivamente, além de uma redução na produção de blastocistos. Assim, conclui-se que o CHIR99021 interfere negativamente, de forma dose-dependente na MIV de oócitos bovinos, sugerindo a importância da GSK3 na maturação nuclear e citoplasmática, com consequente impacto para a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos.

The enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) acts in several signaling pathway through phosphorylation and protein dephosphorylation, participating in various cellular functions. Few studies describe its participation in the in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes, but its nonspecific inhibition is known to have a negative impact on this process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of CHIR99021, specific inhibition of GSK3, on different aspects of the in vitro maturation of bovine cumulus-oocyte (COCs) complexes. COCs were aspirated from ovaries of slaughtered cows and matured in medium supplemented with0; 1.5; 3.0 and 6.0 μM CHIR99021. Statistical analysis of the results by linear regression (p≤0.01) showed that after 22 hours of IVM the treatment caused dose-dependent reduction in the degree of cumulus cell expansion; oocyte viability evaluated by staining with calcein-AM and propidium iodide; rates of nuclear maturation and migration of cortical granules evaluated by labeling with 2% acetic orcein and Lens culinaris-FITC (LCA), respectively; and a reduction in the of blastocyst rate. It is concluded that CHIR99021 interferes negatively, in a dose-dependent manner in the IVM of bovine oocytes, suggesting the importance of GSK3 in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, with a consequent impact on the in vitro bovine embryos production.

Maturação in vitro de oócitos bovinos é negativamente afetada por CHIR99021, inibidor específico de GSK3 / In vitro maturation of bovine oocytes is negatively affected by CHIR99021, a specific inhibitor of GSK3

A enzima glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK3) atua em várias vias de sinalização pela fosforilação e desfosforilação de proteínas, participando de várias funções celulares. Poucos estudos descrevem sua participação na maturação in vitro (MIV) de oócitos bovinos, mas sabe-se que sua inibição inespecífica tem um impacto negativo nesse processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de CHIR99021, inibidor específico da GSK3, em diferentes aspectos da MIV de complexos de cumulusoócito (CCOs) bovino e seu impacto na produção in vitro. Os CCOs foram aspirados de ovários de vacas abatidas e maturados em meio suplementado com 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 6,0 μM de CHIR99021. A análise estatística dos resultados por regressão linear (p≤0,01) mostrou que após 22 h de MIV, o tratamento causou redução dose-dependente no grau de expansão das células cumulus; na viabilidade de oócitos avaliada por coloração com calceína-AM e iodeto de propídio; nas taxas de maturação nuclear, e migração de grânulos corticais avaliadas por marcação com orceína acética a 2% e com lectina Lens culinaris-FITC (LCA), respectivamente, além de uma redução na produção de blastocistos. Assim, conclui-se que o CHIR99021 interfere negativamente, de forma dose-dependente na MIV de oócitos bovinos, sugerindo a importância da GSK3 na maturação nuclear e citoplasmática, com consequente impacto para a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos.(AU)

The enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) acts in several signaling pathway through phosphorylation and protein dephosphorylation, participating in various cellular functions. Few studies describe its participation in the in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes, but its nonspecific inhibition is known to have a negative impact on this process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of CHIR99021, specific inhibition of GSK3, on different aspects of the in vitro maturation of bovine cumulus-oocyte (COCs) complexes. COCs were aspirated from ovaries of slaughtered cows and matured in medium supplemented with0; 1.5; 3.0 and 6.0 μM CHIR99021. Statistical analysis of the results by linear regression (p≤0.01) showed that after 22 hours of IVM the treatment caused dose-dependent reduction in the degree of cumulus cell expansion; oocyte viability evaluated by staining with calcein-AM and propidium iodide; rates of nuclear maturation and migration of cortical granules evaluated by labeling with 2% acetic orcein and Lens culinaris-FITC (LCA), respectively; and a reduction in the of blastocyst rate. It is concluded that CHIR99021 interferes negatively, in a dose-dependent manner in the IVM of bovine oocytes, suggesting the importance of GSK3 in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, with a consequent impact on the in vitro bovine embryos production.(AU)