Comparison of the Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions from Full Faces with only the Eyes and the Mouth Regions in Young Indian Adults: an Exploratory Study.

Background: Identification of emotional facial expressions (EFEs) is important in interpersonal communication. Six 'universal' EFEs are known, though accuracy of their identification varies. EFEs involve anatomical changes in certain regions of the face, especially eyes and mouth. But whether other areas of the face are just as important in their identification is still debated. This study was conducted to compare the accuracy of identification of universal EFEs under full-face and partial face conditions (only showing the eyes and the mouth regions). Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 young Indian adults. They were divided into two equal groups and shown the six universal EFEs in two sets, one with full-face images, and the other with images showing just the eyes and the mouth regions on a computer screen. The participants were asked to identify each of the EFE and their responses were analyzed. Results: Mean age was 21.3 1.7 years for full face group, and 21.2 1.6 years for the partial face group. Most were men, from rural areas and from upper socioeconomic status families, and many of them were students. EFE identification was significantly higher for part-face group compared to full-face group (p-value .0007). Participants of both groups identified happiness the best (100%). For other EFEs, part-face images were identified more accurately than full-face images, except for disgust. These differences were statistically significant except for anger and fear. Conclusions: Among young Indian adults, accuracy of identification of universal EFEs was high, which was significantly enhanced for all except disgust, when only combinations of eyes and mouth were shown, suggesting that other facial regions serve as distractors in EFE identification. Key Messages: 1. Identification of universal EFEs was higher from partial faces (combination of eyes and mouth) as compared to full-face EFEs for all emotions except disgust. 2. This suggests that other regions of face serve as potential distractors in the identification of emotions, except for disgust, where these regions provide more information.

Antecedentes: La identificación de las expresiones faciales emocionales (EFEs) es importante en la comunicación interpersonal. Se conocen seis EFEs "universales", aunque la precisión de su identificación varía. Los EFEs involucran cambios anatómicos en ciertas regiones del rostro, especialmente los ojos y la boca. Sin embargo, todavía se debate si la identificación de las otras áreas del rostro es igualmente importante. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para comparar la precisión de la identificación de los EFEs universales en condiciones de rostro completo y rostro parcial, mostrando solo las regiones de los ojos y la boca. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico transversal entre 140 adultos jóvenes indios. Fueron divididos en dos grupos iguales y se les mostraron los seis EFEs universales en dos conjuntos, uno con imágenes de rostro completo y otro con imágenes que mostraban solo las regiones de los ojos y la boca. A los participantes se les pidió que identificaran cada uno de los EFE y sus respuestas fueron analizadas. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 21.3 1.7 años para el grupo de rostro completo y de 21.2 1.6 años para el grupo de rostro parcial. La mayoría de los participantes eran hombres, provenían de áreas rurales, pertenecían a familias de nivel socioeconómico alto y eran estudiantes. La identificación de EFEs fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de rostro parcial en comparación con el grupo de rostro completo (p = .0007). Los participantes de ambos grupos identificaron mejor la felicidad (100%). Para los demás EFEs, las imágenes de rostro parcial se identificaron con mayor precisión que las imágenes de rostro completo, excepto en el caso del asco. Estas diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas, excepto en los casos de ira y miedo. Conclusiones: Entre los adultos jóvenes indios, la precisión en la identificación de EFEs universales fue alta, lo cual se mejoró significativamente para todos, excepto el asco, cuando solo se mostraron combinaciones de ojos y boca. Esto sugiere que otras regiones faciales actúan como distractores en la identificación de EFEs.

Automated extraction of information from free text of Spanish oncology pathology reports.

Background: Pathology reports are stored as unstructured, ungrammatical, fragmented, and abbreviated free text with linguistic variability among pathologists. For this reason, tumor information extraction requires a significant human effort. Recording data in an efficient and high-quality format is essential in implementing and establishing a hospital-based-cancer registry. Objective: This study aimed to describe implementing a natural language processing algorithm for oncology pathology reports. Methods: An algorithm was developed to process oncology pathology reports in Spanish to extract 20 medical descriptors. The approach is based on the successive coincidence of regular expressions. Results: The validation was performed with 140 pathological reports. The topography identification was performed manually by humans and the algorithm in all reports. The human identified morphology in 138 reports and by the algorithm in 137. The average fuzzy matching score was 68.3 for Topography and 89.5 for Morphology. Conclusions: A preliminary algorithm validation against human extraction was performed over a small set of reports with satisfactory results. This shows that a regular-expression approach can accurately and precisely extract multiple specimen attributes from free-text Spanish pathology reports. Additionally, we developed a website to facilitate collaborative validation at a larger scale which may be helpful for future research on the subject.

Introducción: Los reportes de patología están almacenados como texto libre sin estructura, gramática, fragmentados o abreviados, con variabilidad lingüística entre patólogos. Por esta razón, la extracción de información de tumores requiere un esfuerzo humano significativo. Almacenar información en un formato eficiente y de alta calidad es esencial para implementar y establecer un registro hospitalario de cáncer. Objetivo: Este estudio busca describir la implementación de un algoritmo de Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural para reportes de patología oncológica. Métodos: Desarrollamos un algoritmo para procesar reportes de patología oncológica en Español, con el objetivo de extraer 20 descriptores médicos. El abordaje se basa en la coincidencia sucesiva de expresiones regulares. Resultados: La validación se hizo con 140 reportes de patología. La identificación topográfica se realizó por humanos y por el algoritmo en todos los reportes. La morfología fue identificada por humanos en 138 reportes y por el algoritmo en 137. El valor de coincidencias parciales (fuzzy matches) promedio fue de 68.3 para Topografía y 89.5 para Morfología. Conclusiones: Se hizo una validación preliminar del algoritmo contra extracción humana sobre un pequeño grupo de reportes, con resultados satisfactorios. Esto muestra que múltiples atributos del espécimen pueden ser extraídos de manera precisa de texto libre de reportes de patología en Español, usando un abordaje de expresiones regulares. Adicionalmente, desarrollamos una página web para facilitar la validación colaborativa a gran escala, lo que puede ser beneficioso para futuras investigaciones en el tema.

The Production of Subject Anaphoric Expressions in Italian and Mexican Spanish: A Forced-Choice Experimental Study.

We compare the production of anaphoric expressions in Spanish and Italian. In two sentence completion tasks, Spanish and Italian-speaking participants complete sentence fragments where we manipulate the location of the antecedents (in a main or subordinate clause), the gender of the antecedents (similar or different) and the referent of the anaphoric expression (subject or object antecedent). Our results show a weaker subject bias for null pronouns and a weaker object bias for overt pronouns in Spanish compared to Italian. In addition, a thetic interpretation of the initial (subordinate) clause decreases the accessibility of the subject antecedent, leading to an increased use of noun phrases when there is gender-similarity between antecedents. By including gender dissimilar antecedents, we further observe an increase in speakers' production of overt pronouns when reference to an object antecedent is expected.

Electrophoretic characterization of cellular and extracellular proteins from Selenastrum capricornutum cultures degrading benzo(a)pyrene and their identification by UPLC-ESI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Selenastrum capricornutum efficiently degrades benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) but few proteins related to BaP degradation have been identified in this microalgae. So far, it has only been suggested that it could degrade BaP via the monooxygenase and/or dioxygenase pathways. To know more about this fact, in this work, cultures of S. capricornutum incubated with BaP were used to obtain the molecular weights (MWs) of proteins existing in its extra- and cellular extracts by electrophoresis and UPLC-ESI(+)-TOF MS analysis. The results of this proteomic approach indicated that BaP markedly induces the MWs: 6-20, 30, 45, and 65 kDa in cells; 6-20, 30.3, 38-45, and 55 kDa in liquid medium. So, these proteins could be related to BaP biodegradation. An identified protein with monooxygenase activity and rubredoxins (Rds) show to be related to BaP degradation: Rds could participate, together with the monooxygenase in the electron transfer during the formation of monohydroxylated-BaP metabolites. Rds may be also associated with a dioxygenase system that degrades BaP to form dihydrodiol-BaP metabolites. A multi-pass membrane protein was identified too, and it can regulate the transport of molecules like enzymes from inside the cell to the outside environment. At the same time, the presence of a dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase validated the stress caused by the exposure to BaP. It is noteworthy that these findings provide valuable and original information on the characterization of the proteins of S. capricornutum cultures degrading BaP, whose enzymes have so far not been known. It is important to highlight that the functions of the identified proteins can help in understanding the metabolic and environmental behavior of this microalgae, and the extracts containing the degrading enzymes could be utilized in bioremediation applications.

Automated extraction of information from free text of Spanish oncology pathology reports

Background: Pathology reports are stored as unstructured, ungrammatical, fragmented, and abbreviated free text with linguistic variability among pathologists. For this reason, tumor information extraction requires a significant human effort. Recording data in an efficient and high-quality format is essential in implementing and establishing a hospital-based-cancer registry Objective: This study aimed to describe implementing a natural language processing algorithm for oncology pathology reports. Methods: An algorithm was developed to process oncology pathology reports in Spanish to extract 20 medical descriptors. The approach is based on the successive coincidence of regular expressions. Results: The validation was performed with 140 pathological reports. The topography identification was performed manually by humans and the algorithm in all reports. The human identified morphology in 138 reports and by the algorithm in 137. The average fuzzy matching score was 68.3 for Topography and 89.5 for Morphology. Conclusions: A preliminary algorithm validation against human extraction was performed over a small set of reports with satisfactory results. This shows that a regular-expression approach can accurately and precisely extract multiple specimen attributes from free-text Spanish pathology reports. Additionally, we developed a website to facilitate collaborative validation at a larger scale which may be helpful for future research on the subject.

Introducción: Los reportes de patología están almacenados como texto libre sin estructura, gramática, fragmentados o abreviados, con variabilidad lingüística entre patólogos. Por esta razón, la extracción de información de tumores requiere un esfuerzo humano significativo. Almacenar información en un formato eficiente y de alta calidad es esencial para implementar y establecer un registro hospitalario de cáncer. Objetivo: Este estudio busca describir la implementación de un algoritmo de Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural para reportes de patología oncológica. Métodos: Desarrollamos un algoritmo para procesar reportes de patología oncológica en Español, con el objetivo de extraer 20 descriptores médicos. El abordaje se basa en la coincidencia sucesiva de expresiones regulares. Resultados: La validación se hizo con 140 reportes de patología. La identificación topográfica se realizó por humanos y por el algoritmo en todos los reportes. La morfología fue identificada por humanos en 138 reportes y por el algoritmo en 137. El valor de coincidencias parciales (fuzzy matches) promedio fue de 68.3 para Topografía y 89.5 para Morfología. Conclusiones: Se hizo una validación preliminar del algoritmo contra extracción humana sobre un pequeño grupo de reportes, con resultados satisfactorios. Esto muestra que múltiples atributos del espécimen pueden ser extraídos de manera precisa de texto libre de reportes de patología en Español, usando un abordaje de expresiones regulares. Adicionalmente, desarrollamos una página web para facilitar la validación colaborativa a gran escala, lo que puede ser beneficioso para futuras investigaciones en el tema.

Trocas afetivas mãe-bebê e metas de socialização emocional / Affective exchanges and maternal goals of socialization of emotions

Trocas afetivas favorecem o desenvolvimento inicial e podem ser impactas por metas maternas. Esse estudo investigou trocas e tentativas de trocas afetivas, metas maternas de socialização emocional e associações entre esses domínios. Foram filmadas observações de 20 mães primíparas e bebês (dois/três meses) do Rio de Janeiro e as mães foram entrevistadas. Realizou-se análise de vídeo, de conteúdo, e os resultados indicaram, em média, 5,5 trocas e 13,8 tentativas por díade, e 2,38 turnos por troca. A mãe promoveu maior frequência de trocas afetivas (90%) e tentativas de trocas afetivas (99%), pela fala. Nas trocas, o sorriso do bebê foi a expressão emocional predominante, e dos comportamentos afetivos maternos, a fala. Análise das entrevistas indicou valorização de metas de autonomia, prezando relações de proximidade, sem serem encontradas associações entre metas maternas e características das trocas analisadas. Porém, o estudo mostrou haver certa complexidade nas trocas afetivas mãe-bebê no momento do desenvolvimento e contexto estudados, com participação ativa do bebê. Propõe-se manter a hipótese de que as metas maternas impactam a expressividade dos bebês nas trocas, suscitando novos estudos. Investigações longitudinais e transversais com mais de uma visita e maior amostra são sugeridas, explorando variáveis sociodemográficas diversas.

Affective exchanges favor early development and can be impacted by maternal goals. This study has investigated exchanges and attempts at affective exchanges, maternal emotional socialization goals, and associations among these domains. Observations of 20 mothers and babies (2/3-months-old) in Rio de Janeiro have been filmed and the mothers have been interviewed. Video and content analyses have been performed and results indicated, on average, 5.5 changes and 13.8 attempts per dyad, and 2.38 shifts per change. Mother has been the one who has most frequently promoted affective exchanges (90%) and attempts at exchanges (99%), by means of speech. In the exchanges, the baby's smile has been the predominant emotional expression, and among the maternal affective behaviors, speech. Analysis of interviews has indicated valuing autonomy goals, valuing close relationships, without associations between maternal goals and characteristics of the analyzed exchanges. However, the study showed that there is a certain complexity in mother-baby affective exchanges at the time of development and context studied, with active baby participation. It's proposed to maintain the hypothesis that maternal goals impact babies' expressiveness in exchanges, prompting further studies. Longitudinal and cross-sectional investigations with more than one visit and a larger sample are suggested, exploring different sociodemographic variables.

Será possível ensinar crianças para reconhecer melhor expressões faciais emocionais? A experiência da intervenção caçadores de emoções / Can we teach children to recognize emotional facial expressions? The experience of the emotion hunters intervention / ¿Será posible capacitar a los niños para que reconozcan mejor las expresiones faciales emocionales? La experiencia de la intervención buscadores de emociones

Treinar o reconhecimento de expressões faciais emocionais (REFE) pode auxiliar no incremento de outras habilidades socioemocionais, como teoria da mente (ToM). O objetivo foi desenvolver um treinamento de REFE para crianças e avaliar seus efeitos na acurácia desta habilidade e ToM. Participaram 61 crianças de 8 a 12 anos, alocadas aleatoriamente entre grupo intervenção (n = 32) e controle (n = 29), realizando tarefas pré e pós-intervenção de REFE e ToM (RMET-I). O grupo intervenção realizou o treinamento de REFE denominado Caçadores de Emoção. Todos os participantes aumentaram acurácia do reconhecimento de medo e nojo e reduziram da tristeza. Houve melhora em ambos os grupos na avaliação da ToM. Especificidades das tarefas utilizadas e do treinamento são apresentadas na discussão.

Training emotional facial expression recognition (EFER) can enhance other socio-emotional skills, such as the theory of mind (ToM). This study aimed develop an intervention for EFER for children and assess its effects on the accuracy of EFER and ToM. 61children aged eight to 12 years, randomly allocated between intervention (n = 32) and control group (n = 29), performed pre- and post-intervention tasks of EFER and ToM (RMET-I). The intervention group performed the REFE training named Hunters of Emotion. All participants increased the accuracy of recognizing the faces of fear and disgust and reduced of sadness. Finally, there was an improvement in both groups in the ToM assessment. Specificities of the tasks used and the training are presented in the discussion.

Entrenar el reconocimiento de expresiones faciales emocionales (REFE) puede ayudar a aumentar otras habilidades socioemocionales, como la teoría de la mente (ToM). El objetivo era desarrollar un entrenamiento REFE para niños y evaluar sus efectos sobre la precisión de REFE y ToM. Participaron 61 niños de 8 a 12 años, asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo de intervención (n = 32) y de control (n = 29), realizaron tareas de REFE y ToM (RMET-I) pré y posterior a la intervención. El grupo de intervención realizó el entrenamiento REFE denominado Buscadores de Emociones. Todos los participantes aumentaron la precisión para reconocer el miedo y el disgusto y redujeron la tristeza. Hubo una mejora en ambos grupos en la evaluación de ToM. Los detalles de las tareas utilizadas y el entrenamiento se presentan en la discusión.

Retrospective Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Infection Profile in COVID-19 Positive Patients in Vitoria da Conquista, Northeast Brazil.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for causing Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a heterogeneous clinical condition that manifests varying symptom severity according to the demographic profile of the studied population. While many studies have focused on the spread of COVID-19 in large urban centers in Brazil, few have evaluated medium or small cities in the Northeast region. The aims of this study were: (i) to identify risk factors for mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection, (ii) to evaluate the gene expression patterns of key immune response pathways using nasopharyngeal swabs of COVID-19 patients, and (iii) to identify the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants in the residents of a medium-sized city in Northeast Brazil. A total of 783 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 between May 2020 and August 2021 were included in this study. Clinical-epidemiological data from patients who died and those who survived were compared. Patients were also retrospectively divided into three groups based on disease severity: asymptomatic, mild, and moderate/severe. Samples were added to a qPCR array for analyses of 84 genes involved with immune response pathways and sequenced using the Oxford Nanopore MinION technology. Having pre-existing comorbidity; being male; having cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values under 22 were identified as risk factors for mortality. Analysis of the expression profiles of inflammatory pathway genes showed that the greater the infection severity, the greater the activation of inflammatory pathways, triggering the cytokine storm and downregulating anti-inflammatory pathways. Viral genome analysis revealed the circulation of multiple lineages, such as B.1, B.1.1.28, Alpha, and Gamma, suggesting that multiple introduction events had occurred over time. This study's findings help identify the specific strains and increase our understanding of the true state of local health. In addition, our data demonstrate that epidemiological and genomic surveillance together can help formulate public health strategies to guide governmental actions.

Satellite cell activation and signaling pathway response in joint exercise athletes / Ativação de células satélites e resposta na via de sinalização nos exercícios articulares dos atletas / Activación de las células satélite y respuesta de la vía de señalización en los ejercicios articulares de los atletas

ABSTRACT Introduction: Skeletal muscle satellite cells are considered the unique source of stem cells for myogenic differentiation of adult skeletal muscle cells. Upon stimulation, the skeletal muscle satellite cell can be activated through specific signaling pathways, proliferate and differentiate into a muscle cell. An analysis of the effects of key signaling pathways could provide the basis for an in-depth study of skeletal muscle formation in athletes and muscle development. Objective: This paper analyzes the effects of key signaling pathways on skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Methods: We divided 32 athletes into four groups: control, stretching, experimental, and mixed groups. The control group received no training at all, the stretching group and the experimental group received stretching training on the right gastrocnemius. The mixed group also got weight climbing training in the stretching training, initial load 30% of the athlete's weight, increasing 25% each week until 100% of body weight, at the frequency of 3 times a week. After training, gene expression of live satellite cells was measured by intramuscular signaling. Results: The FGM level of the antagonistic group (3.56±0.21) was higher than in the control group (3.25±0.18). The gene expression of HGF mRNA was higher in the mixed group (2.16±0.24) followed by the antagonistic group (2.02±0.15), the stretching group (1.81±0.25), and the control group (1.03±0.06). Conclusion: Both stretching and antagonistic training can increase gene expression in signaling pathways. Antagonistic training significantly increased the expression of HGF, MGF, and mRNA. This activity can promote muscle bulking and skeletal muscle enlargements. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução: As células satélites musculares esqueléticas são consideradas a única fonte de células-tronco para a diferenciação miogênica das células musculares esqueléticas adultas. Após a estimulação, a célula satélite muscular esquelética pode ser ativada através de vias de sinalização específicas, proliferar e diferenciar-se em célula muscular. Uma análise sobre os efeitos das principais vias de sinalização poderia estabelecer as bases para um estudo aprofundado da formação muscular esquelética nos atletas e do desenvolvimento muscular. Objetivo: Este artigo analisa os efeitos das principais vias de sinal na proliferação e diferenciação das células satélites musculares esqueléticas. Métodos: Dividimos 32 atletas em quatro grupos. Grupos controle, alongamento, experimental e grupo misto. O grupo controle não recebeu treinamento algum, o grupo de alongamento e o grupo experimental receberam treinamento de alongamento no gastrocnêmio direito. O grupo misto também obteve treinamento de escalada com peso no treino de alongamento, carga inicial de 30% do peso do atleta, aumentando 25% em cada semana até 100% do peso corporal. Na frequência de 3 vezes por semana. Após os treinos, a expressão genética das células satélites vivas foi medida por intermédio da sinalização proveniente de coleta intramuscular. Resultados: O nível de MGF do grupo antagônico (3.56±0.21) foi maior que no grupo controle (3.25±0.18). A expressão gênica do mRNA HGF foi maior no grupo misto (2.16±0.24) seguido pelo antagônico (2.02±0.15), o grupo de alongamento (1.81±0.25) e o grupo controle (1.03±0.06) Conclusão: Tanto o treinamento de alongamento quanto o treinamento antagônico podem aumentar a expressão genética nas vias de sinalização. O treinamento antagônico aumentou significativamente a expressão de HGF, MGF e mRNA. Essa atividade pode promover volume e hipertrofia muscular. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las células satélite del músculo esquelético se consideran la única fuente de células madre para la diferenciación miogénica de las células musculares esqueléticas adultas. Tras la estimulación, la célula satélite del músculo esquelético puede activarse a través de vías de señalización específicas, proliferar y diferenciarse en una célula muscular. Un análisis sobre los efectos de las vías de señalización clave podría sentar las bases para un estudio en profundidad de la formación del músculo esquelético en los atletas y del desarrollo muscular. Objetivo: Este trabajo examina los efectos de las vías de señalización clave en la proliferación y diferenciación de las células satélite del músculo esquelético. Métodos: Dividimos a 32 atletas en cuatro grupos. Grupos de control, de estiramiento, experimentales y mixtos. El grupo de control no recibió ningún entrenamiento, el grupo de estiramiento y el grupo experimental recibieron un entrenamiento de estiramiento en el gastrocnemio derecho. El grupo mixto también recibió entrenamiento de escalada con pesas en el entrenamiento de estiramiento, con una carga inicial del 30% del peso del atleta, aumentando un 25% cada semana hasta el 100% del peso corporal. Con una frecuencia de 3 veces por semana. Tras el entrenamiento, se midió la expresión génica de las células satélite vivas mediante la señalización de la recogida intramuscular. Resultados: El nivel de FGM del grupo antagonista (3,56±0,21) fue mayor que en el grupo de control (3,25±0,18). La expresión génica del ARNm del HGF fue mayor en el grupo mixto (2,16±0,24), seguido del grupo antagonista (2,02±0,15), el grupo de estiramiento (1,81±0,25) y el grupo de control (1,03±0,06) Conclusión: Tanto el entrenamiento de estiramiento como el antagonista pueden aumentar la expresión génica en las vías de señalización. El entrenamiento antagónico aumentó significativamente la expresión de HGF, MGF y mRNA. Esta actividad puede promover el aumento de volumen muscular y la hipertrofia. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Facial Expression Recognition from Multi-Perspective Visual Inputs and Soft Voting.

Automatic identification of human facial expressions has many potential applications in today's connected world, from mental health monitoring to feedback for onscreen content or shop windows and sign-language prosodic identification. In this work we use visual information as input, namely, a dataset of face points delivered by a Kinect device. The most recent work on facial expression recognition uses Machine Learning techniques, to use a modular data-driven path of development instead of using human-invented ad hoc rules. In this paper, we present a Machine-Learning based method for automatic facial expression recognition that leverages information fusion architecture techniques from our previous work and soft voting. Our approach shows an average prediction performance clearly above the best state-of-the-art results for the dataset considered. These results provide further evidence of the usefulness of information fusion architectures rather than adopting the default ML approach of features aggregation.

Expresiones del engagement en el programa peruano de vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 / Expressions of engagement in the Peruvian vaccination program against SARS-CoV-2

La investigación estuvo enfocada en el estudio de las expresiones emergentes del engagement en el programa peruano de vacunación COVID-19. Es de tipo descriptiva, transversal y con combinación de aspectos cuantitativos y cualitativos, en sus dimensiones vigor, dedicación y absorción, medidos a través de una adaptación del cuestionario Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, validado por expertos y con una muy alta confiabilidad (0,903), realizada entre los meses de febrero a mayo de 2021, en las localidades de Huancayo y Lima. Las expresiones emergentes nacen del conocimiento adquirido de las acciones realizadas y los factores motivacionales que condujeron al desarrollo de un accionar que va más allá de lo que el ministerio pudo haber solicitado de sus trabajadores, quienes a pesar de poner en riesgo constante su salud y su vida, por ser la primera línea de contención en defensa de la enfermedad, contribuyen enormemente con la población del Perú, logrando en la actualidad un 87,3% de total aplicación de los esquemas de vacunación indicados por las autoridades sanitarias en sus pobladores, aunque ello conlleva a largas jornadas de trabajo, sin límites de horas, pero imprimiéndole altos niveles de energía, así como deseo de invertir esfuerzos en el desarrollo de la labor con una amplia resistencia mental, gran implicación al compromiso laboral y sentido de significación ante la acción realizada, lo que finalmente genera en el individuo un estado positivo en los aspectos emocional, cognitivo, afectivo, social e integral del trabajador del sistema peruano de salud(AU)

The research was focused on the study of the emerging expressions of engagement in the Peruvian COVID-19 vaccination program. It is descriptive, cross-sectional and with a combination of quantitative and qualitative aspects, in its vigor, dedication and absorption dimensions, measured through an adaptation of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale questionnaire, validated by experts and with a very high reliability (0.903), carried out between the months of February to May 2021, in Huancayo and Lima towns. The emerging expressions are born from the knowledge acquired from the actions carried out and the motivational factors that led to the development of actions that go beyond what the ministry could have requested of its workers, who despite constantly putting their health and safety at risk life, for being the first line of containment in defense of the disease, contribute enormously to the population of Peru, currently achieving 87.3% of total application of the vaccination schemes indicated by the health authorities in its inhabitants, although this leads to long working hours, with no limits on hours, but imprinting high levels of energy, as well as the desire to invest efforts in the development of the work with a broad mental resistance, great involvement in work commitment and a sense of significance in the face of action carried out, which finally generates in the individual a positive state in the emotional, cognitive, affective, social and integral of the worker of the peruvian health system(AU)

Falar sorrindo: Um Estudo Comparativo da Frequência de Exibição do Sorriso em Homens e Mulheres / Talking Smiling: A Comparative Study of Smile Display in Men and Women / Hablar Sonriendo: Un Estudio Comparativo de la Frecuencia de Exhibición de la Sonrisa entre Hombres y Mujeres

Considerado uma das expressões faciais mais complexas, o sorriso é produto da manifestação de diversos estados emocionais e apresenta diferenças sexuais significativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a frequência do sorriso entre homens e mulheres durante a fala, com base na observação dinâmica da exibição da arcada dentária superior. A amostra foi composta por 88 participantes (41 homens e 47 mulheres), que foram convidados a descrever imagens previamente selecionadas, sendo filmados durante esse procedimento. A partir das gravações obtidas, foi realizada a aferição da frequência de exibição das arcadas dentárias superiores em recurso de câmera lenta (4.0x slow) e a comparação por meio do Test t de Student. Os resultados apontam frequência média maior entre as mulheres (M=23; DP=8,22), em comparação aos homens (M=12; DP=6,76), com diferença estatisticamente significativa (t = 6,44; p<0,0001). Não foi possível definir os determinantes que promoveram tais resultados. No entanto, são explanados fatores evolutivos, cognitivos e socioculturais que contribuem para uma compreensão mais abrangente dessa expressão facial. (AU)

Regarded as one of the most complex facial expressions, the smile is the product of several emotional manifestations and presents relevant sexual differences. This study aimed to compare the frequency of smile between men and women during speech, based on the dynamic observation of the display of the upper dental arch. The sample consisted of 88 participants (41 men and 47 women), who were invited to describe selected images, being filmed during the procedure. From the recordings, the frequency of display of the upper dental arches was measured using a slow motion (4.0x slow) feature and compared using Student's t-test. The results show a higher frequency among women (M = 23; SD = 8.22), compared to men (M = 12; SD = 6.76), with a statistically significant difference (t = 6.44; p <0 , 0001). It was not possible to define the determinants that promoted these results. However, evolutionary, cognitive and sociocultural factors that contribute to a more important understanding of this facial expression are explained. (AU)

Considerada una de las expresiones faciales más complejas, la sonrisa es producto de la manifestación de varios estados emocionales y presenta diferencias sexuales. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la frecuencia de la sonrisa entre hombres y mujeres durante el habla, en base a la observación de la visualización del arco dental superior. La muestra consistió en 88 participantes (41 hombres y 47 mujeres), que fueron invitados a describir imágenes seleccionadas, filmadas durante este procedimiento. A partir de las grabaciones realizadas, la frecuencia de visualización de los arcos dentales superiores se midió usando la función de cámara lenta (4.0x slow) y una comparación entre géneros usando la Prueba de Estudiante. Los resultados muestran la frecuencia promedio más alta entre las mujeres (M = 23; SD = 8.22), en comparación con los hombres (M = 12; SD = 6.76), con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (t = 6.44; p <0,0001). No fue posible definir los determinantes que promovieron tales resultados. Sin embargo, se explican los factores evolutivos, cognitivos y socioculturales que contribuyen a una comprensión más integral de esta expresión facial. (AU)

Working memory capacity for faces with different levels of emotional valence / Capacidade da memória de trabalho para faces de diferentes valências emocionais / Capacidad de la memoria de trabajo para rostros con diferentes niveles de valencia emocional

The capacity of visual working memory (VWM) depends on the complexity of the stimuli being processed. Emotional characteristics increase stimulus complexity and can interfere with the competition for cognitive resources. Studies involving emotional information processing are scarce and still produce contradicting results. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of VWM for faces with positive, negative, and neutral expressions. A modified change-detection task was used in two experiments, in which the number of faces and the emotional valence were manipulated. The results showed that VWM has a storage capacity of approximately two faces, which is fewer than the storage capacity identified for simpler stimuli. Our results reinforce the evidence that working memory can dynamically distribute its storage resources depending on both the amount and the emotional nature of the stimuli. (AU)

A capacidade da Memória Visual de Trabalho (MTV) depende da complexidade dos estímulos que estão sendo processados. As características emocionais aumentam a complexidade do estímulo e podem interferir na competição por recursos cognitivos. Estudos envolvendo processamento de informações emocionais são escassos e ainda produzem resultados contraditórios. No presente estudo, investiga-se a capacidade da MTV para faces com expressões positivas, negativas e neutras. Uma tarefa modificada de detecção de mudança foi usada em dois experimentos, nos quais o número de faces e a valência emocional foram manipulados. Os resultados mostraram que a MTV tem uma capacidade de armazenamento de aproximadamente duas faces, menor que a capacidade de armazenamento identificada para estímulos mais simples. Os resultados reforçam as evidências de que a memória de trabalho consegue distribuir dinamicamente seus recursos de armazenamento em função tanto da quantidade como da natureza emocional dos estímulos. (AU

La capacidad de la memoria de trabajo visual (MTV) puede variar dependiendo de la complejidad de los estímulos procesados. Las características emocionales aumentan la complejidad del estímulo y pueden interferir con la competencia por los recursos cognitivos. Los estudios que relacionan el procesamiento de informaciones emocionales son todavía escasos y aún producen resultados contradictorios. En el presente estudio, investigamos la capacidad de la MTV de rostros con valencia emocional positiva, negativa y neutra. Se utilizó una tarea de detección de cambios modificada en dos experimentos, en los que se manipuló la cantidad de rostros y niveles de valencia emocional. Nuestros resultados refuerzan la evidencia de que la memoria de trabajo es capaz de distribuir dinámicamente sus recursos de almacenamiento dependiendo tanto de la cantidad, como de la naturaleza emocional de los estímulos. (AU)

The Utility of Grimace Scales for Practical Pain Assessment in Laboratory Animals.

Animals' facial expressions are widely used as a readout for emotion. Scientific interest in the facial expressions of laboratory animals has centered primarily on negative experiences, such as pain, experienced as a result of scientific research procedures. Recent attempts to standardize evaluation of facial expressions associated with pain in laboratory animals has culminated in the development of "grimace scales". The prevention or relief of pain in laboratory animals is a fundamental requirement for in vivo research to satisfy community expectations. However, to date it appears that the grimace scales have not seen widespread implementation as clinical pain assessment techniques in biomedical research. In this review, we discuss some of the barriers to implementation of the scales in clinical laboratory animal medicine, progress made in automation of collection, and suggest avenues for future research.

Respiratory and emotional reactivity to ethanol odor in human neonates is dependent upon maternal drinking patterns during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Beyond the well-known deleterious effects of ethanol defining Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), the notion of fetal alcohol programming has gained scientific support. This phenomenon implies early neural plasticity relative to learning mechanisms comprising ethanol´s sensory cues and physiological effects of the drug; among others, its reinforcing properties and its depressant effects upon respiration. In this study, as a function of differential ethanol exposure during gestation, we analyzed neonatal physiological and behavioral responsiveness recruited by the odor of the drug. METHODS: A factorial design defined by maternal ethanol intake during pregnancy (Low, n = 38; Moderate, n = 18 or High, n = 19) and olfactory stimulation (ethanol odor and/or or a novel scent) served as the basis of the study. Neonatal respiratory and cardiac frequencies, oxygen saturation levels and appetitive or aversive facial expressions, served as dependent variables. RESULTS: Newborns of High drinkers exhibited significant physiological and behavioral signs indicative of alcohol odor recognition; specifically, respiratory depressions and exacerbated appetitive facial reactions coupled with diminished aversive expressions. Respiratory depressions were not accompanied by heart rate accelerations (cardiorespiratory dysautonomia). According to ROC curve analyses respiratory and behavioral reactivity were predictive of high maternal intake patterns. CONCLUSIONS: These results validate the notion of human fetal alcohol programming that is detected immediately after birth. The reported early functional signs indicative of relatively high alcohol gestational exposure should broaden our capability of diagnosing FASD and lead to appropriate primary or secondary clinical interventions (Registry of Health Research N.3201- RePIS, Córdoba, Argentina).

Criação e autoria nas culturas tradicionais desde a Teoria Histórico-Cultural / Creation and authorship in the traditional cultures from Historical-Cultural Theory

As expressões culturais tradicionais sofrem constante subalternização a partir da organização eurocêntrica e colonial, que as deslegitima em seus saberes, cosmologias e modos de ser e viver. O não enquadramento na noção hegemônica de autoria individual nas normas de propriedade intelectual e direitos autorais é uma das formas com que esta subalternização acontece. O entendimento hegemônico de criação é pautado pela ideia moderna de indivíduo. Entretanto, os processos de criação nas expressões culturais tradicionais são coletivos e coincidem com seus processos educativos. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor, a partir da teoria histórico-cultural de Vigotski, um outro olhar para os processos de criação, sob a perspectiva de que pessoa e meio social formam uma unidade indivisível. O texto apresentado é parte de tese de doutorado em educação, de caráter teórico, e concentra suas discussões nas assimetrias entre a autoria individual e o caráter coletivo do ato criador. Conclui-se que não basta a revisão dos mecanismos legais de proteção autoral, mas é necessária uma inversão na lógica hegemônica que embasa tais instrumentos. Propõe-se como caminho um outro entendimento de criação e educação, que reconheça a expressão autêntica das pessoas detentoras de expressões culturais tradicionais.(AU)

The traditional cultural expressions are constantly subalternized by the colonialism and eurocentrism, that delegitimizes their knowledges, cosmologies and ways of being and living. One of this subalternizing practices is the impossibility of claiming intellectual property rights and copyrights, once these laws are based on the hegemonic idea of individual authorship. The hegemonic understanding of creation comes from the modern idea of individual. The objective of this paper is to propose, through the cultural-historical theory of Vigotski, a different approach of the creation process, outlining the perspective that a person and the social medium are an indivisible unity. The paper is a fragment of a theoretical doctoral thesis in Education, and focuses the discussion on the asymmetries between the individual authorship and the collective aspect of the creation act. It concludes that the review of laws is not enough, but there's the necessity of inverting the logic of the hegemonic paradigm. The text proposes another way to understand creation and education, one that recognizes the authentic expression of the traditional cultural expression's holders.(AU)

ATRX-DAXX Complex Expression Levels and Telomere Length in Normal Young and Elder Autopsy Human Brains.

The chromatin-remodeling complex ATRX/DAXX is one of the major epigenetic factors that controls heterochromatin maintenance due to its role in histone deposition. ATRX is involved in nucleosome configuration and maintenance of higher order chromatin structure, and DAXX is a specific histone chaperone for H3.3 deposition. Dysfunctions in this complex have been associated with telomere shortening, which influences cell senescence. However, data about this complex in brain tissue related to aging are still scarce. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed ATRX and DAXX expressions in autopsied human brain specimens and the telomere length. A significant decrease in gene and protein expressions was observed in the brain tissues from the elderly compared with those from the young, which were related to short telomeres. These findings may motivate further functional analysis to confirm the ATRX-DAXX complex involvement in telomere maintenance and brain aging.

Emotional Faces in Symbolic Relations: A Happiness Superiority Effect Involving the Equivalence Paradigm.

The stimulus equivalence paradigm presented operational criteria to identify symbolic functions in observable behaviors. When humans match dissimilar stimuli (e.g., words to pictures), equivalence relations between those stimuli are likely to be demonstrated through behavioral tests derived from the logical properties of reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. If these properties are confirmed, one can say that those stimuli are members of an equivalence class in which each member is substitutable for the others. A number of studies, which have established equivalence classes comprised of arbitrary stimuli and pictures of faces expressing emotions, have found that valences of the faces affect the relatedness of equivalent stimuli. Importantly, several studies reported stronger relational strength in equivalence classes containing happy faces than in equivalence classes containing angry faces. The processes that may account for this higher degree of relatability of happy faces are not yet known. The current study investigated the dynamics of the symbolic relational responding involving facial expressions of different emotions by means of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Participants were 186 undergraduate students who were taught to establish two equivalence classes, each comprising pictures of faces expressing either happiness (for one class) or a negative emotion (for another class), and meaningless words. The IRAP effect was taken as an index for the relational strength established between equivalent stimuli in the different equivalence classes. The dynamics of arbitrary relational responding in the course of the four IRAP trial types revealed that the participants exhibited a stronger IRAP effect in trials involving the happy faces and a weaker IRAP effect in trials involving the negative faces. These findings indicate that the happy faces had higher impact on the symbolic relational responding than the negative faces. The potential role played by the orienting function of happy vs. negative faces is discussed. By considering other studies that also reported a happiness superiority effect in other contexts, we present converging evidence for the prioritization of positive affect in emotional, categorical, and symbolic processing.

Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders.

The study of facial emotional expressions not only gives information about communicative and adaptive processes, but also provides valuable knowledge about some aspects of human behaviour, such as emotions and intentions. Taking into account the proved evidence that deficits in processing emotional information shows difficulties in executive functions and social behavior, the present work aims to compare the perceptual and dimensional similarities between the emotions transmitted by the faces (facial emotions) and those typically associated with two particular emotional contexts (offenders and non-offenders). To evaluate the contextual influence on emotional face categorization, the emotional recognition in 69 male young (35 offenders (17.22 ±â€¯1.5 years) and 34 non-offenders (16.90 ±â€¯1.56 years) from Barranquilla (Colombia) was analyzed. Experimental results displayed significant differences among the two groups, mainly focused in the recognition of anger and disgust faces. In this sense, the analysis of abovementioned data may lead to the development of more specific and cost-effective therapeutic treatments for offender population.

Facial expressions and eye tracking in individuals with social anxiety disorder: a systematic review.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by the fear of being judged negatively in social situations. Eye-tracking techniques have been prominent among the methods used in recent decades to investigate emotional processing in SAD. This study offers a systematic review of studies on eye-tracking patterns in individuals with SAD and controls in facial emotion recognition tasks. Thirteen articles were selected from the consulted databases. It was observed that the subjects with SAD exhibited hypervigilance-avoidance in response to emotions, primarily in the case of negative expressions. There was avoidance of conspicuous areas of the face, particularly the eyes, during observations of negative expressions. However, this hypervigilance did not occur if the stimulus was presented in virtual reality. An important limitation of these studies is that they use only static expressions, which can reduce the ecological validity of the results.