Impact of fermentation by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on the macronutrient and in vitro digestion characteristics of Chinese noodles.

This study examined the impact of live bread yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the nutritional characteristics of Asian dried noodles. Micronutrient analysis of fermented noodles revealed a 6.9% increase in the overall amino acid content, a 37.1% increase in the vitamin B content and a 63.0% decrease in the phytic acid level. Molecular weight analysis of starch and protein contents revealed moderate decrease in the fermented noodles. The in vitro digestion of fermented noodles showed a slightly faster initial acidification, four-fold decrease in the initial shear viscosity (from 8.85 to 1.94 Pa·s). The initial large food particle count (>2 mm diameter) was 19.5% lower in the fermented noodles. The fermented noodles contained slightly higher free sugar content (73.5 mg g-1 noodle) during the gastric digestion phase. The overall nutrition and digestion results indicate nutritional improvement and digestion-easing attributes in the fermented noodles.

Association of genomically enhanced residual feed intake with performance, feed efficiency, feeding behavior, gas flux, and nutrient digestibility in growing Holstein heifers.

Residual feed intake (RFI), a metric of feed efficiency, is moderately heritable and independent of body size and productivity, making it an ideal trait for investigation as a selection criterion to improve feed efficiency of growing cattle. The objective of this study was to examine the differences in performance, feed efficiency, feeding behavior, gas flux, and nutrient digestibility in Holstein heifers with divergent genomically enhanced breeding values for RFI (RFIg). Holstein heifers (n = 55; BW = 352 ± 64 kg) with low (n = 29) or high (n = 26) RFIg were selected from a contemporary group of 453 commercial Holstein heifers. Heifers were rotated between 1 of 2 pens, each equipped with four electronic feed bunks and one pen with a GreenFeed gaseous exchange monitoring (GEM) system. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) and feeding behavior data were collected for 84-d. Body weight (BW) was measured weekly and spot fecal samples collected at weighing. Phenotypic RFI (RFIp) was calculated as the residual from regression of DMI on average daily gain (ADG) and mid-test metabolic BW (BW0.75). A mixed model including the fixed effect of RFIg classification and random effect of group was used to evaluate the effect of RFIg classification on response variables. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in BW and ADG for heifers with divergent RFIg; however, low RFIg heifers consumed 7.5% less (P < 0.05) feed per day. Consequently, low RFIg heifers exhibited a more favorable (P < 0.05) RFIp (-0.196 vs 0.222 kg/d, respectively). Low RFIg heifers had 8.7% fewer (P < 0.05) bunk visit (BV) events per day and tended to have a 11.2% slower (P < 0.10) eating rate. Low RFIg heifers had 7.7% lower (P < 0.05) methane (CH4) emissions (g/d), 6.1% lower (P ≤ 0.05) carbon dioxide (CO2) production (g/d), and 5.6% lower (P ≤ 0.05) heat production (Mcal/d) than high RFIg heifers. However, CH4 yield and CO2 yield (g/kg DMI), and heat production per unit DMI (Mcal/kg DMI) did not differ (P > 0.05) between heifers with divergent RFIg. Dry matter and nutrient digestibility did not differ (P > 0.05) between heifers with divergent RFIg. Overall, heifers selected to be more feed efficient exhibited more favorable energy efficiencies and feed efficiency phenotypes. Results suggest that selection based on RFIg provides opportunities to select cattle with favorable feed efficiency phenotypes to increase the economic and environmental sustainability of the cattle industry.

Dietary supplement guava leaf extract regulates growth, feed utilization, immune function, nutrient digestibility and redox regulation in growing rabbits.

The use of agricultural waste in animal production has gained global interest. An eight-week trial was conducted to investigate the impacts of adding ethanolic guava leaf extract (GLE) as a feed supplement on the growth, feed utilization, immune response, nutrient digestibility, redox regulation, and blood health of growing rabbits. Ninety weaned growing rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group was fed a basal diet (GLE0), while the other two groups were fed the control diet fortified with 15 mg (GLE15) or 20 mg (GLE20) of GLE per kg of diet for 8 weeks. The HPLC analysis of GLE exhibited the presence of gallic acid, ferulic acid, catechin, and caffeic acid in significant amounts. The results indicated that final body weight, daily body weight, daily feed intake and nutrient digestibility were significantly higher in the GLE-treated groups compared to the un-treated group (p < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of GLE significantly reduced lipid contents including triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and VLDL (P < 0.05), with the most significant results observed when adding 20 mg/kg to the diet. AST and ALT levels as well as cortisol hormone in rabbits fed GLE were lower than those in the GLE0 group (P < 0.05). Immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA), antioxidant biomarkers (SOD and TAC) and T3 hormone were significantly improved by GLE supplementation (P < 0.001). Rabbits fed with GLE had lower levels of ROS and MDA compared to those in the GLE0 group (P < 0.001). Moreover, the hepatic and intestinal architectures were maintained in all rabbits fed diets with GLE. The results suggest that GLE supplementation (20 mg/kg diet) in fattening rabbit diets could efficiently improve growth, health status, blood physiology, antioxidant capacity and tissue histology.

Improving nutrient digestibility and health in rabbits: effect of fermented rapeseed meal supplementation on haematological and lipid parameters of blood.

BACKGROUND: Many studies conducted on livestock point to fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) as a component that provides adequate quality and quantity of protein. Additionally, it is a very good source of probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, and antioxidants. A study was undertaken to assess the impact of a feed supplemented with FRSM fermented with Bacillus subtilis strain 87Y on production parameters, nutrient digestibility, and haematological and lipid indicators of the blood in growing rabbits. Forty New Zealand White rabbits (body weight 816,25 ± 24,98 g) aged 35 days were used in this study. The animals were divided into four groups, a control group (C) was fed a standard diet, while in the diet of three experimental groups, soybean meal (SBM) was replaced with FRSM at 4% (FR4 group), 8% (FR8 group), or 12% (FR12 group). RESULTS: Detailed analysis revealed that the contribution of FRSM in the rabbit feed, regardless of the amount, had a significant effect on body weight gain (BWG), as well as average daily gain (ADG), compared to the control group (C), (P = 0.017). All groups receiving FRSM had a significantly lower (P = 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. In rabbits fed a diet containing 8% FRSM, the blood haematological parameters, such as red blood cells (RBC), haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), were significantly higher compared to the control group (P = 0.037). In addition, a significant reduction in the plasma levels of the low-density lipoprotein fraction (LDL-chol), the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (CHOL/HDL), (P = 0.001), and triacylglycerols (TG), (P = 0.004) were observed in the experimental groups compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the encouraging outcomes, it is possible to recommend domestically produced FRSM as a viable substitute for genetically-modified (GM) SBM in rabbit feed.

Amino acid requirements of the infant: the amino acid composition of human breast milk.

The recommended amino acid requirements of the infant are based on the amino acid composition of mature human breast milk. The amino acid composition of breast milk is usually determined following either acid or alkaline (for tryptophan) hydrolysis. For accuracy, however, the known effect of hydrolysis time on amino acid composition should be accounted for. Also, ideally the amino acid composition of breast milk should be given in units of digested (assumed to be absorbed) amino acids. A review of the literature is presented which gives mean total amino acid concentrations in mature human milk (n = 26 studies), mean hydrolysis correction factors (n = 3 studies) and mean true ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients (n = 3 studies, suckling piglet). There were differences between the estimates of amino acid concentration corrected for hydrolysis time and digestibility, and current FAO (2013) recommendations that were not corrected for these factors. The values based on the published literature up until 2023 (mg/g true protein) corrected for hydrolysis time and digestibility gave higher values (more than 16% higher) for leucine, lysine and threonine, and considerably higher values (greater than 30%) for histidine and tryptophan. Current recommendations may need revision.

Determination of energy values in pistachio shell powder and soybean hulls fed to gestating and lactating sows.

Pistachio shell powder is a high-fiber co-product from the pistachio nut industry that may provide energy and nutrients in animal diets, but no data have been reported for the nutritional value of pistachio shell powder when fed to pigs. Two experiments were, therefore, conducted to test the hypothesis that apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), and total dietary fiber (TDF) and concentration of digestible energy (DE) in pistachio shell powder are not different from those in soybean hulls when fed to gestating or lactating sows. In experiment 1, 24 gestating sows were housed in metabolism crates and fed a corn-based basal diet or 2 diets that contained corn and 20% pistachio shell powder or corn and 20% soybean hulls. Sows were fed experimental diets for 13 d with feces and urine being quantitatively collected for 4 d after 6 d of adaptation. In experiment 2, 24 lactating sows were housed in farrowing crates and fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal (SBM) or 2 diets that contained corn, SBM, and 20% of either pistachio shell powder or soybean hulls, and feces were collected for 6 d after 7 d of adaptation to the diets. Results indicated that for gestating sows, the diet containing soybean hulls had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, GE, and TDF than the diet containing pistachio shell powder. The DE and metabolizable energy (ME) in the pistachio shell powder diet were less (P < 0.05) than in the basal diet and the diet containing soybean hulls. The ME in pistachio shells (2,606 kcal/kg DM) was less (P < 0.05) than in soybean hulls (3,645 kcal/kg DM). When fed to lactating sows, ATTD of DM, GE, and TDF in the diet containing pistachio shell powder was less (P < 0.05) than in the diet containing soybean hulls or in the basal diet. The DE in the diet containing pistachio shell powder was also less (P < 0.05) than in the soybean hulls diet. The DE in pistachio shell powder (1,664 kcal/kg DM) was less (P < 0.05) than in soybean hulls (2,795 kcal/kg DM). In conclusion, the ATTD of DM and GE and the DE in pistachio shell powder were less than in soybean hulls, and inclusion in lactation diets, therefore, needs to be limited.

Effects of various levels of coated cysteamine hydrochloride in the diet on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites in growing Charolais crossbred cattle.

This study investigated the impact of different levels of coated cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) supplementation on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites in Charolais cross bulls. Twelve bulls were allotted to three feeding treatments in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design: 0% CSH (control), 0.5% CSH, and 1.0% CSH in concentrate. Animals were fed concentrate at 1.5% of body weight. Dry matter intake (DMI) and DMI as a percentage of body weight showed no significant differences among treatments (p > 0.10). Nutrient digestibility was consistent across treatments, except for a slight decrease in NDF digestibility with 1% CSH (p = 0.07). Ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions, and total VFA concentration were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). Total bacteria, fungal zoospores, and protozoa populations in the rumen did not vary significantly (p > 0.05). Blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations remained stable (p > 0.05), while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were higher in CSH-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, incorporating CSH levels ranging from 0.5% to 1.0% into the diet did not adversely affect feed intake, ruminal fermentation, or microbial populations. Additionally, 1.0% CSH improved BUN concentration in growing Charolais cross bulls.

Intake and digestibility of four rations with different fiber levels in alpacas (Vicugna pacos).

The aim of this study was to evaluated the impact of different fibre levels in alpaca diet on voluntary feed intake and apparent digestibility, and to estimate the digestibility of organic matter (OMD) from the content of crude protein (CP) in feces. The study was carried out with twelve alpacas (36.7 ± 6.4 kg body weight- BW), which were offered 4 treatments with different neutral detergent fiber content (NDF. T1: 40.3%; T2: 62%; T3: 68%; T4: 72%) under a switch back design. Absolute daily dry matter intake (DMI) was higher for T1 (678 g/d) than T4 (312 g/d) (p ≥ 005). NDF intake was similar between treatments when related to BW or MW (on average 1% BW and 22 g/kg MW. p ≥ 0.05). Water intake (L/kg DMI) was higher in T1 compared to the other treatments, with values ranging from 2.9 L/kg DMI(T1) to 2.8 L/kg DMI(T4), respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and CP was higher in T1 than in the other treatments, with average values ranging from 72% for T1 to 32% for T4 (p ≤ 0.05). NDF digestibility was similar among treatments (p ≥ 0.05). The regression equation generated to predict OMD (y) was as follows: y = 0.360 + 0.08294*fecal CP (g/kg OM). Further studies will indicate whether faecal nitrogen can be used to estimate digestibility and hence diet quality in South American camelids.

Effects of dynamic high-pressure microfluidization treatment on the structural, physicochemical, and digestive properties of wheat starch-Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenol complex.

Polyphenol complexes can improve the physicochemical and functional properties of starch. In this study, a wheat starch-Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenol complex (WS-LCBP) was prepared using dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM). The effects of different DHPM pressures (150 and 250 MPa), number of cycles (1 and 3), and LCBP content (0 %, 6 %, 8 %, and 10 %) on the multiscale structure, physicochemical properties, and in vitro digestibility of WS-LCBP were examined. After a single 250 MPa DHPM cycle, Average particle size and water separation rate of WS were reduced by 42.40 % and 16.67 %, the freeze-thaw stability was significantly improved (P < 0.05), and the resistant starch (RS) content 68.67 % was significantly increased (P < 0.05). WS-LCBP has a V-shaped starch structure, which hinders gelatinization and increases enthalpy. The RS content of the WS-LCBP ranged from 72.46 % to 89.09 %, which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of wheat starch subjected to a single 150 MPa DHPM cycle (36.31 %). Three 250 MPa DHPM cycles were beneficial for the formation of WS-LCBP. However, excessive DHPM treatment pressure and frequency reduced the recombination rate of LCBP and wheat starch. This study provides reference data for the industrial production of nutritionally functional wheat-resistant starch using green technologies.

Effects of galactomannans of varied structural features on the functional characteristics and in vitro digestibility of wheat starch.

This study explores the effects of four natural galactomannans (GMs) with varying degrees of branching (fenugreek gum, guar gum, tara gum and locust bean gum) on the functional properties and in vitro digestibility of wheat starch (WS). Results from rapid viscosity analysis (RVA) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis revealed that GMs with lower branching degrees were correlated with higher paste viscosity, peak viscosity, and greater water-holding capacity in the WS-GM mixtures. Additionally, these lower branching GMs more effectively inhibited amylose leaching during starch gelatinization, leading to a softer gel texture and increased transparency of the mixtures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis demonstrated that starch mixtures containing lower branching GMs exhibited reduced relative crystallinity and enthalpy values during aging. Furthermore, the incorporation of lower branching GMs resulted in decreased starch digestibility in vitro, thereby enhanced resistant starch content. These findings highlight the potential of selectively branched GMs to modulate the functional properties and nutritional profile of WS, providing a promising approach for the development of starch-based products with improved health benefits.

Insight into the digestion mechanism of proteins in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi by different alginates.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of potassium alginate (PA), propylene glycol alginate (PGA), and calcium alginate (CA) on the gel properties of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi (control group) throughout gastrointestinal digestion. The findings revealed that the protein digestibility of the PA/PGA and CA groups was found to be lower compared to the control group. Among these groups, the CA group had the lowest digestibility rate at 82.49 ± 3.50 %. The study revealed a reduction in the number of peptides found in the surimi group treated with alginate compared to the control group. Alginate was discovered to have inhibitory effects on proteolysis by forming a robust cross-linked network that obstructs pepsin from accessing its substrates. This research provides valuable insights into the potential application of alginate for improving the digestibility of surimi proteins and creating commercial surimi products.

The interactivity of sources and dietary levels of resistant starches - impact on growth performance, starch, and nutrient digestibility, digesta oligosaccharides profile, cecal microbial metabolites, and indicators of gut health in broiler chickens.

In a 21-d study, 480 Cobb 500 (off-sex) male broiler chicks were used to investigate the effects of feeding different sources and levels of resistant starches (RS) on growth performance, nutrient and energy utilization, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. The birds were allocated to 10 dietary treatments in a 3 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement. The factors were 3 RS-sources (RSS): banana starch (BS), raw potato starch (RPS), and high-amylose corn starch (HCS); each at 3 levels (RSL) 25, 50, or 100 g/kg plus a corn-soybean meal control diet. Birds and feed were weighed on d 0, 8, and 21. On d 21, samples of jejunal tissue and digesta were collected for chemical analysis. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedure of JMP with factor levels nested with the control. In the 0 to 21 phase, the birds fed the RPS diets had higher (P = 0.011) FI than those fed HCS or control diets, and FCR was greater (P = 0.030) in birds that received BS diets than in other diets. RSS × RSL was significant (P < 0.05) for total tract nutrient retention, AME, and AMEn on d 21. The starch digestibility was higher (P < 0.001) in birds that received the control diet than in RS diets, and decreased as RS levels increased, except for HCS. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) were higher (P < 0.001) in birds fed 100 g/kg HCS diet, with both decreasing with increasing levels of BS and RPS, except for HCS. Relative ileal oligosaccharides profile showed significant (P < 0.05) RSS × RSL with a higher relative abundance of Hex(3) (P = 0.01) and Pent(3) (P = 0.001) in HCS diets. In conclusion, RS may influence gut health and growth performance in broiler chickens through modulation of cecal SCFA and nutrient digestion, but these depend largely on the botanical origin and concentrations of individual RS.

Supplementation of isoacids to lactating dairy cows fed low or high forage diets: Effects on performance, digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile.

Our objective was to determine the effects of isoacids (ISO) on the lactation performance, digestibility, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of Holstein cows fed 2 forage NDF levels (FL). The study was 10-wk long (including 2-wk for covariate) utilizing a randomized complete block design. Sixty-four mid-lactating Holstein cows [662 ± 71 kg BW, 119 ± 51 DIM, 2 ± 0.9 parity] were blocked by parity, DIM, and prior milk yield (MY) for multiparous cows or genetic merit for primiparous cows, and randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 diets (n = 16). Diets were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial, with 2 FL containing 21 (HF) and 17% forage NDF (LF) without (WIA) or with ISO supplementation (IA, 7.85 mmol/kg DM and 3.44 mmol/kg DM for isobutyrate and 2-methylbutyrate, respectively). Diets were balanced for similar NEL (1.58 Mcal/kg DM), CP (16.0%) and total NDF (27.2%). Feed intake and MY were recorded daily. Nutrient digestibility for each cow was determined using indigestible NDF as a marker, and fecal samples were collected at 8-time points (4 h intervals between samples). Individual cow milk samples composited over a 10-wk period were analyzed using gas chromatography for FA profile. The statistical model included FL, ISO, and FL × ISO as fixed effects and block as a random effect (lme4 in R). The ISO did not affect DMI (P = 0.13), while LF had greater DMI than HF diets (27.8 vs. 26.0 kg/d; P < 0.01). However, ISO increased MY (34.7 vs. 37.2 kg/d; P < 0.01) and ECM (41.9 vs. 39.0 kg/d; P < 0.01) by 7% in HF but not in the LF diet, suggesting FL × ISO interaction (P = 0.04). Interestingly, ISO increased ADG (0.4 kg/d) but decreased MUN by 9% only in LF diet as indicated by FL × ISO interaction (P < 0.01). Additionally, ISO increased DM, OM, NDF, and CP digestibility by 10-24% in HF (P < 0.01), but not in LF (FL × ISO; P > 0.05). As expected, ISO increased milk odd chain FA profiles in the IA groups irrespective of FL, e.g., the IA had greater C15:0 (1.87 vs. 1.54 g/100g FA; P = 0.03) and a tendency to be greater C17:0 levels (0.86 vs. 0.76 g/100g FA; P = 0.05) compared with WIA groups. Overall, ISO improved MY and nutrient digestibility in the HF whereas it increased ADG and decreased MUN in LF diet. Additionally, ISO increased milk odd chain FA (C15:0 and C17:0) regardless of FL.

Fabrication, characterization and simulated gastrointestinal digestion of sea buckthorn pulp oil microcapsule: effect of wall material and interfacial bilayer stabilization.

BACKGROUND: Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) pulp oil is rich in functional components; however, low water solubility and stability limit its applications. This study fabricated sea buckthorn pulp oil microcapsules using whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), sodium caseinate (NaCN), gum arabic (GA), starch sodium octenylsuccinate (OSAS) and SPI mixed with chitosan (CHI). The influences of these wall materials on physicochemical properties, release behavior and digestibility were explored. RESULTS: Protein-based wall materials (WPI, NaCN, SPI) demonstrated lower bulk densities due to their porous structures and larger particle sizes, while GA and OSAS produced denser microcapsules. Encapsulation efficiency was the highest for protein-based microcapsules (79.41-89.12%) and the lowest for GA and OSAS. The surface oil percentage of protein-based microcapsules (1.41-4.40%) was lower than that of the other microcapsules. Protein-based microcapsules showed concave and cracked surfaces, while GA and OSAS microcapsules were spherical and smooth. CHI improved reconstitution performance, leading to faster dissolution. During simulated gastrointestinal digestion, protein-based microcapsules released more free fatty acids (FFAs) in the intestinal phase, while CHI-modified SPI microcapsules showed a delayed release pattern due to thicker walls. CONCLUSION: Protein-based wall materials were more effective for sea buckthorn pulp oil microencapsulation, providing higher encapsulation efficiency, better flow properties and releasing more FFAs. The addition of CHI led to the layer-by-layer self-assembly of the microcapsule wall and resulted in sustained release during in vitro intestinal digestion. These findings suggested the potential of protein-based microcapsules for targeted delivery and improved applications of bioactive oils in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Changes in structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of quinoa starch during heat moisture treatment with hydrogen-infused and plasma-activated waters.

In this study, comparative effect of heat moisture treatment (HMT) with distilled, hydrogen-infused and plasma-activated waters on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of quinoa starch (QS) was investigated. To our knowledge, this study is the first to apply hydrogen-infused water to starch modification. The surface of HMT-modified samples was much rougher than that of native QS. HMT did not change the typical "A"-type X-ray diffraction pattern of QS but it increased its relative crystallinity. Meanwhile, amylose content, gelatinization temperature and water absorption capacity of QS significantly increased, whereas viscosity and swelling power markedly decreased. The rapidly digestible starch level of HMT-treated samples was significantly lower than that of native QS, and the resistant starch content markedly increased. These alterations were dependent on treatment moisture level. Furthermore, compared to distilled water, the HMT with hydrogen-infused and plasma-activated waters induced much more extensive effect on above properties, and the sample treated with plasma-activated water had the highest extent due to the acidic or alkaline environment and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These results identified that the combination of HMT with hydrogen-infused or plasma-activated water was a novel strategy to improve the thermal stability and functionality of quinoa starch.

Water kefir in co-fermentation with Saccharomyces boulardii for the development of a new probiotic mead.

Mead is an alcoholic beverage obtained by fermenting a dilute solution of honey with yeasts. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a probiotic mead from the co-fermentation of water kefir and Sacharomyces boulardii. According to the results, the combination of 10 g/L of water kefir grains and 0.75 g/L of S. boulardii, with a fermentation time of 9 days, produced a probiotic mead with a viable cell count of more than 8 Log10 CFU/mL of S. boulardii and also for lactic acid bacteria, respectively. S. boulardii and lactic acid bacteria showed counts of over 6 Log10 CFU/mL after gastrointestinal simulation in vitro, with a survival rate of over 70%. Probiotic mead has good luminosity (L*), a tendency to yellow color and the presence of total phenolic compounds and antioxidants. In conclusion, the co-fermentation of water kefir and S. boulardii has potential for the development of probiotic mead.

Physicochemical properties and in vitro digestion of quinoa starch induced by combination of ultrasound and konjac glucomannan.

This study investigated the effects of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and ultrasound on the solubility, pasting properties, rheological behavior, thermal properties, structural characteristics, and digestibility of quinoa starch. The results demonstrated significant improvements in starch properties with both ultrasound and KGM treatment, with the most pronounced effects observed in the combined ultrasound and KGM treatment. This combined treatment led to enhanced energy storage modulus and loss modulus, indicating improved rheological properties. Additionally, combined treatment improved solubility, thermal stability, and digestibility and resulted in a more ordered structure and increased paste enthalpy compared with ultrasound or KGM treatment. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis revealed a more compact starch structure following the synergistic treatment. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed a more organized, complex structure. These findings offer valuable insights into the application of ultrasound and KGM to enhance the performance and quality of quinoa starch.

Impact of lipid oxidation products on the digestibility and structural integrity of Myofibrillar proteins during thermal processing.

This study explores the effects of lipid oxidation products (LOPs), specifically CHP, t,t-DDE, and MDA, on the digestibility and structural integrity of myofibrillar proteins (MP) during processing. LOPs were first assessed by heating at 180 °C for 15 min, showing a significant reduction in digestibility in MDA-treated samples (65.40 %), followed by t,t-DDE (45.10 %) and CHP (13.07 %). MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed decreased peptide abundance and lower average molecular weight in t,t-DDE- and MDA-treated samples. Notably, substantial decreases in α-helix content and increases in random coil structures were detected, particularly in MDA-treated samples. Assessments of surface hydrophobicity and thiol content underscored the detrimental impact of secondary LOPs on MP structure. Higher MDA concentrations led to a substantial reduction in intrinsic fluorescence intensity, along with an increase in Schiff base content. A PLS regression model demonstrated strong predictive capabilities for MP digestibility, highlighting the importance of optimizing meat processing parameters to minimize nutritional degradation.

Nano-selenium supplementation: improving growth, digestibility and mineral absorption in freshwater fish, Catla catla.

BACKGROUND: This research investigated the impact of selenium-nanoparticles (Se-NPs) supplemented in sunflower meal (SM)-based diets on digestibility, mineral absorption, and growth performance of Catla catla. Se-NPs were added to seven test meals in varying amounts (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mgkg- 1). A total of 315 fish were evenly allocated three replicate tanks, with 15 fish per tank, and given diets equivalent to (5%) of their wet biomass daily for a period of 90 days. RESULTS: The test diet (T-D) supplemented with 1.5 mgkg- 1 Se-NPs yielded remarkable results, including a significant increase in mean weight gain (14 g), an impressive average weight gain percentage (208%), a 100% survival rate, with no mortality observed and the highest specific growth rate (1.25). Moreover, 1.5 mgkg- 1 Se-NPs (T-D-IV) demonstrated superior nutritional digestibility (CP, 76%; CF, 79% and GE, 74%). Additionally, the diet 1.5 mgkg- 1 Se-NPs showed enhanced mineral absorption (K, P, Ca, Na, Zn, Cu and Fe) than other diets. CONCLUSION: It was practically proven that the growth indices, nutrient absorption, and mineral status of C. catla were significantly improved by Se-NPs supplemented SM-based diets, with the optimum level of supplementation being 1.5 mgkg- 1.

Interaction of Wheat Bran Particle Size and Stimbiotic Supplementation on Growth Performance and Gut Health Parameters in Broilers.

A 42-day study was conducted with 720-day-old Cobb male broiler chicks allocated to treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial, with the factors as wheat bran (WB) inclusion (no WB, 50 g/kg coarse WB, or 50 g/kg fine WB) and stimbiotic (STB) supplementation in corn-based diets. The inclusion of WB (p < 0.05) or STB supplementation (p < 0.05) increased the FCR and feed intake in the day 0-10 phase. During the day 0-28 phase, coarse-WB inclusion increased (p < 0.05) the FCR, compared to fine WB or diets without WB. In the day 0-42 phase, WB marginally decreased weight gain in diets without STB supplementation, but the STB-supplemented diet, weight gain was greater (p < 0.05) the diet with fine WB compared with diets with coarse WB. Fine-WB inclusion increased the ileal nitrogen and energy digestibility determined at day 18 compared to coarse WB or diets without WB. Supplementation with STB (p < 0.05) or fine WB (p < 0.05) inclusion increased the villi height compared to diets without STB supplementation or coarse WB, or the diet without WB. Coarse or fine WB decreased (p < 0.05) cecal branched-chain fatty acids compared to diets without WB. In conclusion, stimbiotic supplementation to fine WB improved the performance and nutrient digestibility of broilers compared to coarse WB with no effects on the caeca total SCFA concentration.