Determination of mandibular distraction osteogenesis most suitable parameters. An experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Distraction osteogenesis is a process of induced bone generation. Various protocols have been described for the management of the latency period, distraction speed and consolidation period, with greater or lesser success. OBJECTIVE: To better understand the process of mandibular distraction and establish the determining factors and their optimal times. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-seven dogs were studied, which had 54 distractors placed and that underwent unidirectional, bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis. The distraction processes were applied using six variants, two for each factor: latency period, distraction period and distraction speed. The changes were examined by means of bone biopsies and X-rays of the area at 0, 7, 14, 21, 45 and 55 days of the process. RESULTS: The most efficient osteogenic distraction parameters were a latency period of five days, a consolidation period of six weeks, distraction speed of 1 mm/day for distances of less than 20 mm, and 3 mm/day for longer distances. CONCLUSIONS: The sequential histological study allowed to observe the appearance of cellular elements (osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoid matrix, trabeculate, etc.) and their participation in granulation tissue, newly-formed bone and compact mature bone.

ANTECEDENTES: Respecto a la distracción osteogénica (generación ósea inducida), con mayor o menor éxito han sido descritos diversos protocolos para el manejo del período de latencia, velocidad de distracción y período de consolidación. ­. OBJETIVO: Entender mejor el proceso de la distracción mandibular y establecer los factores determinantes y sus tiempos óptimos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 27 perros sometidos a distracción osteogénica unidireccional, bilateral de la mandíbula. Los procesos de distracción se aplicaron con seis variantes, dos por cada factor (período de latencia, período de distracción y velocidad de distracción). Se estudiaron los cambios mediante biopsias del hueso y radiografías de la zona a los 0, 7, 14, 21, 45 y 55 días del proceso. RESULTADOS: Los parámetros de distracción osteogénica más eficientes fueron período de latencia de cinco días, período de consolidación de seis semanas, 1 mm diario de velocidad de distracción para distancias menores a 20 mm y 3 mm diarios para distancias mayores. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio histológico secuencial permitió observar la aparición de los elementos celulares (osteocitos, osteoclastos, matriz osteoide, trabeculado, etcétera) y su participación en el tejido de granulación, el hueso neoformado y el hueso maduro compacto.

Determinación de los parámetros idóneos de la distracción osteogénica de la mandíbula. Estudio experimental / Determination of mandibular distraction osteogenesis most suitable parameters. An experimental study

Resumen Antecedentes: Respecto a la distracción osteogénica (generación ósea inducida), con mayor o menor éxito han sido descritos diversos protocolos para el manejo del período de latencia, velocidad de distracción y período de consolidación. Objetivo: Entender mejor el proceso de la distracción mandibular y establecer los factores determinantes y sus tiempos óptimos. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 27 perros sometidos a distracción osteogénica unidireccional, bilateral de la mandíbula. Los procesos de distracción se aplicaron con seis variantes, dos por cada factor (período de latencia, período de distracción y velocidad de distracción). Se estudiaron los cambios mediante biopsias del hueso y radiografías de la zona a los 0, 7, 14, 21, 45 y 55 días del proceso. Resultados: Los parámetros de distracción osteogénica más eficientes fueron período de latencia de cinco días, período de consolidación de seis semanas, 1 mm diario de velocidad de distracción para distancias menores a 20 mm y 3 mm diarios para distancias mayores. Conclusiones: El estudio histológico secuencial permitió observar la aparición de los elementos celulares (osteocitos, osteoclastos, matriz osteoide, trabeculado, etcétera) y su participación en el tejido de granulación, el hueso neoformado y el hueso maduro compacto.

Abstract Background: Distraction osteogenesis is a process of induced bone generation. Various protocols have been described for the management of the latency period, distraction speed and consolidation period, with greater or lesser success. Objective: To better understand the process of mandibular distraction and establish the determining factors and their optimal times. Material and methods: Twenty-seven dogs were studied, which had 54 distractors placed and that underwent unidirectional, bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis. The distraction processes were applied using six variants, two for each factor: latency period, distraction period and distraction speed. The changes were examined by means of bone biopsies and X-rays of the area at 0, 7, 14, 21, 45 and 55 days of the process. Results: The most efficient osteogenic distraction parameters were a latency period of five days, a consolidation period of six weeks, distraction speed of 1 mm/day for distances of less than 20 mm, and 3 mm/day for longer distances. Conclusions: The sequential histological study allowed to observe the appearance of cellular elements (osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoid matrix, trabeculate, etc.) and their participation in granulation tissue, newly-formed bone and compact mature bone.

Unusual case of double anterior segment with two lenses and double cataract in a 6-month child.

INTRODUCTION: Anterior segment duplicity with two lenses is a rare event which pathogenesis is still unknown. Different ocular and systemic abnormalities might be associated with such event. CASE OBSERVATIONS: Hereby we describe a case of a 6-months female child referred to our service due to signs of ocular malformation in the left eye. The ocular exam showed a double anterior segment with twin lenses in one single eye, associated with double lamellar opacity and persistence of the two hyaloid arteries. The patient underwent surgical treatment with lensectomy and vitrectomy aiming visual stimulation and prevention of definitive visual loss secondary to amblyopia. CONCLUSION: In any case of ocular malformation, efforts to provide adequate visual stimulus are necessary to avoid amblyopia. In our case, the opacified lenses were removed, the patient adapted contact lenses and will be followed-up for visual stimulation at the ophthalmic pediatric division aiming the best visual prognosis possible.

Human levator veli palatini muscle: a novel source of mesenchymal stromal cells for use in the rehabilitation of patients with congenital craniofacial malformations.

BACKGROUND: Bone reconstruction in congenital craniofacial differences, which affect about 2-3% of newborns, has long been the focus of intensive research in the field of bone tissue engineering. The possibility of using mesenchymal stromal cells in regenerative medicine protocols has opened a new field of investigation aimed at finding optimal sources of multipotent cells that can be isolated via non-invasive procedures. In this study, we analyzed whether levator veli palatini muscle fragments, which can be readily obtained in non-invasive manner during palatoplasty in cleft palate patients, represent a novel source of MSCs with osteogenic potential. METHODS: We obtained levator veli palatini muscle fragments (3-5 mm3), during surgical repair of cleft palate in 5 unrelated patients. Mesenchymal stromal cells were isolated from the muscle using a pre-plating technique and other standard practices. The multipotent nature of the isolated stromal cells was demonstrated via flow cytometry analysis and by induction along osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation pathways. To demonstrate the osteogenic potential of these cells in vivo, they were used to reconstruct a critical-sized full-thickness calvarial defect model in immunocompetent rats. RESULTS: Flow cytometry analysis showed that the isolated stromal cells were positive for mesenchymal stem cell antigens (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105) and negative for hematopoietic (CD34 and CD45) or endothelial cell markers (CD31). The cells successfully underwent osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic cell differentiation under appropriate cell culture conditions. Calvarial defects treated with CellCeram™ scaffolds seeded with the isolated levator veli palatini muscle cells showed greater bone healing compared to defects treated with acellular scaffolds. CONCLUSION: Cells derived from levator veli palatini muscle have phenotypic characteristics similar to other mesenchymal stromal cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that these cells may have clinical relevance in the surgical rehabilitation of patients with cleft palate and other craniofacial anomalies characterized by significant bone deficit.

A novel approach for pre-surgical evaluation of facial morphometry in children using magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain: a feasibility analysis / Un enfoque novedoso para la evaluación prequirúrgica de la morfometría facial en niños mediante imágenes por resonancia magnética de cerebro: un análisis de viabilidad

Pre-surgical evaluation of facial morphometry is frequently warranted for children with facial dysmorphism. Though many methods utilized previously for such purposes, data is scarce on using magnetic resonance (MRI) brain images for such purposes. The purpose of this study was to appraise the feasibility of utilizing MRI brain scans done in epilepsy imaging protocol to assess facial morphometry. Measurements of the face; orbit, mouth, and nose of children aged 1 to 7 years were obtained using T1 sagittal, T2 axial and three dimensional (3D) MRI images of the brain (n=20). Ability to obtain facial measurements, inter and intra-observer variability calculated. The mean age of the studied children was 4±2 years, of which 40% (n=8) were boys, and 60% (n=12) were girls. Obtaining facial measurements were reliable with high intra-observer (α=0.757 to 0.999) and inter-observer agreements (α=0.823 to 0.997). The landmarks of the cranium, upper face, and upper nose could be identified (100%) in both two dimensional (2D) and 3D images when such landmarks were contained in the imaging field of view (FOV). Landmarks of lower nose, (subalar width = 0%) or mouth (0%) were not contained in the FOV of 2D images, but contained in 3D images (100%). Both 2D and 3D images did not allow assessment of lower face or the mandible as such landmarks were not contained in the FOV.We conclude thatBrain MRIs performed to evaluate cerebral pathology can be executed to assess facial measurements, provided the FOV of the scan is adjusted to include all significant landmarks.

La evaluación prequirúrgica de la morfometría facial con frecuencia se justifica para niños con dismorfismo facial. Aunque muchos métodos se utilizaron anteriormente para tales fines, los datos son escasos sobre el uso de imágenes cerebrales por resonancia magnética (MRI) para tales fines. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la viabilidad de utilizar resonancias magnéticas cerebrales realizadas en el protocolo de imágenes de epilepsia para evaluar la morfometría facial.Medidas de la cara, la órbita, la boca y la nariz de niños de 1 a 7 años se obtuvieron mediante imágenes de resonancia magnética cerebral T1 sagital, axial T2 y tridimensional (3D) del cerebro (n = 20). Se obtuvieron las medidas faciales, y fue calculada la variabilidad inter e intraobservador.La edad de los niños estudiados fue de 4 ± 2 años, de los cuales el 40% (n = 8) hombre y el 60% (n = 12) mujer. La obtención de medidas faciales fue confiable con altos acuerdos intraobservador (α = 0,757 a 0,999) e interobservador (α = 0,823 a 0,997). Los puntos de referencia del cráneo, la cara superior y la nariz superior se pudieron identificar (100%) tanto en imágenes bidimensionales (2D) como en 3D cuando dichos puntos de referencia estaban contenidos en el campo de visión de la imagen (FOV). Los puntos de referencia de la parte inferior de la nariz (ancho subalar = 0%) o la boca (0%) no estaban contenidos en el campo de visión de las imágenes 2D, sino que estaban contenidos en las imágenes 3D (100%). Tanto las imágenes 2D como las 3D no permitieron la evaluación de la parte inferior de la cara o la mandíbula, ya que tales puntos de referencia no estaban contenidos en el campo de visión.Concluimos que las resonancias magnéticas cerebrales realizadas para evaluar la patología cerebral se pueden usar para evaluar las medidas faciales, siempre que el campo de visión de la exploración se ajuste para incluir todos los puntos de referencia importantes.

Clinical and Epidemiologic Description of Orofacial Clefts in Bogota and Cali, Colombia, 2001-2015.

OBJECTIVES: Among congenital craniofacial anomalies, orofacial clefts (OFCs) are the most common. Global prevalence is 2 in 1000 and in Colombia, 1 in 700. Our goal was to describe cleft palate (CP) prevalence and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) from 2001 to 2015 in Bogota and Cali, Colombia. METHOD: Using the ECLAMC case-control design method, information was obtained from the Congenital Anomalies Monitoring and Surveillance Programs in Bogota and Cali. We describe the prevalence of cases classified into the following groups: isolated, polymalformed, and syndromic. The proportion of cases and controls was 1:4. Data were analyzed using frequency distribution and Student t test to compare means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We identified 529 OFC cases and 2116 controls from 448,930 births: a rate of 11.8 per 10,000 (CI = 10.80-12.83). From the total cases, 73% were identified with CL/CP compared to 27% with CP. Males had higher CL±P (59%) prevalence, whereas the highest neonatal mortality was observed among polymalformed cases (7%). The most common anomaly identified among our cases was cleft lip without isolated cleft palate (58%). We found that OFCs are linked to birthweight, size, and gestational age and higher parity with statistically significant differences in all variables compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: OFC is a highly prevalent anomaly in Colombia, with a range of maternal and infant differences across case subgroups. The identification of important OFC subgroups that follow certain patterns of prevalence may prove useful to primary and tertiary care facilities with the goal of reducing further disability.

Síndrome Cornelia de Lange: reporte de un caso / Cornelia de Lange syndrome: a case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Síndrome Cornelia de Lange (SCdL), es un trastorno congénito del desarrollo, se presenta en descendencia de padres consanguíneos. Prevalencia de 0,2 a 1 por 10.000 nacidos vivos. Existe evidencia de cromosomopatías 3q25-29 y 5p13-14. Presenta un fenotipo facial característico con microcefalia, sinofridia, pestañas largas, labios en V-invertida, además de hipertricosis, oligodactilia, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, y cardiopatías. El objetivo es establecer los antecedentes médicos relevantes para diagnosticar de forma precoz la enfermedad. CASO CLÍNICO: Niña de 16 meses de edad, padres consanguíneos, nacida prematura de 36 semanas, se le diagnostica un SCdL grave, además tiene cardiopatía congénita, riñones poliquísticos, hipoacusia severa, reflujo gastroesofágico complicándose con neumonía por aspiración. DISCUSIÓN: El diagnóstico se realiza con examen físico y cariograma. Considerar el Síndrome Alcohólico Fetal como diagnóstico diferencial. Para el tratamiento, es fundamental seguir las pautas del 2007 para el manejo de individuos con SCdL, así prevenir complicaciones respiratorias.

INTRODUCTION: Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), is a congenital developmental disorder, occurs in offspring of consanguineous parents. The prevalence is 0.2 to 1 per 10,000 live births. There are evidence of chromosomopathies 3q25-29 and5p13-14. The affected have a characteristic facial phenotype with microcephaly, synophrys, long eyelashes, V-shaped invertedlips, hypertrichosis, oligodactyly, psychomotor retardation, and heart disease. The aim is to establish the relevant medical background for early diagnosis of the disease. CASE REPORT: Girl, 16 months old, consanguineous parents, born 36 weeks premature, diagnosed with a severe CdLS, congenital heart disease, polycystic kidneys, severe bilateral hearing loss, gastroesophageal reflux complicated by aspiration pneumonia. DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of CdLS is made by physical exam and karyotype. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the differential diagnosis. For treatment, it is essential to follow the 2007's guidelines for the management of individuals with CdLS and prevent respiratory complications.

Síndrome Cornelia de Lange: reporte de un caso / Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: a case report

El Síndrome Cornelia de Lange (SCdL), es un trastorno congénito del desarrollo que se presenta en descendencia de padres consanguíneos. Prevalencia de 0,2 a 1 por10.000 nacidos vivos. Existe evidencia de cromosomopatías3q25-29 y 5p13-14. Presenta un fenotipo facial característico con microcefalia, sinofridia, pestañas largas, labios en V-invertida, además de hipertricosis, oligodactilia, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor y cardiopatías. El objetivo es establecer los antecedentes médicos relevantes para diagnosticar de forma precoz la enfermedad. CASO CLÍNICO: Niña de 16 meses de edad, padres consanguíneos, nacida prematura de 36 semanas, se le diagnostica SCdL grave, además presenta cardiopatía congénita, riñones poliquísticos, hipoacusia severa y reflujo gastroesofágico, complicándose con neumonía por aspiración. DISCUSIÓN: El diagnóstico se realiza con examen físico y cariograma. Considerar el Síndrome Alcohólico Fetal como diagnóstico diferencial. Para el tratamiento, es fundamental seguir las pautas del 2007 para el manejo de individuos con SCdL, y así prevenir complicaciones respiratorias...

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), is a congenital developmental disorder, occurs in offspring of consanguineous parents. The prevalence is 0.2 to 1 per 10,000 live births. There are evidence of chromosomopathies 3q25-29 and5p13-14. The affected have a characteristic facial phenotype with microcephaly, synophrys, long eyelashes, V-shaped inverted lips, hypertrichosis, oligodactyly, psychomotor retardation, and heart disease. The aim is to establish the relevant medical background for early diagnosis of the disease. CASE REPORT: Girl, 16months old, consanguineous parents, born 36 weeks premature, diagnosed with a severe CdLS, congenital heart disease, polycystic kidneys, severe bilateral hearing loss, gastroesophageal reflux complicated by aspiration pneumonia. DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of CdLS is made by physical exam and karyotype. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the differential diagnosis. For treatment, it is essential to follow the 2007’s guidelines for the management of individuals with CdLS and prevent respiratory complications...

Frequency of congenital craniofacial malformations in a Brazilian reference center / Frequência de malformações congênitas craniofaciais em um centro de referência brasileiro

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a frequência de anomalias craniofaciais em pacientes assistidos em um Centro de Referência Brasileiro para deformidades craniofaciais. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo epidemiológico avaliando os prontuários clínicos de 1.142 pacientes, sendo 656 (57,4 por cento) do gênero masculino e 486 (42,6 por cento) do feminino, entre os anos de 1992 e 2008. RESULTADOS: Entre os defeitos congênitos, fissura labial e/ou palatina não-sindrômica foi o mais frequente (778 casos; 68,1 por cento), seguido por anomalias congênitas simples ou múltiplas sem fissura labial e/ou palatina (240 casos; 21 por cento), síndromes ou sequências reconhecidas (56 casos; 5 por cento), síndromes com fissura orofacial como um componente do quadro sindrômico (41 casos; 3,5 por cento), e fissuras orofaciais em associação com malformações sistêmicas (27 casos; 2,4 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que o defeito congênito identificado mais frequente foi a fissura labial e/ou palatina não-sindrômica, no entanto, anomalias isoladas e síndromes envolvendo as estruturas craniofaciais foram bastante encontradas. Além disso, ressalta-se a necessidade de estudos que identifiquem a frequência e os fatores de riscos associados às anomalias craniofaciais na população brasileira, a fim de que se planejem estratégias e ações integradas para o desenvolvimento de programas preventivos e de tratamento adequado.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of craniofacial anomalies in patients treated at a Brazilian Reference Center for craniofacial deformities. METHOD: Retrospective epidemiological study evaluating the clinical records of 1,142 patients: 656 (57.4%) male and 486 (42.6%) female, between 1992 and 2008. RESULTS: Among birth defects, non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate were the most frequent ones (778 cases; 68.1%), followed by single or multiple congenital anomalies without cleft lip and/or palate (240 cases; 21%), recognized syndromes or sequences (56 cases; 5%), syndromes with orofacial cleft as a component (41 cases; 3.5%), and orofacial clefts in association with systemic malformations (27 cases; 2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate was the congenital defect most frequently identified, although, isolated anomalies and syndromes involving craniofacial structures were quite frequent. Furthermore, the need for studies to identify the frequency and risk factors associated with craniofacial anomalies in the Brazilian population is emphasized in order to plan comprehensive strategies and integrated actions for the development of preventive programs and treatment.

Deformidades craneoestenoticasfaciales su estudio en nuestro medio (1992- 2009) / Craniofacialsynostosis malformations a study in our department (1992- 2009)

Las deformidades craneoestenóticas-faciales o alteraciones morfo-volumétricas del cráneo y la cara, de etiopatogenia discutida y tratamiento siempre quirúrgico y precoz, motivan esta investigación longitudinal y retrospectiva de 108 sujetos operados de la craneoestenosis que forma parte de todas ellas, teniendo en cuenta las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tipos de craneoestenosis, estudios imagenológicos y neurofisiológicos pre y postoperatorios, complicaciones acaecidas en el trans o postoperatorio, se llegó a los siguientes resultados: Edad predominante, 1 año (51.9 por ciento), sexo masculino (83.3 por ciento), tipo de craneoestenosis mayor número de veces presente, la escafocefalia (68 niños/63 por ciento). Estudios Preoperatorios. Imagenología: La radiografía simple de cráneo en tres vistas mostró mayor número de veces el diagnóstico de imagen, con aumento de presencia de impresiones digitiformes (18 pacientes/16.6 por ciento); mientras que TAC de Cráneo permitió diagnosticar tempranamente (7 niños/6.5 por ciento) signos de hidrocefalia y presencia de atrofia cerebral ( 27 sujetos/25 por ciento); imágenes diagnósticas fundamentales para confirmar diagnóstico precoz de craneoestenosis. Estudios Neurofisiológicos (EEG), patológicos (73 pacientes/67.5 por ciento), resultados no encontrados en estudios evolutivos posteriores a los 6 meses de la cirugía. Siendo muy escasas la presencia de complicaciones trans y postoperatorias, no obstante ocurrir una muerte súbita (0.9 por ciento), en el postoperatorio inmediato (72 horas).

Craniofacialsynostotic malformations and morpho-volume alterations of the skull and the face of discussed etiopathogenesis and early surgical treatment have motivated a longitudinal and retrospective research of a 108 subjects who underwent surgery of craniosynostosis taking into consideration the following variables: age, sex, type of craniosynostosis, imaging and neurophysiologic studies either pre or post operatory, as well as during and post operatory complications; resulting in the following : predominant age 1 year (51.9 percent), male (83.3 percent), type of craniosynostosis of greater number of presence, scafocephaly (68 children/63 percent). The pre operatory imaging studies.: were simple radiography of the skull of three views showing greater number of times an image diagnosis, with increased presence of digit forms impressions (18 patients/16.6 percent); whereas skull CT scan allowed to early diagnose (7 children/6.5 percent) signs of hydrocephaly and the presence of cerebral atrophy, (27 subjects/25 percent); essential diagnostic images to confirm early diagnosis of craniosynostosis. Neurophysiologic studies (EEG), pathologic (73 patients /67.5 percent), with no result in follow up studies after six months of surgery. Having little presence of complications during or post operatory; however, one sudden death occurred (0.9 percent), in the immediate post operatory (72 hours).

Aportes y modificaciones de técnicas quirúrgicas en cirugía craneofacial pediátrica / Contributions and modifications of surgical techniques in pediatric craniofacial surgery

Las deformidades craneofaciales se deben en su mayoría a alteraciones del crecimiento y desarrollo, traumatismos y neoplasias. Con el objetivo de describir el tratamiento quirúrgico integral de estas y las modificaciones y aportes realizados a las técnicas craneofaciales tradicionales, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 46 pacientes tratados por el equipo interdisciplinario de cirugía craneofacial del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Juan M Márquez, en el período comprendido entre mayo de 2003 a marzo de 2007. La edad promedio de los pacientes intervenidos fue de 6,3 años. Se realizó una veintena de técnicas quirúrgicas. La más utilizada fue la suturectomía coronal con hemiavance en antifaz y craneoplastia frontal, para el 15,2 por ciento; seguida de la suturectomía coronal con avance en antifaz y craneoplastia frontal, para el 10,9 por ciento. El 8,9 por ciento de los pacientes necesitó osteotomía Le Fort III para distracción del tercio medio. Los aportes introducidos fueron: la plicatura radiada de la duramadre con bipolar en el 75,0 por ciento de los craneotomizados, incisión puntiforme de la duramadre para descomprimir hipertensión encefálica transoperatoria o retraer encéfalo para osteotomías de base de cráneo en el 64,3 por ciento de los craneotomizados; fractura en tallo verde a nivel del pterium, en el colgajo en antifaz para las técnicas de Marshall, usada en el 83,3 por ciento de los braquicéfalos o plagiocéfalos; el avance sólo del lado afectado en el 100 por ciento de las plagiocefalias, con modificación de la técnica de Marshall, entre otras, para un total de 9 modificaciones a los procederes quirúrgicos. Hubo ausencia de complicaciones asociadas a éstas, con más de 2 años de evolución posoperatoria(AU)

Most of he craniofacial deformities are caused by development and growth alterations, traumata and neoplasms. To describe the integral surgical treatment of above deformities and the modifications and contributions carried out to traditional craniofacial techniques, a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 46 patients seen by the craniofacial surgery multidisciplinary staff from Juán Manuel Máquez University Children Hospital from May, 2003 to March, 2007. Mean age of the patients operated on was of 6.3 years. Twenty Surgical tehniques were performed where the more used was he coronal suturectomy with a mask hemi-advance and frontal cranioplasty for the 15.2 percent, followed by the coronal suturectomy with the two above techniques for te 10.9 percent. The 8.9 percent of patients need LeFort III osteotomy for distraction of half-third. The contributions included: radiate plication of dura mater with the bipolar type in the 75,0 percent of craniotomy patients, punctiform incision of dura mater to decompress a transoperative encephalic hypertension or to retract the encephalon for osteotomies on skull base in the 64,3 percent of craniotomy patients, greenstick fracture at level of pterion in the mask flap for the Marshal's techniques used in the 83,3 percent of the brachycephalous or plagiocephaly with advance only of inolved side in the 100 percent of plagiocephalies with a modification of Marshall's technique among others, for a total o 9 modifications to surgical procedures. There weren't complications associated with these procedures and more than two years of posoperative cours(AU)

Aportes y modificaciones de técnicas quirúrgicas en cirugía craneofacial pediátrica / Contributions and modifications of surgical techniques in pediatric craniofacial surgery

Las deformidades craneofaciales se deben en su mayoría a alteraciones del crecimiento y desarrollo, traumatismos y neoplasias. Con el objetivo de describir el tratamiento quirúrgico integral de estas y las modificaciones y aportes realizados a las técnicas craneofaciales tradicionales, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 46 pacientes tratados por el equipo interdisciplinario de cirugía craneofacial del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Juan M Márquez, en el período comprendido entre mayo de 2003 a marzo de 2007. La edad promedio de los pacientes intervenidos fue de 6,3 años. Se realizó una veintena de técnicas quirúrgicas. La más utilizada fue la suturectomía coronal con hemiavance en antifaz y craneoplastia frontal, para el 15,2 por ciento; seguida de la suturectomía coronal con avance en antifaz y craneoplastia frontal, para el 10,9 por ciento. El 8,9 por ciento de los pacientes necesitó osteotomía Le Fort III para distracción del tercio medio. Los aportes introducidos fueron: la plicatura radiada de la duramadre con bipolar en el 75,0 por ciento de los craneotomizados, incisión puntiforme de la duramadre para descomprimir hipertensión encefálica transoperatoria o retraer encéfalo para osteotomías de base de cráneo en el 64,3 por ciento de los craneotomizados; fractura en tallo verde a nivel del pterium, en el colgajo en antifaz para las técnicas de Marshall, usada en el 83,3 por ciento de los braquicéfalos o plagiocéfalos; el avance sólo del lado afectado en el 100 por ciento de las plagiocefalias, con modificación de la técnica de Marshall, entre otras, para un total de 9 modificaciones a los procederes quirúrgicos. Hubo ausencia de complicaciones asociadas a éstas, con más de 2 años de evolución posoperatoria(AU)

Most of he craniofacial deformities are caused by development and growth alterations, traumata and neoplasms. To describe the integral surgical treatment of above deformities and the modifications and contributions carried out to traditional craniofacial techniques, a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 46 patients seen by the craniofacial surgery multidisciplinary staff from Juán Manuel Máquez University Children Hospital from May, 2003 to March, 2007. Mean age of the patients operated on was of 6.3 years. Twenty Surgical tehniques were performed where the more used was he coronal suturectomy with a mask hemi-advance and frontal cranioplasty for the 15.2 percent, followed by the coronal suturectomy with the two above techniques for te 10.9 percent. The 8.9 percent of patients need LeFort III osteotomy for distraction of half-third. The contributions included: radiate plication of dura mater with the bipolar type in the 75,0 percent of craniotomy patients, punctiform incision of dura mater to decompress a transoperative encephalic hypertension or to retract the encephalon for osteotomies on skull base in the 64,3 percent of craniotomy patients, greenstick fracture at level of pterion in the mask flap for the Marshal's techniques used in the 83,3 percent of the brachycephalous or plagiocephaly with advance only of inolved side in the 100 percent of plagiocephalies with a modification of Marshall's technique among others, for a total o 9 modifications to surgical procedures. There weren't complications associated with these procedures and more than two years of posoperative cours(AU)

Tratamiento de la escafocefalia por la técnica de green y wininstaken (1999-2009) / Treatment of scafocephaly by means of green & winstaken technique (1999-2009)

Las alteraciones morfofuncionales acaecidas en las craneoestenosis necesitan siempre tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno y motivó a los autores a exponer su experiencia de 10 años (1999- 2009), en la cirugía de estos casos mediante el uso de la Técnica de Green y Winstaken (craniectomía sagital), en 39 niños afectados por escafocefalia, con los siguientes resultados: predominó el grupo de edades entre 4-6 meses (74.4 por ciento), al momento de realizar la cirugía, lo cual demuestra la forma precoz en que esta se realiza en nuestro Hospital. Sexo más afectado el masculino (94.6 por ciento/37 niños);, prevaleció la estadía hospitalaria entre 4-10 días (34 sujetos/87.2 por ciento), condicionada solo a factor geográfico; al mostrar esta técnica excelentes resultados trans y postoperatorios, al realizar evaluación de los casos operados mediante la cuantificación del tiempo anestésico-quirúrgico (TAQ), y del sangrado transoperatorio (ST), encontrándose el mayor número de sujetos en el grupo cuyo resultados del TAQ se consideró de adecuado /1 hora= (33 niños/84.3 por ciento) y el ST moderado/60-100cc=(35 casos/89.8 por ciento), donde de obtuvo en 100 por ciento de los niños operados por esta técnica, la doble función de cambio inmediato de la morfología craneal y prevención del daño neurológico futuro. Las complicaciones solo se presentaron en el transoperatorio (4 pacientes/10.3 por ciento), motivadas a profusos sangramientos; no ocurrió ninguna en el postoperatorio inmediato o mediato, motivo más que suficiente para recomendar esta técnica como de excelente opción, a la hora de llevar a cabo este tipo de cirugía.

The morpho-functional alterations that occurred in craniosynostosis, always require timely surgical treatment, thus motivating the authors to present their experience throughout the period of ten years (1999-2009) in the performance of surgery of the cases by means of Green & Winstaken Technique (sagital craniectomy) in 39 children affected by scafocephaly; having the following results: predominant age group at the moment of surgery, between 4 and 6 months (74.4 percent), which shows the early performance of surgery in our Hospital. The male sex was the most affected (94.6 percent/37 children), the prevailing hospital stay was between 4-10(34 subjects/87.2 percent), being determined by the geographical factor; after showing the excellent recovery during and post-operatory results, when evaluating the operated cases by assessing the anesthetic-surgical time and the bleeding during the time of surgery, it was found the greater number of subjects in the group with an anesthetic-surgical time, considered adequate /1hour =(33 children/84.3 percent) and with bleeding during surgery considered moderate/60-100cc=(35 cases/89.8 percent), the double function of immediate change of cranial morphology preventing future neurological damage was obtained in 100 percent of the children that underwent this type of surgery. Complications were only present during the time of operation (4 patients/10.3 percent), due to profuse bleeding, but there was none after the operation, neither immediate nor mediate moments , motivating us to recommend this type of technique as an excellent choice when assessing the time to carry out this type of surgery.