Convergent responses of fish belonging to different feeding guilds to sewage pollution

This study aimed to evaluate if the presence of pollutants promotes changes in feeding habits of fish species from different trophic guilds: the detritivorous species, Hypostomus francisci, and the piscivorous, Hoplias intermedius. Both species were sampled at 12 sites (with different degrees of pollution) in the Rio das Velhas basin, which is heavily polluted by domestic and industrial sewage from the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH). Stable isotope analyses of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) of fish tissue and the main food resources were performed. Fishes from both trophic guilds altered their diets in degraded environments, but the detritivorous species showed greater trophic plasticity. The isotopic niche of both trophic guilds was broadest in unpolluted sites and more δ15N enriched in polluted regions. The detritivorous species presented high niche-breadth in unpolluted sites, probably due to the greater variety of resources consumed. In addition, the δ15N of the detritivorous was more enriched than the piscivorous species in polluted sites. In conclusion, fishes from both trophic guilds presented similar isotopic responses to environmental pollution. However, the detritivorous species was more sensitive to these alterations and therefore, is likely a better indicator of environmental condition than the piscivorous.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se a presença de poluentes promove mudanças nos hábitos alimentares de espécies de peixes de diferentes guildas tróficas: a espécie detritívora, Hypostomus francisci, e a piscívora, Hoplias intermedius. Ambas espécies foram amostradas em 12 locais (com diferentes níveis de poluição) na bacia do Rio das Velhas, que é altamente poluída por esgoto doméstico e industrial da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). Foram realizadas análises de isótopos estáveis de carbono (δ13C) e nitrogênio (δ15N) dos tecidos dos peixes e dos principais recursos alimentares. Espécies de ambas guildas tróficas alteraram suas dietas em ambientes degradados, mas a espécie detritívora apresentou maior plasticidade trófica. O nicho isotópico de ambas as espécies foi mais amplo em locais menos perturbados e mais enriquecido em δ15N em regiões poluídas. A espécie detritívora apresentou grande amplitude em seu nicho isotópico em locais menos perturbados, provavelmente devido à maior variedade de recursos consumidos. Além disso, o δ15N da espécie detritívora foi mais enriquecido que a espécie piscívora em locais poluídos. Em conclusão, ambas as espécies apresentaram respostas isotópicas semelhantes à poluição ambiental. No entanto, a espécie detritívora foi mais sensível a essas alterações e, portanto, é provavelmente uma melhor indicadora de condição ambiental do que a espécie piscívora.(AU)

Dissolved iron elution from mangrove ecosystem associated with polyphenols and a herbivorous snail.

Interest in the systems supplying dissolved forms of iron to the sea from upland forests and wetlands has increased because iron is abundant on land but has low bioavailability in seawater. This can be a limiting factor for the growth of marine phytoplankton. Organic complex iron, a typical form of iron dissolved in seawater, is supplied to the ocean through rivers from forest and wetland soils. As a related study, we focus on mangrove ecosystems located at the boundary between the land and sea and on polyphenols present in leaves as ligands for the formation of iron complexes. When mangrove leaf litterfalls on the wet forest floor, phenolic compounds leach out from the leaves and might solubilize insoluble iron in the sediments (i.e., iron complexation). However, the reaction mechanism is not simple in the field, and it might be made more complex by tidal currents and intervention by crabs and snails, which consume mangrove leaf litter. In the present study, we focused on a detritivorous snail, Terebralia palustris, as a facilitator of iron solubilization associated with phenolic compounds, and examined how the snail contribute to iron solubilization processes. Our results indicated that the amounts of phenolic compounds in mangrove sediments are strongly related to iron solubilization. Furthermore, the average dissolved iron and phenolic contents in sediments from areas inhabited by the snail were significantly higher than those of sediments where the snail was not present. We additionally report that the solubilization of iron was promoted when snail feces were added to mangrove sediments. In conclusion, we propose that iron solubilization in mangrove sediments is promoted by the interaction between i) iron in the sediment, ii) phenolic compounds derived from mangroves, and iii) the consumption of leaves and the deposition of feces by the snail.

Influence of the flood pulse on mercury accumulation in detritivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous fish in Brazilian Amazonia.

Hg accumulation in fish is influenced by several factors including seasonality. In the Amazon, ecosystems are marked by strong seasonal variation in precipitation, which leads to drastic changes in the water level of lakes and rivers. The aim of this study was to evaluate Hg levels in muscle of detritivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous fish from an Amazon lake (Madeira River Basin, Amazonas, Brazil) over four seasons (rising water, high water, falling water and low water). We hypothesized that total Hg concentration varies during the seasons. The results indicate that total Hg levels in detritivorous fish were higher in rising and low water seasons while in herbivorous and omnivorous fish the total Hg concentration was higher during the rising water season. The hypothesis was supported by the results. Additionally, the study provides evidence that Hg levels in fish with different feeding habits are influenced by the flood pulse of the Amazon region.

Bioaccumulation of endocrine disrupting compounds in fish with different feeding habits along the largest subtropical river, China.

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are becoming an increasing concern regarding bioaccumulation in aquatic biota. However, the effects of regional pollution levels and specific feeding habits on the bioaccumulation of EDCs in fish are rarely reported. 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) were determined in abiotic compartments [water, sediment, suspended particulate matter (SPM)] and fish with different feeding habits along the Pearl River, China. EDCs in abiotic compartments exhibited significant (p < 0.05) spatial variations, forming five zones clustered based on site-specific EDC concentrations. 4-NP was the dominant compound, contributing 58-98% of the EDCs in fish, followed by BPA (<41%), 4-t-OP (<13%), and TCC and TCS (<4.7%). The concentrations of 4-NP and 4-t-OP, BPA, and TCC and TCS were the highest in brackish carnivorous, planktivorous, and detritivorous fish, respectively. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) showed that 4-NP accumulated (BAF > 5000) in all fish except for suck-feeding detritivores, while 4-t-OP and TCC accumulated in filter-feeding planktivores. The concentration of 4-NP in carnivores was significantly higher than that in detritivores, indicating the potential biomagnification of 4-NP along food chains. EDCs in sediment and SPM and those in water were most positively correlated with those in detritivores and planktivores, respectively, suggesting the potential of fish with these two feeding habits to act as bioindicators of EDC pollutants.

Do the rich get richer? Varying effects of tree species identity and diversity on the richness of understory taxa.

Understory herbs and soil invertebrates play key roles in soil formation and nutrient cycling in forests. Studies suggest that diversity in the canopy and in the understory are positively associated, but these studies often confound the effects of tree species diversity with those of tree species identity and abiotic conditions. We combined extensive field sampling with structural equation modeling to evaluate the simultaneous effects of tree diversity on the species diversity of understory herbs, beetles, and earthworms. The diversity of earthworms and saproxylic beetles was directly and positively associated with tree diversity, presumably because species of both these taxa specialize on certain species of trees. Tree identity also strongly affected diversity in the understory, especially for herbs, likely as a result of interspecific differences in canopy light transmittance or litter decomposition rates. Our results suggest that changes in forest management will disproportionately affect certain understory taxa. For instance, changes in canopy diversity will affect the diversity of earthworms and saproxylic beetles more than changes in tree species composition, whereas the converse would be expected for understory herbs and detritivorous beetles. We conclude that the effects of tree diversity on understory taxa can vary from positive to negative and may affect biogeochemical cycling in temperate forests. Thus, maintaining high diversity in temperate forests can promote the diversity of multiple taxa in the understory.

Influência do rio Negro sobre o status nutricional de juvenis de curimatã Prochilodus nigricans (Characiformes; Prochilodontidae) no médio rio Solimões-Amazonas, Brasil / Influence of river Negro on nutritional status of curimatã Prochilodus nigricans (Characiformes; Prochilodontidae) juveniles in the middle river Solimões-Amazonas, Brazil

The limnological differences between the black waters of the Negro river and the white waters of the Solimões-Amazonas river can influence the nutritional status of detritivorous fishes by the difference in the food sources between these systems. To check the influence of the Negro river on the nutritional status of curimatã juveniles Prochilodus nigricans we estimated the conductivity in the sampling points and condition factor (K, from weight/length relationship) of the juveniles in three flooding areas of the middle Solimões-Amazon river: (1) with Negro river influence, near Manaus (2) without Negro river influence, near Manaus and (3) without Negro river influence, in a stretch of the Solimões-Amazonas 500 km upstream from Manaus. The conductivity in the sampling points with Negro river influence was significantly lower than other areas and the K of juveniles influenced by waters of the Negro river was significantly higher than two other areas. The high selectivity of curimatã may limit the assimilation of food items when they are in high abundance. In addition, the black water detritus have high potential for assimilation because of its protein quality, which demonstrates the importance of flooded forests by black waters for Amazonian detritivorous.

As diferenças limnológicas entre as águas pretas do rio Negro e as águas brancas do rio Solimões-Amazonas podem ter influência sobre o status nutricional de peixes detritívoros pela diferença nas fontes dos recursos alimentares entre estes sistemas. Para verificar a influência do rio Negro sobre o status nutricional de juvenis de curimatã Prochilodus nigricans foi medida a condutividade em pontos de amostragem e estimado o fator de condição (K, a partir da relação peso/comprimento) dos juvenis em três áreas de inundação do médio rio Solimões-Amazonas: (1) com influência do rio Negro, próxima a Manaus; (2) sem influência do rio Negro, próxima a Manaus e (3) sem influência do rio Negro, em um trecho do Solimões-Amazonas 500 km a montante de Manaus. A condutividade nos pontos de amostragem com influência do rio Negro foi significativamente menor do que as outras áreas e o K dos juvenis de águas com influência do rio Negro foi significativamente maior. A alta seletividade do curimatã pode dificultar a assimilação de itens alimentares quando estes estão em alta abundância. Em adição, as águas pretas possuem detritos com alto potencial de assimilação devido à sua qualidade protéica, o que demonstra a grande importância das florestas inundadas por água pretas para os detritívoros amazônicos.

Caloric density of Loricariichthys platymetopon (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil

This study analyzed the muscle energy content (caloric density) of L. platymetopon captured at different sites of the Upper Paraná River floodplain, and potential relationships between the content and various environmental variables (water temperature, oxygen dissolved in water, food availability, relative numeric abundance) and biological variables (body size and reproductive cycle). Quarterly samplings from September 2006 to June 2007 in the lakes and rivers resulted in a sample of 739 specimens, whose muscle caloric density was determined using a calorimeter. Differences between the caloric averages of the males and females and among the different stages of gonadal development were not significant. Caloric density varied over time and space, with two seasonal variation trends. The intensity of the correlation between the caloric density and each environmental variable, as well as the type of correlation, varied according to the sampled site. Body size and reproductive cycle were not correlated with caloric density.

Este estudo analisou o conteúdo de energia (densidade calórica) de L. platymetopon capturados em diferentes locais da planície alagável do Alto Rio Paraná, e potenciais relações entre este conteúdo e várias variáveis ambientais (temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido na água, disponibilidade de alimento, abundância relativa numérica) e variáveis biológicas (tamanho corpóreo e ciclo reprodutivo). Coletas trimestrais, de setembro/2006 a junho/2007, em lagos e rios, resultaram em uma amostra de 739 espécimes, cuja densidade calórica muscular foi determinada através de calorímetro. Diferenças entre as médias calóricas de machos e fêmeas e entre os estádios de desenvolvimento gonadal não foram significativas Densidade calórica variou sazonal e espacialmente, com duas tendências de variação sazonal. A intensidade da correlação entre densidade calórica e cada variável e cada variável ambiental, assim como, a forma de correlação, variou de acordo com o local amostrado. Tamanho corpóreo e ciclo reprodutivo não estiveram correlacionados à densidade calórica.

Feeding ecology of Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) in a costal stream from Southeast Brazil / Ecologia trófica de Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) de um riacho costeiro do sudeste do Brasil

In the present study we aimed to compare the feeding ecology of Hypostomus punctatus from a coastal stream from Southeast Brazil with data previously published for the same study site before environmental changes. Feeding preferences were assessed through a sample of 138 specimens (67 from the dry and 71 from the rainy season) using the Index of Alimentary Importance (IAi). We registered five different food items (detritus, plant fragments, Diatoms, Chloroficeae and Cianobacteries) composing the species diet. Detritus was the most abundant one both during the rainy and dry seasons (IAirainny = 90.34 and IAidry = 96.30). No significant differences were registered for the volume of food items consumed during the rainy and dry seasons. The Frequency of Occurrence analysis showed that four (detritus, plant fragments, Diatoms and Chloroficeae) among the five all other consumed ones, were always frequent. Comparing our own results with those available for the study site, we suggest that the feeding habit of H. punctatus has changed according to environmental changes and that the species diet is strongly dependent upon environmental conditions.

No presente estudo, tivemos como objetivo comparar a ecologia trófica de Hypostomus punctatus de um riacho costeiro do sudeste do Brasil com dados previamente publicados para a mesma localidade deste estudo, antes que tenha sofrido alterações ambientais. As preferências alimentares foram analisadas através da análise de 138 exemplares (67 da estação seca e 71 da estação chuvosa), utilizando-se o Índice de Importância Alimentar (IAi). Registramos cinco diferentes itens alimentares (detrito, fragmentos vegetais, Diatomáceas, Clorofíceas e Cianobactérias), compondo a dieta da espécie. Detrito foi o item mais abundante, tanto durante a estação chuvosa como durante a seca (IAichuva = 90,34 e IAiseca = 96,30). Não foram registradas diferenças significativas entre o volume consumido de cada um dos itens na estação seca e chuvosa. A análise da frequência de ocorrência mostrou que quatro (detrito, fragmento vegetal, Diatomáceas e Clorofíceas) entre os cinco itens consumidos foram sempre frequentes. Comparando nossos resultados com aqueles previamente publicados, sugerimos que o hábito alimentar de H. punctatus mudou de acordo com as alterações ambientais e que sua dieta é fortemente dependente das condições ambientais.

Variation in energy density of Loricariichthys platymetopon (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in the upper Paraná River basin

The present study described the variations in energy density from skeletal muscles of Loricariichthys platymetopon in relation to body size, sex, gonadal development stages, sampling site and habitat type (lotic, semi-lotic and lotic). Samplings were performed between June 2002 and August 2006 in points located in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Rosana Reservoir and Diamante Stream. The energy density from each muscle sample of 212 specimens was determined using an adiabatic calorimeter. The correlations between the variables 'muscle energy density' and 'specimen standard length' were not significant. Only in the Rosana Reservoir there was a significant difference in energetic means between 'sex'. Otherwise, due to the gonadal development stage, a significant difference between energetic means was recorded only for males from the upper Paraná River floodplain and for both sexes in Rosana Reservoir. The density of muscle energy ranged from 4,170 to 5,540 cal/g DW (dry weight), with the means (± standard deviation) of 5,140± 0.06 cal/g DW in the Reservoir, 4,950±0.25 cal/g DW in the stream and 4,920 ±0.18 cal/g DW in the floodplain. Furthermore, we also detected a significant difference between the energy means from the different sampled sites, but the same was not registered among the analyzed habitats. In conclusion, the variation in muscle energy density from L. platymetopon may occur. The occurrence of variation between the sexes depends on the site, and the density variation among the stages depends on both the site and 'sex'. In summary, the spatial variation in muscle energy density from this species strengthens the idea that this factor is not a constant parameter, so it should not be applied in bioenergetics modeling and in the quantification of energetic balance as an unique value.

O presente estudo objetivou descrever as variações na densidade de energia dos músculos estriados esqueléticos de Loricariichthys platymetopon em relação aos fatores tamanho, sexo, estádio de desenvolvimento gonadal, local e tipo de habitat (lótico, semi-lótico e lótico). As amostragens foram realizadas entre junho de 2002 e agosto de 2006 em pontos localizados na planície alagável do alto rio Paraná, no reservatório de Rosana e no ribeirão Diamante. A densidade de energia de cada amostra de músculo de 212 espécimes de L. platymetopon foi determinada utilizando-se bomba calorimétrica. As correlações entre as variáveis 'densidade de energia muscular' e 'comprimento padrão do espécime' não foram significativas. Diferença significativa entre as médias energéticas foi registrada entre 'sexo' apenas no reservatório de Rosana. Diferença nas médias energéticas, devido ao estádio de desenvolvimento gonadal, foi significativa somente para machos na planície alagável do alto rio Paraná e para ambos os sexos no reservatório de Rosana. A densidade de energia muscular variou de 4.170 a 5.540 cal/g PS (peso seco), sendo as médias (± desvio-padrão) igual a 5.140± 0,06 cal/g PS no reservatório, 4.950±0,25 cal/g PS no ribeirão e 4.920 ±0,18 cal/ g PS na planície. Foi encontrada diferença significativa entre as médias de energia dos diferentes locais amostrados, entretanto, o mesmo não foi registrado nos habitats analisados. Conclui-se que pode ocorrer variação na densidade de energia muscular de L. platymetopon. A ocorrência de variação entre os sexos depende do local de coleta, e a variação na densidade entre os estádios depende tanto do local quanto do 'sexo'. A variação espacial na densidade de energia muscular desta espécie reforça a idéia de que a mesma não é um parâmetro invariável e que por isso não deve ser aplicada na modelagem bioenergética e na quantificação do balanço energético como um valor único.

Alimentación del pez tropical Gobioides broussonnetii (Pisces: Gobiidae) en la Laguna de Unare, Venezuela / Diet of the tropical fish Gobioides broussonnetii (Pisces: Gobiidae) at Laguna de Unare, Venezuela

Unare Lagoon is one of the most important fishery coastal ecosystems in Venezuela. For the past 10 years, changes in its hydrological regime have affected the physiochemical characteristics of the water with important consequences on its faunal composition and abundance. An example of such variation is the abundant presence ofa fish species, Gobioides broussonnetii, recently registered in this ecosystem. The ecology of this species must be studied to identify new ecological processes occurring in the lagoon. Detritus is the most important component of the G. broussonnetii diet, followed by plant and animal items. The species is a primary detritivorous consumer and this may be associated with its activity pattern (morning): It may be an occasional visitor because it was not captured regularly in the monthly samplings.

La Laguna de Unare es uno de los ecosistemas costeros más importantes de Venezuela desde el punto de vista pesquero. Durante las décadas de 1980 y 1990, los cambios en su régimen hidrológico han afectado las características fisicoquímicas del agua, con consecuencias sobre la composición y abundancia de la fauna asociada. Un ejemplo de estas variaciones es la abundante presencia de Gobioides broussonnetii, una especie de pez registrada recientemente en este sistema. Por tal razón es importante identificar nuevos procesos ecológicos que pudiesen estarse dando en la laguna. El detrito es el componente más importante en la dieta de G. broussonnetii, seguido por un componente vegetal y animal asociado a este detrito: esta especie es un consumidor primario detritívoro, lo que podría relacionarse con su horario matutino de actividad. Esta especie no es capturada regularmente en los muestreos mensuales, lo cual hacer pensar que es un visitante ocasional de la laguna.