Medical Economic Effect of Pharmaceutical Interventions by Board-Certified Pharmacists in Palliative Pharmacy for Patients with Cancer Using Medical Narcotics in Japan: A Multicenter, Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: The Japanese Society for Pharmaceutical Palliative Care and Sciences specializes in pharmacology in the field of palliative medicine. More than 700 board-certified pharmacists in palliative pharmacy (BCPPP) are actively involved in palliative pharmacotherapy at various hospitals and pharmacies. The purpose of this study was to determine the economic effect of pharmaceutical interventions by BCPPPs. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study included 27 medical centers and analyzed the medical economic effect of interventions by BCPPPs (17 pharmacists) and non-BCPPPs (24 pharmacists) on patients using medical narcotics for cancer pain in September 2021. RESULTS: The percentage of patients who received a pharmaceutical intervention and whose drug costs were reduced by pharmacist intervention was significantly higher in the BCPPP group than in the non-BCPPP group. Although there was no significant difference between the two groups in drug cost reduction per patient per month (BCPPP group: $0.89 [-$64.91 to $106.76] vs. non-BCPPP group $0.00 [-$1,828.95 to $25.82]; P = 0.730), the medical economic benefit of pharmacist intervention in avoiding or reducing adverse drug reactions was higher in the BCPPP group ($103.18 [$0.00 to $628.03]) than in the non-BCPPP group ($0.00 [$0.00 to $628.03]) (P = 0.070). The total medical economic benefit-the sum of these-was significantly higher in the BCPPP group ($88.82 [-$14.62 to $705.37]) than in the non-BCPPP group ($0.66 [-$1,200.93 to $269.61]) (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Pharmacological intervention for patients with cancer using medical narcotics may have a greater medical economic benefit when managed by BCPPPs than by non-certified pharmacists in Japan.

Catalytic co-combustion of biomass and brown coal in a fluidized bed: Economic and environmental benefits.

The work is devoted to the study of combustion of brown coal, pine sawdust, and their mixtures in a fluidized bed of catalyst at 600-750°Ð¡. It is shown that an increase in the content of sawdust in a mixture with brown coal leads to an increase in the burnout degree of solid fuel from 94.4% to 99.9%, while the emission of greenhouse gases in the form of CO2 CO and NOx is reduced (CO2 from the biomass is not included in the balance). The high content of alkaline earth metal oxides (CaO and MgO) in the mineral part of brown coal, sawdust, and their mixtures eliminates the emission of sulfur oxides and the slagging of heat-exchange surfaces during the combustion in a fluidized bed of catalyst. The optimal temperature, when the highest burnout degree of the above fuels is achieved in the combustion is 750°Ð¡. It is also shown that the increase in temperature and the content of sawdust in the composition of the fuel mixtures has a positive effect on the economic and environmental process indicators.

[Effects of Emergency Room-specialized Pharmacists on Emergency Medicine].

It is difficult to say that pharmacist services in the emergency room (ER) are widespread nationwide. According to a survey of certified emergency pharmacists, the work area they are most commonly engaged in is the intensive care unit. This may be due to the lack of reimbursement for pharmacist services in ERs and the absence of operational guidelines. On the other hand, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital has had ER specialized pharmacists (ESPs) since 2016 and has reported on the usefulness of pharmacist services in the ER at conferences and in papers. Among other things, it has been shown that the workload of emergency physicians is reduced by 1.9 h/d through the use of ESPs, and that also contributes to the increase in accurate diagnoses of drug-induced diseases and the treatment of infectious diseases. Reports on the benefits of ESP have also begun to emerge in Japan, including a significant decrease in the number of incident reports. Meanwhile, overseas reports indicate that ESPs have a significant impact on healthcare economics, such as "an annualized cost avoidance effect of more than 400 million yen." Furthermore, reports of improvements in operational guidelines and patient outcomes that support these guidelines indicate that ESPs in other countries are well-established ahead of their counterparts in Japan. We strongly hope that ESPs will increase in number and distribution in Japan in the future through the evaluation of reimbursement and formulation of operational guidelines.

Can Green Credit Policies Accelerate the Realization of the Dual Carbon Goal in China? Examination Based on an Endogenous Financial CGE Model.

Green credit is an indispensable funding source through which China can achieve its carbon neutrality goal. This paper quantifies the influences of different green credit scales on energy structures, carbon reduction, the industrial economy, and the macroeconomy. It creates a green credit mechanism related to green technology innovation in a Chinese carbon neutrality computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and integrates energy, environmental, economic, and financial (3EF) systems. The green credit scale can influence green technology innovation and hence CO2 emissions. The results show that (1) green credit can accelerate China's achievement of its carbon neutrality goal, and the larger the green credit scale, the less time it takes to achieve goals; (2) the influence of green credit scales confers marginal decreasing effects with realistic policy considerations; (3) using a cost-benefit perspective, 60% is the most appropriate green credit scale to use to achieve dual carbon goals in China; (4) the different green credit scales have a heterogeneous impact on the industry output, and high-carbon-emission producers from nonenergy industries need to pay attention to their green credit risk. This research provides a scientific reference for the policy design of China's future green financial market development.

Epidemiological and economic consequences of lumpy skin disease outbreaks on farm households in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The livestock sector plays a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of families across the world, especially in developing countries. However, farming households that rely on agriculture and livestock are particularly susceptible to the impacts of various infectious diseases and natural disasters. This study focuses on estimating the economic burden imposed on households by lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Pakistan and explores the effect of various socioeconomic factors on mortality ratio. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 406 farmers and were analyzed through descriptive statistics to calculate the monetary losses. In addition, the study employed fractional probit regression to identify factors affecting mortality ratio. The results demonstrate significant economic impacts of LSD on farm households in Pakistan, leading to direct and indirect losses and reduced milk productivity. Exotic cows were found to be more susceptible to mortality compared to indigenous cows. The study also found that farmers' education, experience, household income per month, vaccination, domestic-commercial, commercial animals, and access to information were negatively associated with mortality. The findings of this study emphasize the need for preventative measures such as affordable vaccines, treatment, and improved livestock health and welfare to mitigate the negative effects of LSD on farmers' income and the local economy.

Knowledge, attitudes, practice of people toward the COVID-19 pandemics, and its impact in Afghanistan.

COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the social and economic norms. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices studies are used to address the information gap for further strategic decision making to control the pandemic. This study aimed to find the level of Knowledge, Awareness, Attitudes, and behavioral practices of the people of Afghanistan about the COVID-19 and its impact on health and socio-economic dimension of their routine lives. We used a cross-sectional method with two stage sampling design. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v.20. The survey focused on adults including men and women all over the country to represent the country, including the urban and rural areas. Most of the respondents are in the age group of 21-30 years (46.5%); 60.15% of the participants are married. Almost 75% of females and 84% of males were literate and most participants have a bachelor's degree (34%). More than 80% of participants knew they can prevent themselves from contacting COVID-19 through hand washing frequently with soap and water and wearing a mask. More than 80% of participants responded that they would go for a lab test for detection of the virus as well as COVID-19 vaccination if it is available. Almost 35% reported always wearing a mask to prevent COVID-19 transmission; more than half of participants always wash their hands, more than 60% of them do not touch their eyes, nose, and mouth frequently. Nearly 60% of participants indicated that their household had problems satisfying food needs partly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nearly half of participants believed that the government was successful in applying lockdown measures and in awareness rising (56.8 and 69.8%). The study findings provide some useful insight about the KAP of communities in Afghanistan, which could assist policy makers in public health to design and implement interventions based on the information gaps reported.

Economic effects of command-and-control abatement policies under China's 2030 carbon emission goal.

To mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, China has committed to reducing its national carbon emission intensity, which is a measure of carbon dioxide produced per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), by 65% by 2030 compared with the level in 2005. The government is pursuing corresponding abatement initiatives to achieve this goal. Coupling the physical data of sectoral energy inputs and emissions with a mixed exogenous/endogenous input-output model, this study first projected the carbon emissions in 2030 under a business-as-usual baseline and then investigated the potential economic effects of the "command-and-control" approach for reducing carbon emissions by limiting production capacity and strengthening forest carbon sink management. Three carbon abatement scenarios were evaluated from the perspectives of social equity, abatement efficiency, and forest carbon sinks. Our results indicated that, under the 2030 carbon emission goal, the GDP in China would decline by 17.17-41.26 trillion yuan (equivalent to a marginal abatement cost of 2315-5387 yuan per ton of carbon dioxide reduction), depending on different policy initiatives. The policy of carbon reduction for high-emission sectors only is more cost-effective and economically efficient and has resulted in fewer negative economic impacts than the policy of requiring all economic sectors to do so. Asking high-carbon emission industries to undertake carbon abatement can further reduce national carbon emission intensity. Additionally, promoting forest carbon sinks as an abatement initiative also demonstrates substantial economic benefits for society.

Optimization of China's provincial carbon emission transfer structure under the dual constraints of economic development and emission reduction goals.

The contradiction between China's economic development and the reduction of carbon emission is increasingly deepening along with the complex carbon emission transfer. Optimizing provincial-level carbon emission transfer in China is important for facilitating economic development and carbon emission reduction. Under these dual constraints, this study uses the slacks-based measure, marginal abatement cost, and geographically and temporally weighted regression models to measure the economic and carbon emission reduction effects and the carbon emission reduction baseline. Then, the optimization strategy and path of provincial carbon emission transfer network structure are proposed to provide policy support for achieving the dual goals of economic development and carbon emission reduction in China. This article draws the following important research conclusions. First, under the three economic development scenarios, provinces in the eastern coastal developed regions are capable of completing the expected carbon emission reduction, whereas the underdeveloped provinces in the central and northern regions are not. Second, from the perspective of the economic effect of carbon emission transfer, carbon emission transfer from most provinces promotes economic development, whereas carbon emission transfer from a few economically underdeveloped provinces hinders economic development. Third, from the perspective of the carbon emission reduction impact of carbon emission transfer, carbon emission transfer in the northeast region has a negative impact on carbon emission reduction, and carbon emission transfer in developed regions also has a negative impact on carbon emission reduction. Fourth, the optimization of the carbon emission transfer can be divided into four categories.

Assessment of eco-economic effects of urban water system connectivity project.

As one of the large ecological infrastructures, the urban water system connectivity (UWSC) project is an important part of urban ecosystem construction. It is helpful for the scientific planning and construction of the project to systematically evaluate the effects. However, due to the complex and various effects of UWSC project, there is no complete effect system and quantitative method. Against this backdrop, the composition and mechanism of positive and negative effects of ecological economics of UWSC project were deeply analyzed to improve the composition system of eco-economic effects in this study. At the same time, the emergy theory was used to put forward the quantification method of eco-economic effect system. Taking the UWSC project in Xuchang as an example, its ecological, social, and economic effects were evaluated. The result showed that the average eco-economic effect of the project is 49.97 million dollars/year. Economic effect and ecological effect are significant, accounting for 82.49% and 15.89% of total effect, respectively. This study can provide reference for comprehensive and unified assessment of eco-economic effects of UWSC project.

Economic effect between surgery and thermal ablation for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a systemic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: At present, there are still many controversies regarding the treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). It is worth noting that thermal ablation has become a viable alternative for patients at high risk of surgery or those who wish to receive more active treatment than active surveillance. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the economic benefits, efficacy, and safety of thermal ablation for patients with PTMC. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase for articles published from the database establishment to August 2021. All of the studies included were retrospective cohort analyses. In addition, meta-analysis was performed using the Stata15.1 versions and Review Manager5.3. Data were extracted according to the PRISMA guidelines by two professional doctors. RESULTS: A total of 7 articles (1582 patients) were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis. We discovered that thermal ablation could shorten the hospitalization time (SMD, -3.82[95%CI, -5.25 to -2.40]), operation time (SMD, -5.67[95%CI, -6.65 to -4.68]), cost (SMD, -3.40 [95%CI, -5.06 to -1.75]) and reduce postoperative complications (OR, 0.07 [95%CI, 0.01 to 0.44]) than surgical treatment. In addition, our study also found that compared with surgery, there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate (OR, 1.53 [95% CI, 0.63 to 3.73]) and metastasis rate (OR, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.12 to 1.86]). CONCLUSION: On the premise of being safe and effective, thermal ablation has better economic benefits than surgical treatment for patients with PTMC.

Economic and intensity effects of coal consumption in China.

The increase in coal consumption and its impact on the environment has become a bottleneck that hinders sustainable development. This paper discusses the effect of economic growth and coal intensity on China's coal consumption during 2005-2017 using the Laspeyres index decomposition method. The decoupling of coal consumption from economic growth was examined in conjunction with the Tapio elasticity index, and the decoupling contributions of economic growth and coal intensity are further determined. The results indicated that economic growth drives an increase in coal consumption; however, the contribution rate declines gradually with decrease in economic growth rate in each province. Further research showed that the secondary industry is the main contributor to the increment, and the rapid development of tertiary industry increases indirect coal consumption. Coal intensity has a positive impact on curbing coal consumption, but it is not sufficient to offset the increment generated by the economic effect. Moreover, in each province, the curbing effect gradually decreased as the decline in coal intensity weakened in the secondary industry. Furthermore, coal consumption is weakly decoupled from economic growth over the long term, and the secondary industry will determine the future trend of decoupling.

The Goal of Carbon Peaking, Carbon Emissions, and the Economic Effects of China's Energy Planning Policy: Analysis Using a CGE Model.

This study focuses on the effects of China's carbon peaking policy, investigating how to balance nonfossil energy consumption and coal consumption to achieve China's carbon peaking policy goal. The research applies the recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model to simulate the impact of China's energy planning policies using five scenarios to analyze the carbon emissions and economic effects of China's energy planning policy from the perspectives of energy use, carbon emissions, the macroeconomy, and institutional income. The simulation results indicate that to achieve the goal of carbon peaking by 2030, the annual installed capacity of nonfossil energy must reach 112.29 gigawatts, and average annual coal consumption in the China 15th Five-Year Plan and 16th Five-Year Plan should be reduced by 20 million and 40 million tons, respectively, which will result in the proportion of nonfossil energy in primary energy consumption reaching about 25%. Limiting coal consumption will slow economic growth, whereas increasing the installed capacity of nonfossil energy will stimulate economic growth. The combined policies will have a significant impact on reducing carbon emissions and achieving the carbon peaking goal and will also offset the adverse effects of such policies on the macroeconomy.

MEDICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHOICE OF THERAPEUTIC PLASMAPHERESIS METHOD TO OPTIMIZE THE TRANSFUSION CARE QUALITY.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To analyze the medical and economic aspects of the manual and different types of automatic plasmapheresis (manual, automatic centrifugal, automatic membrane, plasmapheresis with plasma therapy and mixed) used for therapeutic purposes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The Baxter Auto-C, Haemonetics PCS2, Haemophenics, Baxter CPDA anticoagulant and saline, Baxter 16GA needles were used. Total protein was examined by the biuret method, hemoglobin by the Sally method, total bilirubin by the colorimetric photometric method, cell fragments by the Goryaev camera microscopy method; patient comfort - with a 10-point scale. Healthy blood donors participated in the study. Manual plasmapheresis was performed in 31 people, automatic plasmapheresis with centrifugal technology - 36 people, with membrane technology - 21 people, mixed technology - 36 people. RESULTS: Results: An analysis of the different technologies impact on hematological, psychological and medical and economic indicators was performed. Native hemoglobin was absent in the bloodstream and in the final plasma with all technologies. Bilirubin index was within normal limits. There were no cell fragments. It was proved the absence of significant differences in various technologies on hematological parameters. The lower level of patient comfort by manual plasmapheresis was established. CONCLUSION: Conclusion: All therapeutic plasmapheresis technologies have the same effect on the patient's blood hematological parameters and did not have a negative impact on the body by the indicators: hemolysis, the presence of cell fragments, patient discomfort and citrate reactions during the standard procedure of sampling 800 ml of plasma. The most effective are plasmapheresis machines with centrifugal technology by medical and economic parametres.

Evaluation of the Virtual Economic Effect of Tourism Product Emotional Marketing Based on Virtual Reality.

Rapid development of Internet technology has led to great changes in all fields of life. Tourism industry has also gone to the Internet with the change of the times. Regarding the application of Internet technology in tourism, in fact, virtual tourism products are directly used to promote economic development. Online tourism stores have all kinds of tourism information in the database, realize network roaming, provide convenient information services for both the supply and demand of tourism, and can realize the rapid and stable sustainable development of tourism. This article mainly studies the evaluation of the virtual economic effect of emotional marketing of tourism products based on virtual reality (VR), the meaning algorithm of VR, etc., analyzes the virtual economy of tourism products based on VR, and helps tourism enterprises to grasp the needs of tourism consumers more accurately, so as to design products and services that are more in line with the demands of tourism consumers, the process of ultimately improving the user value. This study mainly uses the VR method, VR platform eye map processing, VR eye map regional detection and feature extraction method, and VR tourism product emotional marketing related experiments, to study the evaluation of the virtual economic effect of tourism product emotional marketing based on VR. The economic performance information of the virtual tourism industry is equivalent to the amount of these indicators, and the impact of the comprehensive evaluation on the economic performance of virtual tourism is quite equal. The results show that from 2017 to 2020, the virtual economic revenue of VR tourism product emotional marketing increased from 50 million to 1 billion. However, people give more importance to the tourism experience brought by virtual tourism products, and the reasonable consumption structure of virtual tourism hinders the improvement of tourism economic benefits. To promote the rationalization of the consumption structure of virtual tourism, the basic industry of tourism consumption is developed and the necessary design and processing is increased, in order to increase the supply of tourism products and to enrich tourism consumption.

Relationship between diagnostic accuracy of microRNAs for NSCLC and number of combined microRNAs: an overview with meta-analysis.

Objective: Several systematic reviews (SRs) have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of microRNAs (miRNAs) for NSCLC, and this overview aimed to assess the relationship between diagnostic accuracy of miRNAs for NSCLC and number of microRNAs combinations. Methods: Embase.com, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched. The PRISMA-DTA was used for reporting quality evaluation. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess the pooled diagnostic accuracy of different miRNAs combinations, and subgroup analyses were performed based on the source of miRNA. Results: Fourteen SRs with 91 original studies were included. Three SRs had minimal reporting flaws, and 11 SRs had medium flaws. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.76 and 0.80 for single miRNA, 0.80 and 0.81 for two miRNAs combined, 0.82 and 0.88 for three miRNAs combined, 0.88 and 0.92 for four miRNAs combined, 0.87 and 0.87 for five miRNAs combined, and 0.87 and 0.89 for six or more miRNAs combined. And miR-21 was mostly appeared. Subgroup analyses suggested that the serum-derived miRNA had the relatively best diagnostic value compared to other sources. Conclusions: Future studies should explore specific and serum-derived miRNAs in NSCLC and combine them to improve the diagnosis accuracy of NSCLC, which had great significance in economic efficiency.

How does air quality affect residents' life satisfaction? Evidence based on multiperiod follow-up survey data of 122 cities in China.

Since entering the new era, China's socialist contradiction has been transformed into the contradiction between the people's growing need for a better life and the unbalanced and inadequate development. How to improve the quality of people's life through the improvement of air quality has become an important content restricting social development and a key problem to be solved. Based on the life satisfaction (LS) method, this study takes air quality into the individual utility function, and through matching China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), two phases of microindividual tracking data with 122 urban environmental quality data innovatively investigate the impact of air quality on residents' LS and its income substitution effect. The results show that air quality significantly reduces residents' LS, among which, different air pollutants and comprehensive air quality AQI have significant negative effects. And PM10 has the highest marginal effect on different LS evaluation, SO2 has the smallest marginal effect, and AQI marginal effect is close to PM10. In terms of group heterogeneity, NO2 and SO2 have group influence differences in age group, regional economic group, gender group, and family per capita income group. But PM10 and AQI do not show group influence heterogeneity, and air quality has significant negative effect on LS of different groups. In addition, the interaction between air quality and income level shows that air quality strengthens the difference of residents' LS caused by income level difference. According to the equilibrium condition of residents' individual utility function, the improvement of air quality by 1% is equivalent to the improvement of residents' LS by 23.4402% of income. Firstly, air quality has an important impact on residents' LS, and different air pollutants have different effects. Secondly, the impact of air quality on LS of different groups is heterogeneous and mainly diversified in age group, regional economic group, gender group, and family per capital income group. Finally, there is substitution effect between air quality and regional GDP growth and household income, which affects residents' LS. Thirdly, the conclusion shows that the improvement of air quality is difficult to be replaced by other ways. Good air quality can not only directly improve residents' LS, but also has economic effect.

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECT FOR THE HEALTHCARE INSTITUTION FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT METHODS.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: This study is to substantiate the theoretical approaches to determine the financial and economic effect for the Healthcare Institution from the introduction of logistics management methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The work utilises a number of methods: Content Analysis, Bibliosemantic, Systematic approach and the analysis of products. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The use of logistics management methods is substantiated: synchronization of flow processes, interactive feedback and spatio-temporal timing, as well as the need to take into account in assessing the effectiveness of health facilities not only medical and demographic indicators, but also financial and economic effect. Prospects for further research are related to the development of theoretical and methodological support for the transformation of health care management system, substantiation of methods for determining the relationship between the level of autonomy of institutions and quality of care, taking into account the risks of indirect impact due to reduced access to medical services in rural areas, reduction of the network of specialized institutions and the number of specialized specialists.

Closer to or further from the new normal? business approach through social media analysis.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to radical change in all social and economic spheres and, even today, the scope of the pandemic cannot be detailed. This unprecedent situation is challenging the global world but particularly for business. The packages of measures internationally imposed as restrictions on commercial activity, isolation and social distancing mean that business should face a transformation in order to survive in each stage of the crisis. For this purpose, a content analysis with an initial dataset with 2,610 tweets of the most representative Spanish entrepreneurial organizations was carried out in key periods of the pandemic. The findings highlight that there are collective concerns with emotional burden in the business sector that encourage action despite confusion and uncertainty. Generalized distrust of policies led business organizations to insist on innovation and adaptation as the best tools to overcome the economic effect of the crisis.

Performance evaluation of urban environmental governance in Anhui Province based on spatial and temporal differentiation analyses.

When the process of urbanization has brought economic benefits in the Yangtze River Delta of China, environmental pollution becomes increasingly prominent. In order to achieve integrated sustainable green development and reduce the gap in environmental governance performance between regions, this study analyzed the environmental issues of provincial cities in Anhui Province from 2013 to 2017 in the urban agglomeration of Yangtze River Delta. Governance performance is analyzed and the evaluation index system framework is determined using the "pressure-state-response" model with the panel and spatial data. Based on the global principal component analysis method and spatial autocorrelation analysis, the environmental governance performance of Anhui Province has generally increased steadily from 2013 to 2017. The situation in northern Anhui is still developing in a good state. Southern Anhui is in a trend of rising first and then stabilizing, whereas central Anhui has a downward trend after a rapid rise; in terms of the spatial pattern, the overall situation is central Anhui > northern Anhui > southern Anhui. The urban spatial distribution pattern of the region shows a positive spatial correlation. Particularly, the performance levels of Maanshan City and Huainan City have been at a poor level for a long time, whereas Hefei and Huangshan have strong comprehensive environmental governance capabilities with average efficiency values of 0.55 and 0.47, respectively. Corresponding countermeasures have been proposed to rectify polluting enterprises and optimize structure of industries, increase scientific and technological investment and infrastructure construction, strengthen the radiation driving effects, and establish a pollution monitoring system. Based on all the analyses and resulted findings, we concluded the study with corresponding policy implications/suggestions and recommended countermeasures.

A review: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and prospect in developing vaccines for novel Coronavirus (COVID-19).

In December 2019, a large number of coronavirus cases were emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and rapidly spread to different countries and territories around the world within four months. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared this outbreak as a global health emergency. The spread of COVID-19 over globe is highly contagious; they transmitted from person-to-person through small droplets of infected person. Many diagnosis and treatment methods have been implemented to reduce and control the outbreak. Efforts have been made to develop coronavirus vaccine against S protein or spike glycoprotein of coronavirus. COVID-19 outbreak will affect the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the world. At the time of preparing manuscript, total number of active cases reaches to more than 8.9 million and confirmed death reaches to approx. 4.6 lakh. This article highlights the ongoing research and advances in designing vaccine and therapeutics against COVID-19 and also focusing on the epidemiology, transmission, future direction and control the spread of infectious diseases.