Confiabilidad de la detección de problemas de desarrollo mediante el semáforo de la prueba de Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil: ¿es diferente un resultado amarillo de uno rojo? / Reliability for detection of developmental problems using the semaphore from the Child Development Evaluation test: Is a yellow result different from a red result?

Introducción: La prueba Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil (EDI) es un instrumento de tamizaje de problemas en el desarrollo diseñado y validado en México. La calificación obtenida se expresa como semáforo. Se consideran positivos tanto el resultado amarillo como el rojo, aunque se plantea una intervención diferente para cada uno. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad de la prueba EDI para discriminar entre los niños identificados con semáforo amarillo y los identificados con rojo al compararse con el Inventario de Desarrollo de Battelle 2.ª edición (IDB-2) en cuanto al cociente de desarrollo del dominio (CDD). Métodos: El análisis se llevó a cabo utilizando la información obtenida para el estudio de la validación. Se excluyeron los pacientes con resultado normal (verde) en EDI. Se utilizaron 2 puntos de CDD (IDB-2) por dominio: < 90 para incluir normal-bajo y < 80 para diagnóstico de retraso. Se analizó el resultado con base en la correlación del resultado del semáforo de EDI (amarillo o rojo) y el IDB-2, total y por subgrupos de edad. Resultados: Al considerar un CDD < 90 en amarillo, el 86.8% tuvo al menos un dominio afectado, y el 50%, 3 o más dominios, en comparación con el 93.8% y el 78.8% para el resultado en rojo, respectivamente. Hubo diferencias en todos los dominios entre amarillos y rojos (p < 0.001) para el porcentaje de niños con un CDD < 80: cognitivo (36.1 vs. 61.9%); comunicación (27.8 vs. 50.4%); motor (18.1 vs. 39.9%); personal-social (20.1 vs. 28.9%); y adaptativo (6.9 vs. 20.4%). Conclusiones: Los resultados de semáforo (amarillo o rojo) permiten identificar diferente magnitud de los problemas en el desarrollo y apoyan intervenciones diferenciadas.

Background: The Child Development Evaluation (CDE) is a screening tool designed and validated in Mexico for detecting developmental problems. The result is expressed through a semaphore. In the CDE test, both yellow and red results are considered positive, although a different intervention is proposed for each. The aim of this work was to evaluate the reliability of the CDE test to discriminate between children with yellow/red result based on the developmental domain quotient (DDQ) obtained through the Battelle Development Inventory, 2nd edition (in Spanish) (BDI-2). Methods: The information was obtained for the study from the validation. Children with a normal (green) result in the CDE were excluded. Two different cut-off points of the DDQ were used (BDI-2): < 90 to include low average, and developmental delay was considered with a cut-off < 80 per domain. Results were analyzed based on the correlation of the CDE test and each domain from the BDI-2 and by subgroups of age. Results: With a cut-off DDQ <90, 86.8% of tests with yellow result (CDE) indicated at least one domain affected and 50% 3 or more compared with 93.8% and 78.8% for red result, respectively. There were differences in every domain (P < 0.001) for the percent of children with DDQ < 80 between yellow and red result (CDE): cognitive 36.1% vs. 61.9%; communication: 27.8% vs. 50.4%, motor: 18.1% vs. 39.9%; personal-social: 20.1% vs. 28.9%; and adaptive: 6.9% vs. 20.4%. Conclusions: The semaphore result yellow/red allows identifying different magnitudes of delay in developmental domains or subdomains, supporting the recommendation of different interventions for each one.

Child Development Evaluation Test analysis by field improves detection of developmental problems in children

Background: The Child Development Evaluation (CDE) Test is a screening instrument for developmental problems. In the validation study, a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 61% were reported, considering a cut-off value for both a total development quotient (TDQ) of 90. Given that the TDQ is obtained by calculation of the five evaluated fields in the Battelle Development Inventory, 2nd edition (BDI-2), it may occur that a child is classified as a false positive (TDQ ≥90) and may have a developmental delay in at least one of the fields (true positive). The objective of this work was to evaluate if the properties of the CDE Test are different when analyzing each field for the probability of a developmental delay. Methods: The information obtained for the study from the validation (Rizzoli-Córdoba, 2013) was analyzed. In the CDE Test, a true positive was considered when the result was yellow or red. A developmental delay was considered per domain with a scale score <80 in the BDI-2. The results were analyzed based on the correlation of what was evaluated between the CDE Test and the BDI-2. Results: For 438 children of 1- to 60-months of age, sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) per field were as follows: a) Motor: S=84.3% and Sp=87%; b) Communication: S=79.5% and Sp=79.4%; c) Personal-Social: S=86.9% and Sp=85%; d) Adaptive: S=91.7% and Sp=85.1%; and e) Cognitive: S=83.6% and Sp=88.8%. Conclusions: When analyzing each field separately, better scores for the CDE are observed compared with those reported for the TDQ in both sensitivity and specificity.

[Reliability for detection of developmental problems using the semaphore from the Child Development Evaluation test: Is a yellow result different from a red result?] / Confiabilidad de la detección de problemas de desarrollo mediante el semáforo de la prueba de Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil: ¿es diferente un resultado amarillo de uno rojo?

BACKGROUND: The Child Development Evaluation (CDE) is a screening tool designed and validated in Mexico for detecting developmental problems. The result is expressed through a semaphore. In the CDE test, both yellow and red results are considered positive, although a different intervention is proposed for each. The aim of this work was to evaluate the reliability of the CDE test to discriminate between children with yellow/red result based on the developmental domain quotient (DDQ) obtained through the Battelle Development Inventory, 2nd edition (in Spanish) (BDI-2). METHODS: The information was obtained for the study from the validation. Children with a normal (green) result in the CDE were excluded. Two different cut-off points of the DDQ were used (BDI-2): <90 to include low average, and developmental delay was considered with a cut-off<80 per domain. Results were analyzed based on the correlation of the CDE test and each domain from the BDI-2 and by subgroups of age. RESULTS: With a cut-off DDQ<90, 86.8% of tests with yellow result (CDE) indicated at least one domain affected and 50% 3 or more compared with 93.8% and 78.8% for red result, respectively. There were differences in every domain (P<0.001) for the percent of children with DDQ<80 between yellow and red result (CDE): cognitive 36.1% vs. 61.9%; communication: 27.8% vs. 50.4%, motor: 18.1% vs. 39.9%; personal-social: 20.1% vs. 28.9%; and adaptive: 6.9% vs. 20.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The semaphore result yellow/red allows identifying different magnitudes of delay in developmental domains or subdomains, supporting the recommendation of different interventions for each one.

Distribuição de sementes de milho e soja em função da velocidade e densidade de semeadura / Distribution of corn and soybean seeds in function of the sowing speed and density

Com o objetivo de avaliar a distribuição de sementes de milho e soja por uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão em função da velocidade de trabalho e da densidade de sementes, foi conduzido um experimento em pista de areia conforme norma internacional. Os tratamentos constaram da combinação entre quatro velocidades, três densidades de semeadura para o milho e quatro para a soja, sendo avaliadas a distribuição transversal, a distribuição longitudinal e a densidade final de sementes. Foi observado que as elevações da velocidade de trabalho de 3,5 para 7,0km h-1, para milho, e de 4,3 para 11,0km h-1, para soja, não reduziram significativamente as densidades finais de semeadura. O aumento na densidade de semeadura de três para sete sementes m-1, para milho, e de oito para 20, para soja, reduziu o percentual de espaçamentos aceitáveis para ambas as culturas, independentemente da velocidade de trabalho.

With the objective to evaluate the distribution of corn and soybean seeds by a precision seeder in function of the displacement speed and seeds density, an experiment was made in track of sand according to international standard. The treatments consisted of the combination among four speeds, three sowing densities for the corn and four for the soybean, being appraised the transversal distribution, longitudinal distribution and final seeds density. It was observed that the elevations of the displacement speed from 3.5 to 7.0km h-1 for the corn and from 4.3 to 11.0km h-1 for the soybean did not reduce significantly the final densities of sowing. The increase in the sowing density from 3 to 7 seeds m-1 for the corn and from 8 to 20 for the soybean reduced the percentile of acceptable spacing's for both the cultures, independent of the displacement speed.

Distribuição de sementes de milho e soja em função da velocidade e densidade de semeadura

With the objective to evaluate the distribution of corn and soybean seeds by a precision seeder in function of the displacement speed and seeds density, an experiment was made in track of sand according to international standard. The treatments consisted of the combination among four speeds, three sowing densities for the corn and four for the soybean, being appraised the transversal distribution, longitudinal distribution and final seeds density. It was observed that the elevations of the displacement speed from 3.5 to 7.0km h-1 for the corn and from 4.3 to 11.0km h-1 for the soybean did not reduce significantly the final densities of sowing. The increase in the sowing density from 3 to 7 seeds m-1 for the corn and from 8 to 20 for the soybean reduced the percentile of acceptable spacing's for both the cultures, independent of the displacement speed.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a distribuição de sementes de milho e soja por uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão em função da velocidade de trabalho e da densidade de sementes, foi conduzido um experimento em pista de areia conforme norma internacional. Os tratamentos constaram da combinação entre quatro velocidades, três densidades de semeadura para o milho e quatro para a soja, sendo avaliadas a distribuição transversal, a distribuição longitudinal e a densidade final de sementes. Foi observado que as elevações da velocidade de trabalho de 3,5 para 7,0km h-1, para milho, e de 4,3 para 11,0km h-1, para soja, não reduziram significativamente as densidades finais de semeadura. O aumento na densidade de semeadura de três para sete sementes m-1, para milho, e de oito para 20, para soja, reduziu o percentual de espaçamentos aceitáveis para ambas as culturas, independentemente da velocidade de trabalho.

Distribuição de sementes de milho e soja em função da velocidade e densidade de semeadura

With the objective to evaluate the distribution of corn and soybean seeds by a precision seeder in function of the displacement speed and seeds density, an experiment was made in track of sand according to international standard. The treatments consisted of the combination among four speeds, three sowing densities for the corn and four for the soybean, being appraised the transversal distribution, longitudinal distribution and final seeds density. It was observed that the elevations of the displacement speed from 3.5 to 7.0km h-1 for the corn and from 4.3 to 11.0km h-1 for the soybean did not reduce significantly the final densities of sowing. The increase in the sowing density from 3 to 7 seeds m-1 for the corn and from 8 to 20 for the soybean reduced the percentile of acceptable spacing's for both the cultures, independent of the displacement speed.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a distribuição de sementes de milho e soja por uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão em função da velocidade de trabalho e da densidade de sementes, foi conduzido um experimento em pista de areia conforme norma internacional. Os tratamentos constaram da combinação entre quatro velocidades, três densidades de semeadura para o milho e quatro para a soja, sendo avaliadas a distribuição transversal, a distribuição longitudinal e a densidade final de sementes. Foi observado que as elevações da velocidade de trabalho de 3,5 para 7,0km h-1, para milho, e de 4,3 para 11,0km h-1, para soja, não reduziram significativamente as densidades finais de semeadura. O aumento na densidade de semeadura de três para sete sementes m-1, para milho, e de oito para 20, para soja, reduziu o percentual de espaçamentos aceitáveis para ambas as culturas, independentemente da velocidade de trabalho.

Distribuição de sementes de milho e soja em função da velocidade e densidade de semeadura

With the objective to evaluate the distribution of corn and soybean seeds by a precision seeder in function of the displacement speed and seeds density, an experiment was made in track of sand according to international standard. The treatments consisted of the combination among four speeds, three sowing densities for the corn and four for the soybean, being appraised the transversal distribution, longitudinal distribution and final seeds density. It was observed that the elevations of the displacement speed from 3.5 to 7.0km h-1 for the corn and from 4.3 to 11.0km h-1 for the soybean did not reduce significantly the final densities of sowing. The increase in the sowing density from 3 to 7 seeds m-1 for the corn and from 8 to 20 for the soybean reduced the percentile of acceptable spacing's for both the cultures, independent of the displacement speed.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a distribuição de sementes de milho e soja por uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão em função da velocidade de trabalho e da densidade de sementes, foi conduzido um experimento em pista de areia conforme norma internacional. Os tratamentos constaram da combinação entre quatro velocidades, três densidades de semeadura para o milho e quatro para a soja, sendo avaliadas a distribuição transversal, a distribuição longitudinal e a densidade final de sementes. Foi observado que as elevações da velocidade de trabalho de 3,5 para 7,0km h-1, para milho, e de 4,3 para 11,0km h-1, para soja, não reduziram significativamente as densidades finais de semeadura. O aumento na densidade de semeadura de três para sete sementes m-1, para milho, e de oito para 20, para soja, reduziu o percentual de espaçamentos aceitáveis para ambas as culturas, independentemente da velocidade de trabalho.