Work Status, Financial Stress, Family Problems, and Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Depression in Chile.

INTRODUCTION: It is widely known that women have a higher prevalence of depression than men. These differences may be explained by social differences between women and men due to gender roles. In Chile, as elsewhere, women have greater household responsibilities, lower job incomes, and especially low labor market participation. However, the incidence of these gender differences on the higher prevalence of depression in women requires further study in the Chilean context. OBJECTIVE: To identify main social differences between women and men associated with gender differences in the prevalence of depression in middle-aged Chilean men and women. DATA SOURCE: Data comes from the second Chilean National Health Survey (2009-2010), a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample (n = 2771) composed of 1103 men and 1668 women (39.8 and 60.2%, respectively), whose age range goes from 25 to 55 years old. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. METHODS: Prevalence ratios were calculated through Poisson regression models to estimate associations between the prevalence of past episodes of depression and social stressful life events variables for men and women separately. Gender prevalence ratios of depression (Gender PR) adjusted for age and subsequently adjusted by the social and stressful life events variables. The analyses considered factors such as age, educational level, per-capita household income, work status, role as the head of household, marital status, events of violence, family problems, personal health problems or accidents, and self-reported financial stress. RESULTS: This study finds that doing housework, reporting a serious family problem and having high financial stress were associated with a higher prevalence of depression in both genders. Whereas, health problems were only associated with prevalence in men. The age-adjusted gender PR was 2.84 [confidence interval (CI): 2.0-4.1], and when all selected variables were included attenuated to a PR of 1.86 (CI 1.3-2.7). The variable most strongly associated with depression in the fully-adjusted model was housework (PR: 5.3; CI: 1.3-21.0). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study finds that depression in in Chile is associated with social factors such as participation in housework, family problems, and financial stress, all of which are more common in women. To make further progress in the study of this public health problem in Chile, it is essential to incorporate more detailed characterization of gender roles in surveys and other studies. Likewise, social policies and interventions that contribute to reduce gender social inequalities in the exposure to adverse life circumstances can contribute to reduce unnecessary and avoidable gender disparities in health.

El involucramiento afectivo como factor de protección contra el consumo de sustancias / Affective involvement as factor a protection against substance use / O envolvimento emocional como fator de proteção contra o consumo de substâncias / L'engagement affectif comme facteur de protection contre la consommation de substances addictives

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el involucramiento afectivo, la farmacodependencia y la conducta alcohólica en familias con hijos adolescentes. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó en una población de 342 estudiantes de bachillerato, se captó una muestra de 272 sujetos. El muestreo fue estratificado, por grado y grupo, con edades entre 14, 15 y 16 años, quienes respondieron el Instrumento de Problemas Familiares, elaborado por Magdalena Espinosa y Gómez 2006 y el Cuestionario de Evaluación del Funcionamiento Familiar, construido por Raquel Atri y Zetune en 2006. Se realizó una prueba t de student para evaluar las diferencias entre el involucramiento afectivo funcional y disfuncional de mamá y papá. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la interacción familiar negativa, farmacodependencia en la familia, conducta alcohólica en la familia, comunicación e integración. Conclusiones: Las diferencias de ideas entre padre y madre señalan que la madre asume una función importante respecto al involucramiento afectivo y su relación con problemas familiares, considerando que éste favorece un sentimiento de comprensión, interés y apoyo, significativo para la protección del consumo de sustancias.

Abstract Objective: to identify the relationship between affective involvement with drug addiction and alcoholic behavior in families with adolescent children. Materials and methods: It was performed in a population of 342 high school students; a sample of 272 subjects was captured. Sampling was stratified, by grade and group, between 14, 15 and 16 years old, who answered the Family Problems Instrument prepared by Magdalena Espinosa y Gómez 2006 and the Family Performance Evaluation Questionnaire built by Raquel Atri and Zetune in 2006. A student's t-test was used to evaluate the differences between the functional and dysfunctional affective involvement of mom and dad. Results: With statistically significant differences in negative family interaction, family dependence, alcoholic behavior in the family, communication and integration. Conclusions: The Differences of ideas between father and mother indicate that the mother assumes an important role regarding affective involvement and its relationship with family problems, considering that it fosters a sense of understanding, interest and support, meaningful for the protection of substance use.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar a relação entre o envolvimento emocional com as drogas e o comportamento alcoólico na familia com filhos adolescentes. Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi realizado numa população de 342 estudantes do ensino médio. A amostra foi estratificada por classe e grupo, com 272 indivíduos com idades de 14, 15 e 16 anos, que responderam ao Instrumento de Problemas Familiares elaborado por Magdalena Espinosa e Gómez 2006 e ao Questionário de Avaliação do Funcionamento Familiar construido por Raquel Atri e Zetune em 2006. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para avaliar as diferençãs entre o envolvimento emocional funcional e disfuncional dos pais Resultados: Encontraram-se diferençãs estatisticamente significativas na interação familiar negativa, o abuso de drogas na familia, o comportamento alcoólico da família, a comunicação e a integração. Conclusão: As diferençãs de ideias entre pai e máe indicam que a máe assume um papel importante no envolvimento emocional enfrentando os problemas da família. Este papel promove um sentimento de compreensáo, de apoio e de interesse, importante para proteger contra o consumo de substancias aditivas.

Résumé Objectif: Identifier la relation entre l'engagement affectif, et la pharmacodépendance et le comportement alcoolique dans les familles avec adolescent(s). Matériaux et méthodes: L'étude a été menée aupres d'une population de 342 lycéens. L'échantillon, stratifié par grade et par groupe, inclut 272 sujets, agés de 14, 15 et 16 ans, qui ont répondu a l'Instrument de Problemes Familiaux élaboré par Espinosa y Gómez et au Questionnaire d'Évaluation du Fonctionnement Familial de Atri et Zetune. Un test t de Student a été réalisé pour évaluer les differences en fonction de l'engagement affectif fonctionnel o dysfonctionnel du pere et de la mere. Résultats: Des différences statistiquement significatives dans l'interaction familiale négative, l'abus de drogues et les conduites alcooliques dans la famille, la communication et l'intégration ont été trouvées. Conclusions: Les différences d'idées entre le pere et la mere signalent que la mere tient un role important en ce qui concerne l'engagement affectif et sa relation avec les problemes familiaux. Ce role favorise un sentiment de compréhension, d'intéret et de soutien, significatif pour la protection contre la consommation de substances addictives.

La Problemática Familiar y la Migración de los Adolescentes / Family Problems and Migration of Adolescents

Resumen: Este artículo aborda la problemática familiar, su relación con la migración de los padres y el deseo de migrar o no de los adolescentes de 12 a 18 años, en la comunidad rural de San Mateo Ozolco, municipio de Calpan, en el estado de Puebla, México. Se inició la investigación con un estudio exploratorio, a través de entrevistas a 10 informantes clave; se aplicó el Instrumento de Problemas Familiares a 121 estudiantes de secundaria y bachillerato. La población se dividió para su estudio considerando sus intenciones de migrar o no migrar, permitiendo con esto una diferenciación de las familias, después se relacionó con la problemática familiar, asimismo se dividió la población en hijos de padres migrantes y no migrantes para poder ver su correspondencia con los problemas familiares. Los resultados indican que la interacción familiar negativa y la agresión familiar, están influyendo en la decisión de migración de los adolescentes.

Abstract: This article deals with family issues, its relationship between the migration of parents and the adolescents' desire to migrate or not in the rural community of San Mateo Ozolco in state of Puebla, Mexico. Research began with an exploratory study, through interviews with 10 key informants; the Family Problems Instrument was applied to 121 middle and high school students. The population was divided for further detail, considering the intentions to migrate or not, allowing a differentiation between families and their relationship to family problems. Also, the population was divided into children of migrant and non migrant parents to see their correspondence with family problems. The results indicate that the Family Negative interaction and the Family Aggression are influencing the migration decision of adolescents.

Contexto familiar e condições de saúde bucal em crianças de 2 a 5 anos no município de Salvador, Bahia: uma análise descritiva / Family context and oral health conditions among 2 to 5 year-old children in Salvador, Bahia: a descriptive analysis / Contexto familiar y condiciones de salud bucal en niños de 2 a 5 años em el municipio de Salvador, Bahia: un análisis descriptivo

Fatores socioeconômicos, como renda familiar e acesso a tratamento odontológico, aspectos relacionados à morfologia dentária e hábitos dietéticos, e o núcleo familiar no qual os indivíduos estão inseridos são relevantes para a compreensão das enfermidades bucais. São objetivos deste estudo realizar uma análise descritiva das condições de saúde-bucal em pré-escolares pertencentes a famílias cobertas pelo PSF de Salvador, Bahia, e destacar características do ambiente familiar no qual elas estão inseridas. Trata-se de estudo de corte transversal, mediante exame clínico dos pré-escolares em ambiente domiciliar, de acordo com critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde e de entrevista individual com indivíduos maiores de 15 anos presentes no domicílio. Buscou-se detectar a presença de distúrbios psiquiátricos e alcoolismo na família com base no SRQ-20 e na Escala CAGE, respectivamente. Os resultados apontam que 94,93por cento dos domicílios consistem em casas de tijolo/adobe, 98,17por cento têm o lixo coletado, 66,3por cento filtram a água,94,4por cento têm sistema de abastecimento de água/esgoto e 65,3por cento possuem de 4 a 6 cômodos. Das crianças examinadas, 1,3por cento possui alteração gengival e 37,4por cento oclusopatias. O ceo-d correspondeu a 1,23 (DP igual 2,37), sendo 90,2por cento dos dentes atingidos correspondentes a dentes cariados. Considerando os indivíduos maiores de 15 anos, 46,83por cento das famílias apresentam algum membro com sintomas psiquiátricos e 35,92por cento demonstram uso abusivo de álcool. Conclui-se que é alta a prevalência da doença cárie nos pré-escolares e a prevalência de famílias com membros apresentando sintomas psiquiátricos e uso abusivo de álcool na população estudada.

Socioeconomic factors, such as family income and access to dental care,issues related to dental morphology and dietary habits, and the nuclear family which individuals are part of are relevant to the understanding of oral diseases. The objectives of this study were to make a descriptive analysis of oral health conditions among preschoolers from families covered by the Family Health Program in Salvador, Bahia, and to demonstrate the family environment in which they live. This was conducted as a cross sectional study and preschoolers were clinically examined in their households, according to World Health Organization criteria. Questionnaires were completed by people over 15 years old who were in the households.The presence of mental disorder symptoms and alcoholism in the family was evaluated based on the SRQ-20 and CAGE scale, respectively. The results show that 94.93percent of the households were built with brick, 98.17percent had the trash collected, 66.3percent filtered their water, 94.4percent had water/sewage supply and 65.3percent had four to six rooms. Of the children who were clinically examined, 1.3percent had gum alteration and 37.4percent had malocclusion. The dmf-t (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) was 1.23 (2.37), in which 90.2percent of the teeth had cavities.When considering subjects over 15 years-old, 46.83percent of the families had someone with symptoms of mental disorder and 35.92percent demonstrated alcohol abuse. It was concluded that there is a high prevalence of oral cavity disease in preschoolers and the prevalence of families with members presenting psychiatric symptoms and alcohol abuse in this population.

Factores socioeconómicos, tales como el ingreso familiar y el acceso a la atención dental, problemas relacionados con la morfología dental y los hábitos alimenticios, así como el núcleo familiar en que los individuos están insertos son relevantes para la comprensión de las enfermedades bucales. Los objetivos de este estudio son hacer un análisis descriptivo de lascondiciones de salud bucodental en niños preescolares de familias incluidas en el Programa de Salud Familiar de Salvador, Bahía, y destacar las características del medio familiar en que se insertan. Se trata de un estudio transversal mediante un examen clínico de los niños en edad preescolar en el hogar, de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y entrevistas individuales con personas mayores de 15 años presentes en el hogar. Se trato de detectar la presencia de trastornos psiquiátricos y el alcoholismo en la familia basados, respectivamente, en el SRQ-20 y en la escala de CAGE. Los resultados muestran que 94,93por ciento de los hogares se componen de casas de ladrillo / adobe, 98,17por ciento cuentan con recolección de basura, 66,3por ciento filtran el agua, 94,4por ciento tienen un sistema de agua / alcantarillado y 65,3por ciento tienen entre cuatro y seis habitaciones. De los niños examinados, 1.3por ciento presentaron cambios gingivales y 37,4por ciento maloclusión. El ceo-d correspondió a 1,23 (DP igual 2,37), con 90,2por ciento de los dientes afectados cabiendo a los dientes cariados. Teniendo en cuenta los individuos mayores de 15 años, 46,83por ciento de las familias tienen un miembro con síntomas psiquiátricos y 35,92por ciento mostrabanel abuso del alcohol. Se concluye que en la población estudiada existe una alta prevalencia de caries entre los niños en edad preescolar, así como, la de familias con miembros que presentan síntomas psiquiátricos y el abuso del alcohol.