The inferior frontal gyrus spontaneous activity mediates the association of early life adversity with self-control ability in late adolescents.

Self-control, the ability to regulate prepotent desires or impulses in order to realize one's valued goal, has been found to be associated with early life adversity. However, the neural correlates underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. The present study employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate this issue among late adolescents (N = 538). Results showed that family unpredictability rather than family harshness of early life adversity was negatively correlated with self-control ability. The whole brain analysis showed that self-control was associated with enhanced ALFF in the right middle and inferior frontal gyrus, the left anterior insula, and with decreased ALFF in the left precuneus. Moreover, the mediating analysis showed that ALFF in the inferior frontal gyrus could partially mediated the association of family unpredictability with self-control ability. These findings suggested that the brain regions implicating in executive control might be the neural correlates underlying the relationship between early life adversity and self-control ability, which advances the mechanistic understanding of how early family environment relates to the development of self-regulation in late adolescence.

Family factors and depressive symptoms among college students: Understanding the role of self-compassion.

Objective: Poor family support and increased family unpredictability during childhood have been related to subsequent depression. How self-compassion might influence the relation between family factors (ie, unpredictability and support) and depression is unclear. The present study examines how family factors and self-compassion relate to depressive symptoms.Participants: Study participants include 365 university students.Methods: Undergraduate students responded to a questionnaire assessing family factors, recent depressive symptoms, and self-compassion.Results: Hypotheses were supported: family factors were correlated with depression and lower self-compassion, and self-compassion and depression were negatively related. Furthermore, self-compassion moderated the unpredictability-depression relationship. Specifically, individuals who reported high levels of self-compassion demonstrated similar rates of depression, regardless of whether they reported mild, moderate, or high levels of family unpredictability. Self-compassion did not moderate the family support-depression relationship.Conclusions: Implications for therapeutic interventions targeting self-compassion for alleviating depressive symptoms are discussed.

Efeitos da imprevisibilidade de famílias e das diferenças em função do sexo sobre a propensão ao risco, exposição à violência e desconto do futuro de jovens universitários: uma abordagem evolucionista / Effects of familiar impredictability and sexual difference on risk-taking, violence exposure and future discounting of college students: an evolutionary perspective

Partindo da abordagem evolucionista objetivou-se identificar efeitos da imprevisibilidade familiar na infância e das diferenças em função do sexo sobre propensão ao risco, expectativa de futuro e percepção de exposição à violência. Participaram 233 jovens (117 homens, M=18,96 anos). O grupo com maior imprevisibilidade na infância apresentou maior risco de competição e expectativa de vida. Homens apresentaram maiores taxas de propensão ao risco e exposição direta à violência; mulheres maiores taxas de exposição indireta à violência. Concluiu-se que imprevisibilidade familiar e diferenças em função do sexo não apresentaram efeitos lineares sobre as variáveis estudadas, como previsto a partir da abordagem evolucionista. Aponta-se a necessidade de integrar teorias biológicas, psicológicas e sociais e dedesenvolver instrumentos adaptados para a população brasileira

From an evolutionary perspective, this study aimed to identify effects of sex differences and childhood family unpredictability on risk-taking, future discounting and perceptions of exposure to violence among young people. Participants were 233 people (117 men, M = 18.96 years). The group with higher childhood family unpredictability presented higher risk of competition and life expectancy. Men presented higher rates of risk-taking and direct exposure to violence; women presented higher rates of indirect exposure to violence. We concluded that family unpredictability and sex differences did not show linear effects on the variables studied, as predicted from the evolutionaryapproach. The need to integrate biological, psychological and social theories and to develop appropriate instruments for the Brazilian population is emphasized

Construção e validação da Escala de Imprevisibilidade Familiar na Infância (EIFI) / Construction and validation of the Family Unpredictability Scale in Childhood

Este estudo teve o objetivo de construir e validar uma medida psicológica denominada de Escala de Imprevisibilidade Familiar na Infância (EIFI) para a população brasileira. Participaram 394 pessoas, sendo 158 adultos em conflito com a lei que já haviam passado pela prisão (média de idade=34,23 anos; DP=10,17), 122 estudantes universitários (M=19,26; DP=2,06) e 114 mulheres com idade superior a 40 anos e escolaridade a partir de ensino médio (M=51,19; DP=8,64). Foram conduzidos procedimentos de validade de conteúdo, face e construto. A análise fatorial gerou como produto um instrumento com estrutura de quatro dimensões (cuidado/apoio, recursos financeiros, alimentação e disciplina) com índices de confiabilidade satisfatórios para todas elas. Concluímos que a EIFI foi validada para a população brasileira apresentando-se no cenário nacional como um instrumento para medida de imprevisibilidade familiar na infância.

This study aimed to construct and validate a psychological measure called Family Unpredictability Scale in Childhood for the Brazilian population. The study included 394 people: 158 adults in conflict with the law that had already been in prison (M=34.23 years; SD=10.17), 122 college students (M=19.26; SD=2.06), and 114 women above 40 years old and, at least, high school schooling (M=51.19; SD=8.64). Procedures of content, face and construct validity were conducted. The factor analysis generated an instrument structured in four dimensions (care/support, financial resources, food and discipline) with satisfactory reliability indexes for all of them. It was concluded that Family Unpredictability Scale in Childhood was validated to Brazilian population and that it can be used as an instrument to measure family unpredictability in childhood on the national scene.

Construção e validação da Escala de Imprevisibilidade Familiar na Infância (EIFI) / Construction and validation of the Family Unpredictability Scale in Childhood

Este estudo teve o objetivo de construir e validar uma medida psicológica denominada de Escala de Imprevisibilidade Familiar na Infância (EIFI) para a população brasileira. Participaram 394 pessoas, sendo 158 adultos em conflito com a lei que já haviam passado pela prisão (média de idade=34,23 anos; DP=10,17), 122 estudantes universitários (M=19,26; DP=2,06) e 114 mulheres com idade superior a 40 anos e escolaridade a partir de ensino médio (M=51,19; DP=8,64). Foram conduzidos procedimentos de validade de conteúdo, face e construto. A análise fatorial gerou como produto um instrumento com estrutura de quatro dimensões (cuidado/apoio, recursos financeiros, alimentação e disciplina) com índices de confiabilidade satisfatórios para todas elas. Concluímos que a EIFI foi validada para a população brasileira apresentando-se no cenário nacional como um instrumento para medida de imprevisibilidade familiar na infância.(AU)

This study aimed to construct and validate a psychological measure called Family Unpredictability Scale in Childhood for the Brazilian population. The study included 394 people: 158 adults in conflict with the law that had already been in prison (M=34.23 years; SD=10.17), 122 college students (M=19.26; SD=2.06), and 114 women above 40 years old and, at least, high school schooling (M=51.19; SD=8.64). Procedures of content, face and construct validity were conducted. The factor analysis generated an instrument structured in four dimensions (care/support, financial resources, food and discipline) with satisfactory reliability indexes for all of them. It was concluded that Family Unpredictability Scale in Childhood was validated to Brazilian population and that it can be used as an instrument to measure family unpredictability in childhood on the national scene.(AU)

Imprevisibilidade familiar e suas implicações no desenvolvimento individual e familiar / Family unpredictability and its implications in the familiar and individual development

Definida como uma falta de consistência dos padrões de comportamento familiar e dos sistemas de regulação familiar, a imprevisibilidade familiar surge como um constructo interessante para apreender a forma como a família, e muito particularmente o sub-sistema parental, exerce o seu papel e o seu poder executivo. Pesquisas diversas têm associado maior imprevisibilidade familiar a perturbações do desenvolvimento familiar e do próprio desenvolvimento individual. Este artigo visa apresentar um estudo de validação da Family Unpredictability Scale (FUS), de Lisa Ross e Elizabeth Hill, para Portugal, ao mesmo tempo que discutir o seu valor na discriminação de famílias que técnicos com funções psicossociais diversas identificaram como estando perturbadas no exercício das suas funções familiares. Busca-se também realçar o papel que o nível educacional parece ter na variação do grau de imprevisibilidade familiar; os resultados mostram que são os pais com menor nível educacional que apresentam os mais elevados níveis de imprevisibilidade.

The family unpredictability is defined as a lack of consistency in standards of familiar behaviour and the familiar regulation systems. It is interesting for the understanding of how the family, and particularly the parental subsystem exerts its roles and executive power. Higher family unpredictability has been associated with higher disturbances of the familiar and individual development. This paper presents the validation of a Family Unpredictability Scale (FUS) described by Lisa Ross and Elizabeth Hill, for Portugal. It also evaluates the scale abilities to discriminate families with diverse perturbation levels in psychosocial functions. The lower educational level of parents was associated with higher levels of unpredictability.

La imprevisibilidad familiar es definida como una falta de consistencia en los patrones del comportamiento familiar y de los sistemas de regulación familiar, permitiendo aprender la forma como la familia y el sub-sistema familiar, ejerce su función y su poder ejecutivo. Es asociada una mayor imprevisibilidad familiar con perturbaciones del desarrollo familiar e individual. Presentamos la validación de la Family Unpredietability Seale (FUS), de Lisa Ross e Elizabeth Hill, para Portugal, discutiéndose su valor para discriminar familias, previamente identificadas como estando perturbadas en el ejercicio de sus funciones familiares. También destacamos la relación entre nivel educativo y variación del grado de imprevisibilidad familiar, siendo que padres con menor nivel educativo presentan niveles más elevados de imprevisibilidad.