Use of Digital Images as a Low-Cost System to Estimate Surface Optical Parameters in the Ocean.

Ocean color is the result of absorption and scattering, as light interacts with the water and the optically active constituents. The measurement of ocean color changes enables monitoring of these constituents (dissolved or particulate materials). The main objective of this research is to use digital images to estimate the light attenuation coefficient (Kd), the Secchi disk depth (ZSD), and the chlorophyll a (Chla) concentration and to optically classify plots of seawater using the criteria proposed by Jerlov and Forel using digital images captured at the ocean surface. The database used in this study was obtained from seven oceanographic cruises performed in oceanic and coastal areas. Three approaches were developed for each parameter: a general approach that can be applied under any optical condition, one for oceanic conditions, and another for coastal conditions. The results of the coastal approach showed higher correlations between the modeled and validation data, with rp values of 0.80 for Kd, 0.90 for ZSD, 0.85 for Chla, 0.73 for Jerlov, and 0.95 for Forel-Ule. The oceanic approach failed to detect significant changes in a digital photograph. The most precise results were obtained when images were captured at 45° (n = 22; Fr cal=11.02>Fr crit=5.99). Therefore, to ensure precise results, the angle of photography is key. This methodology can be used in citizen science programs to estimate ZSD, Kd, and the Jerlov scale.

Soil profile photograph dataset from central Mexico to delineate horizons and quantify coarse fragments.

This database consists of a digital photograph set of soil profiles from the physiographic provinces of the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Axis and Sierra Madre del Sur of central Mexico. Although the official and government databases of soil profiles from Mexico do not contain the percentage of coarse fragments (stoniness), they contain soil profile photographs from which the percentage of coarse fragments can be extracted. The dataset has two data source types: (a) Soil profile photographs taken in the field and (b) soil profile photographs from the official database of the government of Mexico. The images were analyzed using the Gallegos-Bautista (GB) method. In the GB method, the horizon delineation of the soil profiles includes preprocessing the profile image with k-means segmentation; conversion of the preprocessed image to CIE L*a*b* (lightness, red/green value, blue/yellow value) and HSV (hue, saturation, value) color systems; k-means segmentation of HSV and CIE L*a*b* images, delineation of horizons, and clarity and topography determinations of the outlined horizons. The soil groups studied correspond to the Andosol, Cambisol, Luvisol, Alisol, Kastanozem, Phaeozem, Umbrisol, and Solonchak groups, some of which had contrasting color horizons, allowing us to identify how to follow the analysis of the digital images according to the horizons of the soil profiles.

A Digital Method to Fabricate the Ocular Portion of An Orbital Prosthesis with A Smartphone Camera, Color Calibration and Digital Printing.

Conventional techniques described in the literature for the manufacture of ocular prostheses are time-consuming since they involve manual work. The use of technologies could improve this laborious process, providing better esthetic outcomes. This technique describes how to manufacture the ocular portion of an orbital prosthesis using a smartphone camera, color calibration with a tooth shade guide, and digital printing. This method allows clinicians to fabricate customized ocular prosthesis by using a photograph of the patient's eye, thus eliminating the need for hand-painting and manual work, and reducing fabrication time.

Recommendations for technoly re-invention for an older market / Recomendações de reivenção de tecnologia para um mercado de idosos

Older people can often fall on the wrong side of the 'digital divide' in terms of accessing and enjoying new digital technology. One approach to this issue is to provide training programmes and customisation techniques for using existing technology. However, another is to re-invent technology with and for older people themselves. In this paper, I propose four recommendations for re-invention, and illustrate these with examples in the domain of digital photography.(AU)

Os idosos muitas vezes podem cair no lado errado da "divisão digital" em termos de acesso e aproveitamento de novas tecnologias digitais. Uma abordagem para esse problema é fornecer programas de treinamento e técnicas de personalização para usar a tecnologia existente. No entanto, outra é reinventar a tecnologia com e para os próprios idosos. Neste artigo, proponho quatro recomendações para reinvenção, e as ilustro com exemplos no domínio da fotografia digital.(AU)

Validation of assessment of intraoral digital photography for evaluation of dental restorations in clinical research.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of assessment of intraoral digital photography in the evaluation of dental restorations. METHODS: Intraoral photographs of anterior and posterior restorations were classified based on FDI criteria according to the need for intervention: no intervention, repair and replacement. Evaluations were performed by an experienced expert in restorative dentistry (gold standard evaluator) and 3 trained dentists (consensus). The clinical inspection was the reference standard method. The prevalence of failures was explored. Cohen's kappa statistic was used. Validity was accessed by sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio and predictives values. RESULTS: Higher prevalence of failed restorations intervention was identified by the intraoral photography (17.7%) in comparison to the clinical evaluation (14.1%). Moderate agreement in the diagnosis of total failures was shown between the methods for the gold standard evaluator (kappa = 0.51) and consensus of evaluators (kappa = 0.53). Gold standard evaluator and consensus showed substantial and moderate agreement for posterior restorations (kappa = 0.61; 0.59), and fair and moderate agreement for anterior restorations (kappa = 0.36; 0.43), respectively. The accuracy was 84.8% in the assessment by intraoral photographs. Sensitivity and specificity values of 87.5% and 89.3% were found. CONCLUSIONS: Under the limits of this study, the assessment of digital photography performed by intraoral camera is an indirect diagnostic method valid for the evaluation of dental restorations, mainly in posterior teeth. This method should be employed taking into account the higher detection of defects provided by the images, which are not always clinically relevant.

Memória e sites de redes sociais: midiatização da imagem em recordações e narrativas autobiográficas / Memory and online social networks: image mediatization in autobiographical recollection and narratives

O estudo da memória e das narrativas autobiográficas, e sua relação com a produção e o consumo de imagens mostra-se desafiador, sobretudo na contemporaneidade, ao investigarmos esses processos nos ambientes digitais. Esta pesquisa focaliza a relação entre fotografia digital e a memória autobiográfica em sites de redes sociais. O objetivo foi investigar como as fotografias pessoais e suas legendas compartilhadas no Facebook contribuem para a produção da memóriaautobiográfica. Procuramos entender como as novas formas de produzir imagens, sobretudo aquelas endereçadas ao compartilhamento online, operam na forma como se constroem lembranças do vivido. A metodologia consistiu na aplicação do questionário semiestruturado a 31 usuários do Facebook, entre 18 e 24 anos, de ambos os sexos, com temas sobre fotografia e memória; e codificação e análise das fotografias e legendas selecionadas pelos participantes, convidados no próprio Facebook (perfil público). Uma fotografia e respectiva legenda bem como uma colagem de fotografias são analisados no artigo em mais detalhe. Entre os achados, identificamos a felicidade como imperativo, na direção de homogeneizar e perpetuar modos de ver e ser culturalmente dominantes nos sites de redes sociais, moldando os tipos de artefatos de memória a serem mantidos e o conteúdo digno de ser lembrado.

The study of memory and self-narratives and how they link to the production and reception of images constitutes a challenge, especially nowadays, as we try to understand these processes in digital platforms. This research focuses on the relationship between digital photos and autobiographical memory in social network sites. The purpose was to study how personal photos and their texts shared on Facebook participate in the production of autobiographical memory. We aim to understand how the new forms of producing images, particularly those addressed for online sharing, operate in the way memories of a lived moment are built. We applied a semi-structured questionnaire to 31 Facebook users invited at Facebook (public profiles), aged 18-24, from both sexes, covering topics about photography and memory. The photographs and texts were selected by the participants and the data was codified and analyzed. The article discusses in more detail one photograph and its correspondent text and also a collage of photos from the corpus. Among the findings, we have identified happiness as an imperative, normalizing and perpetuating culturally dominant modes of seeing and being online, which shape the types of memory artifacts to be held and the content worthy to be remembered.

A validade ética e legal das fotografias digitais na ortodontia / The ethical and legal validity of digital photographs in orthodontics

A utilização de imagens digitais constituiu-se em um dos grandes benefícios que a evolução tecnológica proporcionou à Ortodontia. A introdução da fotografia digital permitiu aos profissionais utilizar recursos que facilitam a elaboração do diagnóstico e do planejamento ortodôntico, auxiliando a comunicação entre eles e também com os pacientes, além de ser importante ferramenta para o ensino e a pesquisa. Apesar destas vantagens, a utilização de fotografias digitais é frequentemente questionada quanto ao seu valor ético e legal. Dessa forma, através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, este trabalho buscou abordar todos estes aspectos envolvidos na utilização deste recurso. Concluiu-se que os profissionais dessa área ainda desconhecem o tema, tornando-se necessário discuti-lo a fim de criar consciência da obrigação clínica, ética e legal quando forem utilizados. Além disso, concluiu-se também que ainda são necessárias ferramentas que assegurem valor legal absoluto a esse tipo de fotografia, evitando os riscos de manipulações ilícitas.

The use of digital images constitutes one of the great benefits that technological change provides to Orthodontics. The introduction of digital photography allows professionals to use features that facilitate the development of diagnostic and orthodontic planning, aid communication between them and also with patients, in addition to being an important tool for teaching and research. Despite these advantages, the use of digital photographs is often questioned as to their legal and ethical value. Thus, through a literature review, this study aimed to show all these aspects involved in the use of digital photographs in orthodontics. It was concluded that professionals are still do not know of the issue, making it necessary to discuss it in order to create awareness of the obligation clinical, ethical and legal when used such resources. One can also conclude that tools are still needed to ensure absolute legal value to this type of photography avoiding the risks of illegal tampering.

Reproducibilidad del ángulo de Cobb en imágenes digitales obtenidas por fotografía de espinogramas de 30 x 90 cm en escoliosis del adulto: Comparación entre dos observadores y tres cámaras digitales

Introducción: La fotografía digital de radiografías puede generar distorsiones angulares en las imágenes. No está publicado si estas alteraciones pueden afectar las mediciones de los ángulos de Cobb. Objetivo: Evaluar la reproducibilidad del ángulo de Cobb con la fotografía digital de espinogramas de 30 x 90 cm en escoliosis del adulto. Materiales y Métodos: Se eligieron al azar 20 espinogramas preoperatorios de pacientes con escoliosis del adulto para evaluar prospectivamente. Los espinogramas fueron escaneados y sus imágenes digitales se consideraron como controles. Se analizó la discrepancia intraobservador, interobservador, intercámara e intracámara, con tres cámaras digitales y dos observadores que realizaron ocho sesiones fotográficas a cada espinograma. Se midieron los ángulos con Adobe Photoshop« sobre las imágenes digitales y se los analizó con el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: El promedio de los ángulos de Cobb torácicos y lumbares del escáner, las cámaras 1, 2 y 3 fue de 37,9; 37,8; 37,7; 37,5; 53,2; 53,1; 53,3; 52,9, respectivamente. La correlación interobservador e intraobservador fue extremadamente alta, así como entre las cámaras y el escáner. Conclusión: El ángulo de Cobb se puede medir luego de la fotografía digital de espinogramas de 30 x 90 cm, con alta reproducibilidad entre diferentes cámaras y observadores.(AU)

Background: Digital photography to radiographs can generate angular distortions to the images. It is not published if these distortions can affect the lines used for Cobb measurements in routine practice. Objective: To analyze reliability for coronal Cobb angle measurements of digitally acquired photograph to the 30 x 90 cm plain films in adult scoliosis. Methods: Twenty anteroposterior long-cassette scoliosis radiographs from adult patients who were operated on in one institution were randomly selected and prospectively studied. The endplates of the curves were selected and marked by one observer. The radiographs were scanned and the digital images were used as controls. The variability of the measurements was evaluated with three digital cameras and two observers making eight photographic sessions to each long-film. Over the digital images the Cobb angles were measured using Adobe Photoshop« and they were analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The overall mean thoracic and lumbar Cobb angles for the scanned, camera 1, 2 and 3 were 37.9, 37.8, 37.7, 37.5, 53.2, 53.1, 53.3, 52.9, respectively. The interobserver and intraobserver agreement was extremely high, as well as across cameras and scanner. Conclusion: The Cobb angle can be measured after digitally photographed films with high reliability among different cameras and observers.(AU)

Perfil da escolha alimentar de arroz e feijão na alimentação fora de casa em restaurante de bufê por peso / Profile of the rice and beans food option when eating away from home at a buffet-by-weight restaurant

Estudo transversal que descreve a prevalência e fatores associados à escolha de arroz e feijão (EAF) entre comensais de um restaurante de bufê por peso. Coletou-se características antropométricas, sociodemográficas e comportamentais, o peso e a fotografia do prato escolhido. A amostra representativa foi composta por 675 comensais, entre 16-81 anos, e analisada uma subamostra de 396, composta por dois grupos: EAF e não EAF. O teste qui-quadrado examinou a representatividade da subamostra. Os testes de Wald, qui-quadrado e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta examinaram as associações entre EAF e as características coletadas. Observou-se ausência de EAF em 38,4% dos comensais. Após ajuste para as demais características, a ausência de EAF no prato associou-se diretamente com sobrepeso/obesidade (RR=1,43; IC95%=1,10-1,84), mulheres (1,57; 1,20-2,05), refeição não habitual (1,34; 1,02-1,75), escolhas de pastelaria (1,37; 1,06-1,76) e de acompanhamento frio (RR=1,39; IC95%=1,08-1,78); e, inversamente com prato de maior peso (0,54; 0,38-0,77). Conclui-se que a EAF ainda pode ser considerada habitual pelos brasileiros e mais frequente entre os homens. Sua não escolha parece estar associada a práticas alimentares menos saudáveis e risco aumentado de sobrepeso/obesidade.

The scope of this cross-sectional study was to describe the prevalence and factors associated with the choice of rice and beans (CRB) among diners in a buffet-by-weight restaurant. Data on anthropometric, socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics as well as weight and photographic record of the dishes chosen by the diner were collected. The representative sample consisted of 675 luncheon diners, aged between 16 and 81. A subsample of 396 diners was analyzed, consisted of two groups: CRB and non-CRB. The Chi-square test verified the representativeness of the subsample in relation to the total sample. The Wald test, the chi-square test and the Poisson regression with robust variance examined the associations between the CRB and the data collected. Rice and beans were not chosen by 38.4% of diners. The conclusion drawn is that the CRB can still be considered the norm among Brazilians and more frequent among men. The choice of not opting for the CRB appears to be associated with less healthy eating habits and increased risk of overweight/obesity.

Fotografia e a Dermatologia / Photography and Dermatology

A Dermatologia é uma arte visual e os sinais cutâneos têm um importante papel na dermatologia geral e na dermatologia cosmética. Nesse contexto, a fotografia digital é uma ferramenta importante na prática médica.

Biometry of Hard Palate on Digital Photographs: A Methodology for Quantitative Measurements / Biometría del Paladar Duro en Fotografías Digitales: Una Metodología para Mediciones Cuantitativas

The objective of this paper is to establish, validate and test the reproducibility and accuracy of a digital method to measure linear and angular distances in human hard palate of dry skulls. Digital photographs were made in 10 human adult skulls and measurements were made with the aid of AutoCAD software and with a digital caliper in the same skulls by one observer in a blind fashion to compare both methods. To validate the digital method, measurements was made in 20 skulls by 3 observers. The differences of the measurements were not statistically significant between both method and between the 3 observers. The use of digital cameras followed by image analysis with AutoCAD, a software initially developed for engineering and architecture, revealed to be an excellent tool for biometry in morphology in medical and dentistry areas combining easy handling with accessibility.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron establecer, validar y probar la reproductividad y exactitud de un método digital para medidas lineares y distancia angular en el paladar duro de cráneos humanos secos. Fotografías digitales fueron realizadas en 10 cráneos de hombres adultos. Las medidas fueron tomadas con la ayuda del software AutoCAD® y con un caliper digital en las muestras de cráneos, por un observador, para comparar ambos métodos. Para validar el método digital, fueron realizadas mediciones en 20 cráneos, por 3 observadores. Las diferencias de las mediciones no fueron estadísticamente significativas entre ambos métodos y entre los 3 observadores. El uso de cámaras digitales, seguido por análisis de imágenes con AutoCAD®, un software inicialmente desarrollado para ingeniería y arquitectura, reveló ser una excelente herramienta para biometría en morfología, en las áreas de medicina y odontología, combinando un fácil manejo y accesibilidad.