Triazine herbicides exposure, natural immunoglobulin M antibodies, and fasting plasma glucose changes: Association and mediation analyses in general Chinese urban adults.

The effects of triazine herbicides on glucose metabolism remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to assess the associations between serum triazine herbicides and glycemia-related risk indicators in general adults, and to evaluate the mediating role of natural immunoglobulin M antibodies (IgM) in the above associations among uninfected participants. We measured the concentrations of atrazine, cyanazine, and IgM in serum, as well as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and fasting plasma insulin in 4423 adult participants from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort baseline population, enrolled in 2011-2012. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the associations of serum triazine herbicides with glycemia-related risk indicators, and mediation analyses were performed to evaluate the mediating role of serum IgM in the above associations. The median levels of serum atrazine and cyanazine were 0.0237 µg/L and 0.0786 µg/L, respectively. Our study found significant positive associations of serum atrazine, cyanazine, and Σtriazine with FPG levels, risk of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), abnormal glucose regulation (AGR), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Additionally, serum cyanazine and Σtriazine were found to be significant positive associated with the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels. Significant negative linear relationships were observed in associations of serum IgM with serum triazine herbicides, FPG, HOMA-IR levels, the prevalence of T2D, and AGR (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we observed a significant mediating role by IgM in the associations of serum triazine herbicides with FPG, HOMA-IR, and AGR, with the proportions ranging from 2.96% to 7.71%. To ensure the stability of our findings, we conducted sensitivity analyses in normoglycemic participants and found that the association of serum IgM with FPG and the mediating role by IgM remained stable. Our results suggest that triazine herbicides exposure is positively associated with abnormal glucose metabolism, and decreasing serum IgM may partly mediate these associations.

Cyanazine herbicide monitoring as a hazardous substance by a DNA nanostructure biosensor.

Cyanazine is a beneficial herbicide in the triazines group that inhibits photosynthesis in plants and monitoring of this herbicide is so important for study agriculture products. The present researches have been focused on monitoring of cyanazine by a straightforward and fast electrochemical strategy. Herein, to monitor the cyanazine level, Pt and Pd doped CdO nanoparticle decorated SWCNTs composite (Pt-Pd-CdO/SWCNTs) has been synthesized as a conductive mediator and characterized by EDS, SEM and TEM techniques. The Pt-Pd-CdO/SWCNTs and ds-DNA have been used for modification of the gold electrode (GE). Moreover, the oxidation signal of guanine relative to ds-DNA at the surface of Pt-Pd-CdO/SWCNTs/ds-DNA/GE has been considered as an bioelectroanalytical issue to monitoring cyanazine for the first time. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) signals have confirmed that the inclusion of Pt-Pd-CdO/SWCNTs at the surface of the GE has lowered charge-transfer resistance by ca.1.54 times and created a highly conductive state for monitoring of cyanazine in nanomolar concentration. On the other hand, differential pulse voltammograms (DPV) of Pt-Pd-CdO/SWCNTs/ds-DNA/GE have indicated a linear dynamic range of 4.0 nM-70 µM with a detection limit of 0.8 nM to the monitoring of cyanazine. In addition, the molecular docking study has emphasized that cyanazine herbicide is capable of binding to ds-DNA preferably at the guanine-cytosine rich sequences, and confirmed experimental results. In the final step, Pt-Pd-CdO/SWCNTs/ds-DNA/GE has been successfully utilized for the monitoring of cyanazine herbicide in food and water samples.

Comparison of PC-12 cells’ apoptosis induced by triazine herbicides atrazine, simazine and cyanazine / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To compare PC-12 cells’ apoptosis caused by the serotonin herbicides atrazine （ATR）， simazine （SIM） and cyanazine （CYA）. 【Methods】 The rat adrenal medullary pheochromoma PC-12 cell line was selected for routine culture. At the cell logarithmic growth phase， ATR， SIM and CYA were used at a concentration of 200 μmol/L for 24 h， respectively， and the same solvent was added in the control group. The CCK-8 method was used to detect the cell survival rate； the content of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in PC-12 cells was detected； the Real-time PCR and Western blotting methods were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of Bax， p53， Bcl-2 and Caspase-3. 【Results】 Compared with that in the control group， the survival rate of the cells in ATR group， SIM group and CYA group was significantly decreased. The intracellular ROS activity of the three groups was significantly increased， and the mRNA and protein expressions of Bax， p53 and Caspase-3 were increased. mRNA and protein expressions of Bcl-2 were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with that in ATR group， the cell survival rate of SIM group and CYA group was significantly increased， the intracellular ROS activity of the two groups was significantly decreased， the expressions of Bax， p53 and Caspase-3 mRNA and protein were significantly reduced， and the expressions of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with that of SIM group， the cell survival rate of CYA group was significantly increased， while the intracellular ROS activity was significantly decreased； the Bax， p53 and Caspase-3 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly reduced， and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly increased （P<0.01）. 【Conclusion】 ATR， SIM and CYA can all promote PC-12 cells’ apoptosis； ATR has the strongest effect while CYA has the weakest effect.

Facile and eco-friendly synthesis of functionalized iron nanoparticles for cyanazine removal in water.

Second generation herbicide is applied for broad leaf weeds and yearly grasses in the growing fields of bananas, pineapple, sugarcane - polluting water sources. Cyanazine removal is described on functionalized iron nano particles (nano-adsorbent). The nano-adsorbent was developed via eco-friendly method, functionalized with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolidium bromide followed by SEM, XRD and FT-IR characterization. Remaining cyanazine in water was examined by C18-HPLC method. The batch experimentation limits were 30.0 µg/L (concen.), 30.0 min. (time) 7.0 (pH), 2.5 g/L (dose) and 25.0 °C temperature. The experimentation data followed Freundlich, Temkin Dubinin-Radushkevich and Langmuir isotherms. The values of ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were -7.41, -6.47 and -6.27 kJ/mol at 20, 25 and 30 °C temps.; -8.27 kJ/mol and -7.93 × 10-3 kJ/mol K. These observations shown removal process fast and exothermic. The removal obeyed pseudo-first-order and liquid film diffusion mechanism. The removal method was quick, eco-friendly, and cheap owing to be appropriate under usual situations of water assets. The removal method can be applied for cyanazine removal in different waters.

Spatio-temporal variations of selected pesticide residues in the Kurose River in Higashi-Hiroshima city, Japan.

This study investigated spatio-temporal variations of selected pesticide residues in the Kurose River in Higashi-Hiroshima city (Hiroshima Prefecture), Japan. Water samples were collected from the river at seven sites every month for 1 year (March 2016 to February 2017). Pesticide residues were extracted from the samples by a solid phase extraction using Sep Pack C18 cartridges. Once extracted, the samples were analyzed for cyanazine, simetryn, fenarimol, isoprothiolane, and diazinon using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet visible (HPLC-UV Vis) system. The limits of detection were 3.60, 4.10, 2.80, 6.50, and 7.30 ng L-1 for cyanazine, simetryn, fenarimol, isoprothiolane, and diazinon, respectively. Good recovery rates (88%-102%), and mean percent relative standard deviation range (1.00%-5.70%) (n = 6) were obtained with a spiking at 0.20 µg L-1. The maximum concentrations of 282, 391, 60, 1086, and 1194 ng L-1 were obtained for cyanazine, simetryn, isoprothiolane, fenarimol, and diazinon, respectively. Cyanazine was the most frequently detected pesticide (64% of the samples, n = 84), followed by simetryn (58%), and then diazinon (57%). The highest and lowest pesticide concentrations were measured during the periods May-June, and January-February, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed three principal components in which the pesticides were linked to dissolved organic matter and total suspended solids. The major water quality parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO2-, and temperature) showed no clear trends for these pesticides. The presence of simetryn and isoprothiolane was largely attributed to rice paddy farms, whereas diazinon was associated mostly with vegetable farms and orchards. The diazinon and isoprothiolane patterns were consistent with their use of controlling insects and fungi in the prefecture. The maximum diazinon concentration detected was higher than the human safe level specified by the European Union (100 ng L-1) in Council Directive 98/83/EC. This is of concern because of the bioconcentration potential of these residues in fish and other marine animals consumed by humans.

Development of a Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion methodology for the determination of triazine herbicides in mussels.

A method based on Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion (MSPD) for determination of nine triazines in mussels has been optimised in terms of the sorbents used for extracting and cleaning-up. Two dispersing agents: C18 and florisil, and eight cleanup co-sorbents: florisil, silica, silica/alumina, Envi™ Carb, Envi-Carb-II/PSA, SAX/PSA, Envi-Carb-II /SAX/PSA and C18 were assayed. Analytes were eluted using 20 mL of ethyl acetate and 5 mL of acetonitrile and finally the extract was concentrated to dryness, re-constituted with 1 mL methanol and determined by HPLC-DAD. The best results were obtained with C18 as dispersing agent and Envi-Carb-II/SAX/PSA as clean-up co-column. Recoveries ranged between 79% and 99% and repeatability and reproducibility were below than 16% for all compounds. The linearity of the calibration curves yielded the R(2)⩾0.9993. The LOQ values ranged from 0.10 to 0.18 mg kg(-1) dried sample. Finally the method was applied to the analysis of mussel samples from Galicia (NW Spain).

Water-compatible magnetic imprinted microspheres for rapid separation and determination of triazine herbicides in environmental water.

A novel kind of water-compatible magnetic imprinted cyromazine microsphere (WCMM) was synthesized by water/oil/water suspension polymerization. The obtained WCMM was homogenously spherical with porous morphology and strong magnetic properties. The microspheres were successfully used as adsorbent in dispersive solid-phase extraction (WCMM-dSPE) to selectively extract cyanazine and atrazine from environmental water. Good linearity of the two analytes was observed in the range from 2.5 to 200.0ngmL(-1). The average recoveries at three spiking levels ranged from 84.8% to 104.3% with relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 6.9%. Compared with magnetic non-imprinted particles (WCMN), the proposed WCMM adsorbent of dSPE efficiently improved the efficiency of extracting cyanazine and atrazine from environmental water samples and eliminated the effect of cyromazine leakage on the quantitative analysis of cyanazine and atrazine. The proposed WCMM-dSPE method combined the advantages of magnetic separation, molecular imprinted microspheres and dSPE.