Sensory Evaluation through RATA and Sorting Task of Commercial and Traditional Panettones Sold in Peru.

In Peru, the consumption of panettone has increased, highlighting the importance of its sensory aspect, quality and price for its acceptance. This study evaluated sensory, physicochemical, texture and color attributes in commercial and traditional panettones. The RATA descriptive test and the discriminative sorting task were used, with 168 and 92 consumers, respectively. In addition, acceptability and purchase intention were evaluated. Significant differences were found between the samples; the traditional panettone showed lower weight, pH and fat content. Regarding the color of the crust and crumb, differences were also observed between both types. Regarding texture, traditional panettone showed less hardness and chewiness compared to commercial ones. The sorting method allowed us to differentiate the samples, where consumers differentiated the traditional panettone from the commercial ones, although within the commercial ones, they also found differences. The RATA test showed a similar behavior, traditional panettones were described as spongy, with fruits and a strong smell, unlike the commercial ones characterized as greasy, brown and fibrous. It is concluded that sensory methods are useful to understand the quality of panettone along with the physicochemical parameters, which influence consumer preferences according to the sensory characteristics and the quality of the ingredients.

Avaliação de controle restrito de estímulos em tarefas de discriminação simples em pré-escolares / Assessing restricted stimulus control in simple discrimination tasks in preschool children

O controle de estímulos exercido por algumas propriedades ou aspectos de um estímulo antecedente contingente ao reforço é definido como controle restrito de estímulos. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o controle discriminativo por elementos de estímulos visuais compostos em tarefas de discriminação simples. Participaram catorze pré-escolares (seis com autismo e oito com desenvolvimento típico) entre quatro e seis anos de idade. O procedimento envolveu o ensino de discriminação simples entre um par de estímulos visuais compostos por dois elementos. Em seguida, foram realizadas sondas para avaliar o controle discriminativo por cada elemento do estímulo composto (S+ e S-). Todas as crianças responderam aos dois elementos do S+ e não responderam, ou responderam com baixa frequência, aos elementos do S- dos três pares de estímulos treinados e avaliados separadamente. Os resultados demonstraram que os pré-escolares com autismo e desenvolvimento típico responderam sob controle dos elementos dos estímulos S+. O investimento no estudo do controle restrito de estímulos pode contribuir na compreensão desse fenômeno como um processo comportamental básico.

The control of stimuli exercised by some of the properties or aspects of an antecedent stimulus contingent upon reinforcement is defined as restricted control of stimuli. The aim of this study was to investigate discriminative control by the elements of a composite visual stimuli in simple discrimination tasks. Fourteen preschool children (six with autism and eight typical development) between four and six years old participated. The procedure involved the simple discrimination learning between a pair of visual stimuli composed of two elements. Then, probes were carried out to evaluate the discriminatory control for each element of stimulus compound (S+ and S-). All children responded to both elements of S+ and did not respond or responded with low frequency to the elements of S- for the three pairs of stimuli trained and evaluated separately. The results showed that preschool children with autism and typical development responded under control of all the elements S+ stimuli. The investment in the study of the restricted control of stimuli can contribute to the understanding of this phenomenon as a basic behavioral process.

Differential contribution of H3R antagonism by LINS01 compounds on memory, anxiety-like behaviour and spontaneous locomotor activity in healthy rats.

Histamine H3 receptors (H3R) have attracted interest of research groups as drug target to several CNS disorders. Data suggests that H3R antagonists exert neuroprotective, cognitive enhancement and antidepressant effects in rodents. The LINS01 compounds were reported as selective H3R antagonists, but their effects on memory, anxiety-like behaviour and spontaneous locomotor activity were not evaluated to date. Therefore, this study employed the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (PM-DAT) to assess concomitantly the effects of LINS01 compounds on short- and long-term memory, anxiety-like behaviour and spontaneous locomotor activity. Thirty-eight adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 7-8 per group) according to the treatment. The animals were treated with donepezil (1 mg/kg) and clobenpropit (3 mg/kg) (reference compounds), and with two LINS01 compounds at doses of 5 mg/kg (LINS01003 and LINS01004), and then submitted to the PM-DAT protocol. Saline (vehicle) was used as control group. The behavioural data showed that anxiety-like behaviour, spontaneous locomotor activity and memory effects (short- and long-term) were not affected by the treatment with LINS01004 or clobenpropit. Conversely, treatment with LINS01003 and donepezil impaired the maintenance of discriminative avoidance long-term memory, a hippocampal-dependent memory. Donepezil-treated rats also showed decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and anxiolytic-like effects. In summary, considering that hippocampal damage and memory impairment are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), this work brought important findings regarding the contribution of the histamine system to the effects of LINS01 compounds on memory, anxiety and motility, and suggests that H3R antagonism had no effects on anxiety-like behaviour and do not impair discriminative avoidance memory. Furthermore, the findings herein raise new questions about donepezil's function in an "impaired" system such as AD, since it prevented the long-term memory formation in healthy rats.

Long-term Potentiation Decay and Poor Long-lasting Memory Process in the Wild Rodents Proechimys from Brazil's Amazon Rainforest.

Proechimys are small terrestrial rodents from Amazon rainforest. Each animal species is adapted to a specific environment in which the animal evolved therefore without comparative approaches unique characteristics of distinct species cannot be fully recognized. Laboratory rodents are exceedingly inbred strains dissociated from their native habitats and their fundamental ecological aspects are abstracted. Thus, the employment of exotic non-model species can be informative and complement conventional animal models. With the aim of promoting comparative studies between the exotic wildlife populations in the laboratory and traditional rodent model, we surveyed a type of synaptic plasticity intimately related to memory encoding in animals. Using theta-burst paradigm, in vitro long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 subfield of hippocampal slices was assessed in the Amazon rodents Proechimys and Wistar rats. Memory, learning and anxiety were investigated through the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (PM-DAT) and object recognition test. In PM-DAT, both animal species were submitted to two test sessions (3-h and 24-h) after the conditioning training. Proechimys exhibited higher anxiety-like behavior in the training session but during test sessions both species exhibited similar patterns of anxiety-related behavior. After 3-h of the training, Proechimys and Wistar spent significantly less time in the aversive enclosed arm than in the non-aversive arm. But, at 24-h after training, Wistar rats remained less time in the aversive closed arm in comparison with the non-aversive one, while Proechimys rodents spent the same amount of time in both enclosed arms. In the object recognition test, both species were evaluated at 24-h after the acquisition session and similar findings than those of the PM-DAT (24-h) were obtained, suggesting that long-term memory duration did not persist for 24-h in the Amazon rodent. Field excitatory post-synaptic potentials recordings revealed that LTP decays rapidly over time reaching basal levels at 90 min after theta-burst stimulation in Proechimys, contrasting to the stable LTP found in the Wistar rats which was observed throughout 3-h recording period. These findings suggest a link between the LTP decay and the lack of 24-h long-lasting memory process in Proechimys. Nevertheless, why early-phase LTP in Proechimys decays very rapidly remains to be elucidated.

OBAT: An open-source and low-cost operant box for auditory discriminative tasks.

Operant-conditioning boxes are widely used in animal training, allowing researchers to shape specific behaviors through reinforcements and/or punishments. Commercially available devices are expensive and run with proprietary software and hardware, hampering adaptations for the specific needs of an experiment. Therefore, many low-cost and open-source devices have recently been developed, but there are still few options for studying auditory behaviors. To overcome this problem, we developed a device based on a computer and an Arduino Mega 2560 board, named OBAT (Operant Box for Auditory Tasks), designed to present two different auditory stimuli to small primates. It has three modules: sound delivery, response bars, and reward system. We estimate that OBAT is at least 4-10 times cheaper than commercially available operant-conditioning boxes. Data from a behavioral pilot test ensured that the device can be used to train a marmoset in an auditory discrimination task. In addition, despite its low cost, accuracy tests showed that the OBAT operates with a high temporal precision. All schematics and software source code are available so that other groups can easily replicate the experiment or adapt the device to their own needs.

Rats behave optimally in a sunk cost task.

The sunk cost effect has been defined as the tendency to persist in an alternative once an investment of effort, time or money has been made, even if better options are available. The goal of this study was to investigate in rats the relationship between sunk cost and the information about when it is optimal to leave the situation, which was studied by Navarro and Fantino (2005) with pigeons. They developed a procedure in which different fixed-ratio schedules were randomly presented, with the richest one being more likely; subjects could persist in the trial until they obtained the reinforcer, or start a new trial in which the most favorable option would be available with a high probability. The information about the expected number of responses needed to obtain the reinforcer was manipulated through the presence or absence of discriminative stimuli; also, they used different combinations of schedule values and their probabilities of presentation to generate escape-optimal and persistence- optimal conditions. They found optimal behavior in the conditions with presence of discriminative stimuli, but non-optimal behavior when they were absent. Unlike their results, we found optimal behavior in both conditions regardless of the absence of discriminative stimuli; rats seemed to use the number of responses already emitted in the trial as a criterion to escape. In contrast to pigeons, rats behaved optimally and the sunk cost effect was not observed.

A Teoria de Valores Refinada: associações com comportamento e evidências de validade discriminante e preditiva / La Théorie des Valeurs Raffinées: les associations avec le comportement et les évidences de la validité discriminante et prédictive / La Teoría de Valores Refinada: relaciones con el comportamiento y la evidencia de la validez discriminante y predictiva / The Refined Theory of Values: associations with behavior and evidences of discriminative and predictive validity

A teoria refinada dos 19 valores humanos básicos foi apresentada em 2012. Sua utilidade e validade discriminantes foram demonstradas em associações com atitudes e crenças, mas não comportamentos, apresentando um instrumento para medir os 19 valores em diferentes países, mas não no Brasil. Dois estudos, com três amostras brasileiras independentes, apresentam tal instrumento e investigam a validade discriminante e preditiva da teoria pelo exame das associações de cada valor com comportamentos cotidianos. Um MDS confirmatório ordenou os valores no contínuo motivacional previsto pela teoria. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias dão suporte para a validade discriminante e preditiva da teoria. Os resultados sugerem que as compatibilidades e conflitos que estruturam a relação entre os valores também organizam os comportamentos que os expressam. (AU)

La théorie raffinée des 19 valeurs humaines fondamentales a été présentée en 2012. Leur utilité et validité discriminantes ont été démontrées en association avec les attitudes et les croyances, mais pas avec le comportement, et présente un instrument pour mesurer les valeurs dans 19 pays différents, mais pas au Brésil. Deux études avec 3 échantillons brésiliens indépendants présentent tel instrument et enquête la validité discriminante et prédictive de la théorie en examinant les associations de chaque valeur avec des comportements quotidiens. Un MDS confirmatoire a ordonné les valeurs dans le continuum de motivation prévue par la théorie. Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires soutiennent la validité discriminante et prédictive de la théorie. Les résultats suggèrent que les compatibilités et les conflits qui structurent la relation entre les valeurs aussi organisent les comportements qui les expriment.(AU)

Se presentó en 2012 la teoría refinada de los 19 valores humanos básicos. Su utilidad y validez discriminante se demostró en asociación con las actitudes y creencias, excepto el comportamiento, un instrumento para medir los valores en 19 países diferentes, a excepción de Brasil. Dos estudios con tres muestras brasileñas independientes presentan este instrumento e investigan la validez discriminante y predictiva de la teoría mediante el examen de las asociaciones de cada valor con los comportamientos cotidianos. El escalonamiento multidimensional (MDS) confirmatorio ordenó valores en continuo motivacional predicho por la teoría. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios proporcionan apoyo a la validez discriminante y predictiva de la teoría. Los resultados sugieren que las compatibilidades y los conflictos que estructuran la relación entre los valores también organizan los comportamientos que las expresan. (AU)

The refined theory of 19 basic human values was presented in 2012. Its discriminative validity and utility were associated with attitudes and beliefs, but not with behaviors, introducing an instrument for measuring the 19 values in different countries, but not in Brazil. Two studies, with three independent Brazilian samples, introduced this instrument and investigated the discriminative and predictive validity of the theory by examining the associations of each value with everyday behaviors. A confirmatory multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordered the values in the motivational continuum predicted by the theory. Confirmatory factor analyses support the theory's discriminative and predictive validity. The results suggest that the compatibilities and conflicts that structure the relation between values also organize the behaviors that express them.(AU)

A Teoria de Valores Refinada: associações com comportamento e evidências de validade discriminante e preditiva / La Théorie des Valeurs Raffinées: les associations avec le comportement et les évidences de la validité discriminante et prédictive / La Teoría de Valores Refinada: relaciones con el comportamiento y la evidencia de la validez discriminante y predictiva / The Refined Theory of Values: associations with behavior and evidences of discriminative and predictive validity

Resumo: A teoria refinada dos 19 valores humanos básicos foi apresentada em 2012. Sua utilidade e validade discriminantes foram demonstradas em associações com atitudes e crenças, mas não comportamentos, apresentando um instrumento para medir os 19 valores em diferentes países, mas não no Brasil. Dois estudos, com três amostras brasileiras independentes, apresentam tal instrumento e investigam a validade discriminante e preditiva da teoria pelo exame das associações de cada valor com comportamentos cotidianos. Um MDS confirmatório ordenou os valores no contínuo motivacional previsto pela teoria. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias dão suporte para a validade discriminante e preditiva da teoria. Os resultados sugerem que as compatibilidades e conflitos que estruturam a relação entre os valores também organizam os comportamentos que os expressam.

Résumé: La théorie raffinée des 19 valeurs humaines fondamentales a été présentée en 2012. Leur utilité et validité discriminantes ont été démontrées en association avec les attitudes et les croyances, mais pas avec le comportement, et présente un instrument pour mesurer les valeurs dans 19 pays différents, mais pas au Brésil. Deux études avec 3 échantillons brésiliens indépendants présentent tel instrument et enquête la validité discriminante et prédictive de la théorie en examinant les associations de chaque valeur avec des comportements quotidiens. Un MDS confirmatoire a ordonné les valeurs dans le continuum de motivation prévue par la théorie. Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires soutiennent la validité discriminante et prédictive de la théorie. Les résultats suggèrent que les compatibilités et les conflits qui structurent la relation entre les valeurs aussi organisent les comportements qui les expriment.

Resumen: Se presentó en 2012 la teoría refinada de los 19 valores humanos básicos. Su utilidad y validez discriminante se demostró en asociación con las actitudes y creencias, excepto el comportamiento, un instrumento para medir los valores en 19 países diferentes, a excepción de Brasil. Dos estudios con tres muestras brasileñas independientes presentan este instrumento e investigan la validez discriminante y predictiva de la teoría mediante el examen de las asociaciones de cada valor con los comportamientos cotidianos. El escalonamiento multidimensional (MDS) confirmatorio ordenó valores en continuo motivacional predicho por la teoría. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios proporcionan apoyo a la validez discriminante y predictiva de la teoría. Los resultados sugieren que las compatibilidades y los conflictos que estructuran la relación entre los valores también organizan los comportamientos que las expresan.

Abstract: The refined theory of 19 basic human values was presented in 2012. Its discriminative validity and utility were associated with attitudes and beliefs, but not with behaviors, introducing an instrument for measuring the 19 values in different countries, but not in Brazil. Two studies, with three independent Brazilian samples, introduced this instrument and investigated the discriminative and predictive validity of the theory by examining the associations of each value with everyday behaviors. A confirmatory multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordered the values in the motivational continuum predicted by the theory. Confirmatory factor analyses support the theory's discriminative and predictive validity. The results suggest that the compatibilities and conflicts that structure the relation between values also organize the behaviors that express them.

Hippocampal-dependent memory in the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task: The role of spatial cues and CA1 activity.

The plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (PMDAT) has been used to investigate interactions between aversive memory and an anxiety-like response in rodents. Suitable performance in this task depends on the activity of the basolateral amygdala, similar to other aversive-based memory tasks. However, the role of spatial cues and hippocampal-dependent learning in the performance of PMDAT remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of proximal and distal cues in the retrieval of this task. Animals tested under misplaced proximal cues had diminished performance, and animals tested under both misplaced proximal cues and absent distal cues could not discriminate the aversive arm. We also assessed the role of the dorsal hippocampus (CA1) in this aversive memory task. Temporary bilateral inactivation of dorsal CA1 was conducted with muscimol (0.05 µg, 0.1 µg, and 0.2 µg) prior to the training session. While the acquisition of the task was not altered, muscimol impaired the performance in the test session and reduced the anxiety-like response in the training session. We also performed a spreading analysis of a fluorophore-conjugated muscimol to confirm selective inhibition of CA1. In conclusion, both distal and proximal cues are required to retrieve the task, with the latter being more relevant to spatial orientation. Dorsal CA1 activity is also required for aversive memory formation in this task, and interfered with the anxiety-like response as well. Importantly, both effects were detected by different parameters in the same paradigm, endorsing the previous findings of independent assessment of aversive memory and anxiety-like behavior in the PMDAT. Taken together, these findings suggest that the PMDAT probably requires an integration of multiple systems for memory formation, resembling an episodic-like memory rather than a pure conditioning behavior. Furthermore, the concomitant and independent assessment of emotionality and memory in rodents is relevant to elucidate how these memory systems interact during aversive memory formation. Thus, the PMDAT can be useful for studying hippocampal-dependent memory when it involves emotional content.

Assessing restricted stimulus control in typically developing preschool children and bees (Melipona quadrifasciata)

This study established a simple simultaneous discrimination between a pair of two-element compound visual stimuli in children (Experiment 1) and bees (Melipona quadrifasciata, Experiment 2). The contingencies required discriminative control by the compound and the question was whether the accurate stimulus control reached at this level would hold for each individual element of the compound. After baseline reached stability, probe trials assessed stimulus control by each single element of both S+ and S-. Average data showed that children (Exp. 1) tended to show stimulus control by a single element of the S+ compound. In Experiment 2 three of four bees showed stimulus control by both elements of S+ and did not respond or responded only infrequently to the elements of the S-. The children's decline in discrimination accuracy in probe trials, along with its maintenance during the baseline, replicated previous findings showing the development of restricted stimulus control (RSC). The precise stimulus control shown by the bees indicated that all elements correlated with reinforcement acquired stimulus control over their behavior; this confirms the extensive literature on visual discriminative learning in bees, but due to the small number of subjects it is premature to say that bees do not develop RSC.(AU)

Assessing restricted stimulus control in typically developing preschool children and bees (Melipona quadrifasciata)

This study established a simple simultaneous discrimination between a pair of two-element compound visual stimuli in children (Experiment 1) and bees (Melipona quadrifasciata, Experiment 2). The contingencies required discriminative control by the compound and the question was whether the accurate stimulus control reached at this level would hold for each individual element of the compound. After baseline reached stability, probe trials assessed stimulus control by each single element of both S+ and S-. Average data showed that children (Exp. 1) tended to show stimulus control by a single element of the S+ compound. In Experiment 2 three of four bees showed stimulus control by both elements of S+ and did not respond or responded only infrequently to the elements of the S-. The children's decline in discrimination accuracy in probe trials, along with its maintenance during the baseline, replicated previous findings showing the development of restricted stimulus control (RSC). The precise stimulus control shown by the bees indicated that all elements correlated with reinforcement acquired stimulus control over their behavior; this confirms the extensive literature on visual discriminative learning in bees, but due to the small number of subjects it is premature to say that bees do not develop RSC...

Longitudinal investigation on learned helplessness tested under negative and positive reinforcement involving stimulus control.

In this study, we investigated whether (a) animals demonstrating the learned helplessness effect during an escape contingency also show learning deficits under positive reinforcement contingencies involving stimulus control and (b) the exposure to positive reinforcement contingencies eliminates the learned helplessness effect under an escape contingency. Rats were initially exposed to controllable (C), uncontrollable (U) or no (N) shocks. After 24h, they were exposed to 60 escapable shocks delivered in a shuttlebox. In the following phase, we selected from each group the four subjects that presented the most typical group pattern: no escape learning (learned helplessness effect) in Group U and escape learning in Groups C and N. All subjects were then exposed to two phases, the (1) positive reinforcement for lever pressing under a multiple FR/Extinction schedule and (2) a re-test under negative reinforcement (escape). A fourth group (n=4) was exposed only to the positive reinforcement sessions. All subjects showed discrimination learning under multiple schedule. In the escape re-test, the learned helplessness effect was maintained for three of the animals in Group U. These results suggest that the learned helplessness effect did not extend to discriminative behavior that is positively reinforced and that the learned helplessness effect did not revert for most subjects after exposure to positive reinforcement. We discuss some theoretical implications as related to learned helplessness as an effect restricted to aversive contingencies and to the absence of reversion after positive reinforcement. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.

Estrogen levels modify scopolamine-induced amnesia in gonadally intact rats.

Previous studies suggested that estrogen plays a role in cognitive function by modulating the cholinergic transmission. However, most of the studies dealing with this subject have been conducted using ovariectomized rats. In the present study we evaluated the effects of physiological and supra-physiological variation of estrogen levels on scopolamine-induced amnesia in gonadally intact female rats. We used the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (PMDAT) in order to evaluate anxiety levels and motor activity concomitantly to the memory performance. In experiment 1, female Wistar rats in each estrous cycle phase received scopolamine (1 mg/kg) or saline i.p. 20 min before the training session in the PMDAT. In experiment 2, rats in diestrus received estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg) or sesame oil i.m., and scopolamine (1 mg/kg) or saline i.p., 45 min and 20 min before the training, respectively. In experiment 3, rats in diestrus received scopolamine (1 mg/kg) or saline i.p. 20 min before the training, and estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg) or sesame oil i.m. immediately after the training session. In all experiments, a test session was performed 24 h later. The main results showed that: (1) scopolamine impaired retrieval and induced anxiolytic and hyperlocomotor effects in all experiments; (2) this cholinergic antagonist impaired acquisition only in animals in diestrus; (3) acute administration of estradiol valerate prevented the learning impairment induced by scopolamine and (4) interfered with memory consolidation process. The results suggest that endogenous variations in estrogen levels across the estrous cycle modulate some aspects of memory mediated by the cholinergic system. Indeed, specifically in diestrus, a stage with low estrogen levels, the impairment produced by scopolamine on the acquisition was counteracted by exogenous administration of the hormone, whereas the posttraining treatment potentiated the negative effects of scopolamine during the consolidation phase of memory.

Algunas observaciones sobre el "control del estímulo" / Some Observations about "Stimulus Control"

Se reflexiona sobre el concepto de control del estímulo en la teoría del condicionamiento operante y, en especial, sobre el concepto de estímulo discriminativo. Para ello se señalan los problemas lógicos y definicionales que reviste el uso del concepto de estímulo en general y el de estímulo discriminativo en particular. Se reseñan diversos experimentos del autor para mostrar la incapacidad del concepto de estímulo discriminativo para dar cuenta de una serie de datos que muestran las insuficiencias lógicas y empíricas del concepto.

Some thoughts on the concept of stimulus control in operant conditioning theory and in particular on the concept of a discriminative stimulus are presented. The paper presents the logical and definitional problems regarding the use of the concept of stimulus in general and of a discriminative stimulus in particular. Several experiments conducted by the author are presented to exemplify the logical and empirical inadequacies of the concept of discriminative stimulus to account for a series of data.

Auditive discrimination of equine gaits by parade horses Discriminación auditiva de pasos equinos por caballos de paso fino / Discriminación auditiva de pasos equinos por caballos de paso fino

The purpose of this study was to examine parade horses’ auditory discrimination among four types of equine gaits: paso-fino (“fine step”), trote-reunido (“two-beat trot”), trocha (“trot”), and galope-reunido (“gallop”). Two experimentally naïve horses were trained to discriminate the sound of their own gait (paso-fino or fine step), through an experimental module that dispensed food if the subject pressed a lever after hearing a sound reproduction of a particular gait. Three experimental phases were developed, defined by theperiod of exposure to the sounds (20, 10, and 5 seconds, respectively). Thechoice between pairs of sounds including the horse’s own gait (fine stepand two-beat trot; fine step and gallop; and fine step and trot) was reinforceddifferentially. The results indicate that the fine step horses are able todiscriminate their own gait from others, and that receptivity to their ownsounds could be included in their training regime.

Esta investigación buscó examinar la discriminación auditiva de cuatro pasos equinos: paso-fino, trote-reunido, trocha y galope-reunido. Dos caballos de paso fino colombiano, experimentalmente ingenuos, fueron entrenados para discriminar el sonido de su propio paso (paso-fino), a través de un modulo experimental que dispensó comida si el sujeto presionaba una palanca luego de escuchar la reproducción sonora de un paso particular. Se efectuaron tres fases experimentales, definidas por el período de exposición a los sonidos (20, 10 y 5 segundos respectivamente). Se reforzó diferencialmente la elección entre pares de sonidos que incluían el propio paso del caballo (paso-fino vs. trote-reunido; paso-fino vs. trocha; paso-fino vs. galope reunido). Los resultados indican que los caballos de paso fino son capaces de discriminar su propio paso de otros y que la receptividad a sus propios sonidos podría ser incluida en sus regímenes de entrenamiento, con el fin de evitar el uso de estimulación aversiva para tal fin.

O conceito de audiência e os múltiplos controles do comportamento verbal / The concept of audience and verbal behavior’s multiple control

A análise skinneriana do comportamento verbal envolveu a produção de um sistema classificatório das relações entre respostas e ambiente que seriam sua unidade de análise - os operantes verbais. A partir da caracterização da relação de controle denominada audiência feita por Skinner no livro Verbal Behavior (1957), foram identificados dois aspectos básicos necessários para a compreensão desse conceito: a) a consideração de audiência como um outro operante verbal e b) a consideração de audiência como uma relação de controle adicional (estimulação condicional ou operação estabelecedora) para outras relações - mando tato, ecóico, intraverbal e textual. Procura-se, em cada um dos casos, destacar possíveis implicações que o reconhecimento da relação especificada pode acarretar em termos de elaboração conceitual e a importância do reconhecimento dessas relações.(AU)

The Skinnerian analysis of verbal behavior involved the production of a classificatory scheme of the relations between responses and environment that would be its unit of analysis - the verbal operants. From the characterization of the control relation called audience by Skinner in Verbal Behavior (1957), two basic aspects, necessary to comprehend this concept, were identified: a) the consideration of audience as another verbal operant and b) the consideration of audience as a relation of additional control (conditional stimulation or establishing operation) for other relations ¬- mand , tact, echoic, intraverbal and textual. In both situations, it is intended to enlighten the possible implications that the recognition of the specified relation could mean in terms of conceptual elaboration and the importance to recognize theses relations.(AU)

O conceito de audiência e os múltiplos controles do comportamento verbal / The concept of audience and verbal behavior’s multiple control

A análise skinneriana do comportamento verbal envolveu a produção de um sistema classificatório das relações entre respostas e ambiente que seriam sua unidade de análise - os operantes verbais. A partir da caracterização da relação de controle denominada audiência feita por Skinner no livro Verbal Behavior (1957), foram identificados dois aspectos básicos necessários para a compreensão desse conceito: a) a consideração de audiência como um outro operante verbal e b) a consideração de audiência como uma relação de controle adicional (estimulação condicional ou operação estabelecedora) para outras relações - mando tato, ecóico, intraverbal e textual. Procura-se, em cada um dos casos, destacar possíveis implicações que o reconhecimento da relação especificada pode acarretar em termos de elaboração conceitual e a importância do reconhecimento dessas relações

The Skinnerian analysis of verbal behavior involved the production of a classificatory scheme of the relations between responses and environment that would be its unit of analysis - the verbal operants. From the characterization of the control relation called audience by Skinner in Verbal Behavior (1957), two basic aspects, necessary to comprehend this concept, were identified: a) the consideration of audience as another verbal operant and b) the consideration of audience as a relation of additional control (conditional stimulation or establishing operation) for other relations ¬- mand , tact, echoic, intraverbal and textual. In both situations, it is intended to enlighten the possible implications that the recognition of the specified relation could mean in terms of conceptual elaboration and the importance to recognize theses relations