Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Organic Silicon on the Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Digestive Enzymes, Morphohistology, Intestinal Microbiota and Stress Resistance in Juvenile Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus).

In recent decades, interest has been aroused worldwide in the use of silicon in nutrition; however, information on its effect on nutrition and metabolism of fish is limited. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with organic silicon on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, digestive enzymes, morphohistology and intestinal microbiota and stress resistance in hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus). Methodologically, six levels of organic silicon (DOS) [control (0), 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg·kg-1] were used to feed juvenile fish (initial weight 7.51 ± 0.25 g) grown for eight weeks in 18 aquariums (15 fish/aquarium). The results indicated that growth performance showed differences (p < 0.05) for specific growth rate, feed conversion and survival. Triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose, transaminases and digestive enzymes were significantly influenced by DOS levels. The histological study confirmed that the administered diets did not cause damage and induced significant morphological changes in the proximal intestine. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of the gut microbiota showed a high diversity and richness of OTU/Chao-1, with Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria predominating in the DOS treatments compared to the control (p < 0.05). Induction of hypoxia stress after the feeding period showed a significant relative survival rate of 83.33% in fish fed 50 mg·kg-1. It is concluded that the DOS treatments performed better than the control treatment in most of the variables analysed. DOS had no negative effects on the fish. The results showed that up to 50 mg·kg-1 DOS improved digestive, metabolic and growth performance in hybrid Tilapia.

Soybean Oil, Linoleic Acid Source, in Lamb Diets: Intake, Digestibility, Performance, Ingestive Behaviour, and Blood Metabolites.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of soybean oil inclusion in diets on feeding behaviour, digestibility, performance, and blood metabolites of feedlot lambs. Forty non-castrated Santa Inês lambs with a mean age of 5 months and initial body weight of 34.88 ± 3.19 kg were used in a 40-day feeding trial. The lambs were distributed in five experimental diets with the inclusion of increasing soybean oil (SO) levels: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 g/kg DM. The SO inclusion promoted a linear reduction in DM intake (p < 0.001), crude protein (CP, p < 0.001), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC, p < 0.001), and total digestible nutrients (TDN, p = 0.004). There was an increasing quadratic effect on the intake of ether extract (EE; p = 0.002) and decreasing for neutral detergent fiber (p = 0.005). The soybean oil inclusion promoted the greater apparent digestibility of CP (p = 0.016), EE (p = 0.005), NDFom (p < 0.001), and TDN (p < 0.001); on the other hand, the apparent digestibility of NFC (p = 0.005) was decreased. The average daily gain decreased (p < 0.001) with SO inclusion. The SO inclusion increased feeding time (p = 0.004), reduced the efficiency of DM rumination (p = 0.001), and reduced the concentration of blood N-ureic (p < 0.001). Considering the productive parameters, SO can be included in diets and it is recommended that we include SO of up to 41 g/kg DM in diets for fattening lambs as the ideal maximum level. The strategy implemented to adapt lambs to increasing levels of high-fat diet mitigated the detrimental effects of lipids on the rumen, with high-density energy intake being the constraining factor on performance.

Changes in the physiological, hematological and parasitological parameters of Dorper sheep in relation to residual feed intake and confinement environment.

The selection of animals with greater feed efficiency has unknown parasitological and physiological parameters when confined in full sun or shade. Thus, we aimed to assess the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) and the confinement environment on the hematological, parasitological and physiological parameters in male Dorper sheep (n = 60; 30 with positive RFI and 30 with negative RFI) distributed in 2 confinement environments (full sun and shade), in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with 15 animals for treatment. Animals kept in the shade showed an increase (P < 0.05) of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and albumin. Animals kept in full sun showed higherOocysts gamma glutamyltransferase, direct bilirubin, transaminase aspartate and respiratory rate (P<0.05). There was a higher incidence of Eimeria spp oocysts in RFI negative animals (P<0.05). Positive RFI animals increased respiratory rate (P<0.05). The RFI did not influence the blood parameters of Dorper sheep, however, it had an effect on respiratory rate and presence of Eimeria spp. oocysts. Thermal environment promoted changes in blood parameters and the physiological parameters of Dorper sheep.

Histological and physical-mechanical characteristics of the skin of Dorper sheep related to residual feed intake and the confinement environment.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) on the histological, physical and mechanical characteristics of the sheep skin confined in full sun or shade. Dorper sheep (n = 64), male, with an initial bodyweight of 17.8 ± 2.43 kg was confined for 40 days to determine the RFI. After classification, 30 animals with positive RFI and 30 animals with negative RFI were selected, which were distributed in 2 confinement environments. This was a factorial arrangement of 2 (groups of animals-positive RFI and negative RFI) × 2 (environments-full sun and shade), with 15 animals for each combination of factors. The sheep remained in confinement for 60 days. After slaughter, skins were divided in half, and fragments were collected from the right portion for histological sections. The left part of each skin was subjected to tanning. Interaction effect RFI × environment was found in the evaluation of leather fragments in the horizontal direction on elongation at break, leather thickness and tear strength (p < 0.05). An isolated effect of the environment was found on elongation at break of leather fragments in the evaluation on the vertical direction (p = 0.01) and on the number of secondary follicles during the histological evaluation of the dorsal and lateral regions of the skin (p < 0.05). An effect of the interaction RFI × environment was observed for the thermostatic layer of the hip region (p = 0.03). Sheep with positive RFI and kept in confinement in full sun have a leather with greater elongation at break and tear strength, important aspects in determining the quality of the product by the leather industry.

Productive, physiological and behavioral sheep profiles housed on facilities with different roofs in the Amazon region

The Brazilian Amazon region is characterized by high rainfall, with high temperatures and relative humidity, where sheep are raised in extensive and semi-intensive systems and some regions. This work aimed to evaluate the climatic indices of sheepfolds in the Amazon region, the productive performance, and physiological variables of Santa Inês sheep confined in sheepfolds with fiber cement (FC) and polyvinyl chloride (PC) tiles. Twenty castrated males of Santa Inês sheep were used, with a mean age of 1.5±0.2 years old and a live weight of 23±2.1 kg. The statistical design used was a completely randomized design with two roofs (FC and PC). The temperature, relative humidity of the air, temperature index of the black globe, and thermal radiation load was above the comfort zone for sheep, being higher (P < 0.05) in the sheepfold with PVC tile than FC, which contributed to the increase in respiratory rate, as a way to maintain the animals' homeotherm. Furthermore, sheep installed in the sheepfold with FC tile showed the highest weight gain, spent more time feeding, increased feeding efficiency, dry matter and fiber intake, reducing daily water intake.

Effect of dietary protein and genetic line of Litopenaeus vannamei on its hepatopancreatic microbiota

Host genetics and diet can exert an influence on microbiota and, therefore, on feeding efficiency. This study evaluated the effect of genetic line (fast-growth and high-resistance) in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the hepatopancreatic microbiota and its association with the feeding efficiency in shrimp fed with diets containing different protein sources. Shrimp (2.08 ± 0.06 g) from each genetic line were fed for 36 days with two dietary treatments (animal and vegetable protein). Each of the four groups was sampled, and the hepatopancreatic metagenome was amplified using specific primers for the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR product was sequenced on the MiSeq platform. Nineteen bacterial phyla were detected, of which Proteobacteria was the most abundant (51.0 72.5 %), Bacteroidetes (3.6 23.3 %), Firmicutes (4.2 13.7 %), Actinobacteria (1.9 12.1 %), and Planctomycetes (1.3 9.5 %). Diet was the most influential factor in the taxonomic composition of the microbiota, while genetic line was not a strong influential factor. The results suggest that the taxonomic profile of the bacteria colonizing shrimp hepatopancreas was determined by the diet consumed, similar to what occurs in the intestine. Shrimp in the fast-growth line had greater feeding efficiency regardless of the diet supplied. Finally, the results suggest that Proteobacteria influenced (p < 0.05) the feeding efficiency of shrimp fed with a vegetable diet. Nevertheless, further studies are required to explore how shrimp genetic linediet interaction influences microbiota for probiotic development and functional food formulation for farmed shrimp according to the genetic line.(AU)

Effect of dietary protein and genetic line of Litopenaeus vannamei on its hepatopancreatic microbiota

Host genetics and diet can exert an influence on microbiota and, therefore, on feeding efficiency. This study evaluated the effect of genetic line (fast-growth and high-resistance) in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the hepatopancreatic microbiota and its association with the feeding efficiency in shrimp fed with diets containing different protein sources. Shrimp (2.08 ± 0.06 g) from each genetic line were fed for 36 days with two dietary treatments (animal and vegetable protein). Each of the four groups was sampled, and the hepatopancreatic metagenome was amplified using specific primers for the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR product was sequenced on the MiSeq platform. Nineteen bacterial phyla were detected, of which Proteobacteria was the most abundant (51.0 72.5 %), Bacteroidetes (3.6 23.3 %), Firmicutes (4.2 13.7 %), Actinobacteria (1.9 12.1 %), and Planctomycetes (1.3 9.5 %). Diet was the most influential factor in the taxonomic composition of the microbiota, while genetic line was not a strong influential factor. The results suggest that the taxonomic profile of the bacteria colonizing shrimp hepatopancreas was determined by the diet consumed, similar to what occurs in the intestine. Shrimp in the fast-growth line had greater feeding efficiency regardless of the diet supplied. Finally, the results suggest that Proteobacteria influenced (p < 0.05) the feeding efficiency of shrimp fed with a vegetable diet. Nevertheless, further studies are required to explore how shrimp genetic linediet interaction influences microbiota for probiotic development and functional food formulation for farmed shrimp according to the genetic line.

Nutritional and performance viability of cactus Opuntia-based diets added to concentrate levels for Girolando lactating dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrate levels in diets based on cactus Opuntia Stricta (Haw.) Haw cladodes over the performance of lactating Girolando cows. METHODS: The experiment involved 10 Girolando multiparous dairy cows (512.6 kg of body weight and producing 13.2kg milk/day), allocated into two 5 x 5 Latin squares. The experimental treatments consisted of control diet composed by cactus Nopalea cochenillifera. Salm-Dyck. cladodes (Nopalea), forage sorghum silage and concentrate (20% at DM basis), and four concentrate levels diets (20, 24, 28 and 32%) plus cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cladodes (Opuntia) and forage sorghum silage. RESULTS: Regarding cows fed control diet, the nutrients intake were greater than for cows fed with cactus Opuntia and concentrate. Regarding concentrate levels, intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of cows increased linearly. The OM, CP and NDF digestibilities were similar in between to control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets. The digestibility of NFC increased linearly when the concentrate was inserted. The N balance was the same for control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets, irrespective the concentrate levels. CONCLUSION: For cows producing 14 kg/day with 3.5% of fat, it is recommended 32% of concentrate inclusion in cactus Opuntia-based diets, and the increase in concentrate level promotes a linear increase in milk yield.

Evaluación del comportamiento productivo de pollos Cobb 500 sometidos a restricción alimenticia como estrategia sostenible de control nutricional / Evaluation of the Productive Behavior of Cobb 500 Chickens under Feeding Restrictions as a Nutritional Control Sustainable Strategy / Avaliação do comportamento produtivo de pintos Cobb 500 submetidos a restrição alimentar como estratégia sustentável de controle nutricional

Resumen Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar, distribuyendo 200 pollitos Cobb 500, con aspecto saludable, de un día de edad y peso promedio de 37.34 ± 0.44 g; en cinco grupos con cuatro réplicas de diez polluelos cada una. Durante los 42 días del experimento, las aves recibieron manejo zootécnico tradicional que incluyó dieta comercial isoproteíca (20 % proteína cruda) e isocalórica (3100 kilocaloría (kcal)/kilogramo (kg)). El día 15, la parvada recibió un programa de restricción alimenticia (PRA) según los tratamientos (T) = T0 = consumo ad libitum de alimento concentrado (AC) durante 24 horas (h), T1 = eliminación del AC durante 12 h (20:00-8:00), T2 = supresión de AC por 14 h (18:00-8:00), T3 = 16 h sin acceso a AC (16:00-8:00) y T4 = privación de AC durante 18 h (14:00 y 8:00). Después del día 30, las aves retomaron el libre consumo de AC. Se consideró la ganancia total de peso (GTP), la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), el consumo de alimento (CA), el factor de conversión alimenticia (FCA), el rendimiento en canal (RC) y la mortalidad (M) como variables respuesta. El análisis estadístico reveló que el PRA no tuvo efecto significativo (p > 0.05) sobre los indicadores productivos evaluados en T0, T1, T2 y T3; sin embargo, el CA fue significativamente menor (p < 0.05) en T3 y T4 comparado con los demás tratamientos. Además, solamente el T4 mostró un FCA menor (p < 0.05) en comparación con los demás tratamientos. Se concluye que un PRA de 18 h durante los días 15 al 30 de edad, favorece los criterios de sostenibilidad al no impactar negativamente en la productividad de las aves.

Abstract A fully random design was used to distribute 200 Cobb 500 chickens. They were one day old, looked healthy and had an average weight of 37.34 ± 0.44 g. It consisted in five groups with four replicas having 10 chickens each. During the 42 experimental days, the birds received a traditional zootechnical management including commercial isoproteic diet (20% raw protein) and an isocaloric diet (3,100 kilocalories (kcal)/kilogram (kg)). On day 15, the herd was subject to a feeding restriction program (PRA) according to these treatments (T): T0 ad libitum consumption of concentrated food (CF) for 24 hours (h), T1 removal of the CF for 12 h (20:00-8:00), T2 removal of AC for 14 h (18:00-8:00), T3 16 h with not access to the CF (16:00-8:00), and T4 lack of AC for 18 h (14:00 y 8:00). After day 30, the birds returned to the free consumption of CF. The total weight gain (TWG), daily weight gain (DWG), food consumption (FC), dietary conversion factor (DCF), channel performance (CP), and mortality (M) were taken as response variables. The statistical analysis showed that the PRA had a significant effect on the (p >0.05) on the production indicators evaluated in T0, T1, T2 and T3. However, the CF was significantly lower (p <0.05) in T3 and T4 as compared to the other treatments. In addition, only T4 showed a lower DCF (p <0.05) as compared to the other treatments. It is concluded that a PRA of 18 hours from 15 to 30 days of age favors the sustainability criteria as it does not impact negatively the bird productivity.

Resumo O delineamento foi inteiramente aleatório, distribuindo 200 pintos Cobb 500, com aparência saudável, de um dia de idade e peso médio de 37.34 ± 0.44 g. em cinco grupos com quatro réplicas de dez pintainhos cada uma. Durante os 42 dias do experimento, as aves receberam manejo zootécnico tradicional que incluiu dieta comercial isoproteíca (20% proteína bruta) e isocalórica (3.100 quilocaloria (kcal)/quilograma (kg)). No dia 15, os filhotes receberam um programa de restrição alimentar (PRA) de acordo com os tratamentos (T): T0: consumo ad libitum de alimento concentrado (AC) durante 24 horas (h), T1: eliminação do AC durante 12 h (20:00-8:00), T2: supressão de AC por 14 h (18:00-8:00), T3: 16 h sem acesso a AC (16:00-8:00) e T4: privação de AC durante 18 h (14:00 e 8:00). Após o dia 30, as aves retomaram o consumo livre de AC. O ganho total de peso (GTP), ganho diário de peso (GDP), consumo de alimento (CA), fator de conversão alimentar (FCA), rendimento em carcaça (RC) e mortalidade (M) foram considerados como variáveis resposta. A análise estatística revelou que o PRA não teve efeito significativo (p >0.05) sobre os indicadores produtivos avaliados em T0, T1, T2 e T3; no entanto, o CA foi significativamente menor (p <0,05) em T3 e T4 comparado com os outros tratamentos. Além disso, só o T4 mostrou um FCA menor (p <0,05) em comparação com os outros tratamentos. Conclui-se que um PRA de 18 h durante os dias 15 a 30 de idade, favorece os critérios de sustentabilidade por não impactar negativamente na produtividade das aves.

Ingestive behavior of buffaloes fed increasing levels of concentrate in sugarcane based diets / Comportamento ingestivo de búfalos alimentados com níveis crescentes de concentrado em dietas com cana-de-açúcar

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the ingestive behavior of buffalo fed sugarcane with different levels of concentrate. Twenty four Murrah buffaloes with body weight of 219±23 kg and nine months old were assigned to completely randomized design. Animals were placed in individual pens where they received diets ad libitum, twice a day. The experimental period has divided into 30 d for adaptation and 84 d for observations and samples collection. Four treatments were used: 1) 80% sugarcane (SC) + 20% concentrate (C); 2) 60% SC + 40% C; 3) 40% SC + 60% C; 4) 20% SC + 80% C. The diets were isoproteics and urea/ammonium sulfate was used at 9:1 ratio to correct the protein level of sugarcane. The evaluated variables were time spent feeding (TSF), ruminating (TSR), idle (TSI), dry matter intake (DMI), feeding efficiency of dry matter (FEDM), rumination efficiency of dry matter (REDM), number of meals, duration of meal and duration of breaks between meal. A regression analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure. DMI was positively affected (P<0.05) by concentrate levels. The treatments had no effect (P>0.05) on TSF. However, the TSR and number of meals decreased linearly (P<0.05) as the dietary levels of concentrate increased.TSI, duration of meal and duration of breaks between meals increased linearly (P<0.05). Increasing levels of concentrate up to 80% in sugarcane based diets influence directly the feeding behavior of buffaloes resulting in fewer daily meals and more time in the trough, improving the feeding and rumination efficiencies.(AU)

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de búfalos alimentados com cana-de-açúcar e diferentes níveis de concentrado. Vinte e quatro búfalos Murrah com peso corporal de 219 ± 23 kg e nove meses de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram manejados em baias individuais, onde receberam dietas ad libitum, duas vezes ao dia. O período experimental foi dividido em 30 dias para adaptação e 84 dias para observações e coleta de amostras. Foram utilizados quatro tratamentos: 1) 80% de cana-de-açúcar (SC) + 20% de concentrado (C); 2) 60% SC + 40% C; 3) 40% SC + 60% C; 4) 20% SC + 80% C. As dietas foram isoproteicas e uma mistura de ureia/sulfato de amônio na proporção de 9:1 foi utilizada para corrigir o nível de proteína da cana-de-açúcar. As variáveis avaliadas foram: tempo gasto na alimentação (TSF), ruminação (TSR), ócio (ETI), consumo de matéria seca (DMI), eficiência alimentar em função do consumo de matéria seca (FEDM), eficiência da ruminação em função do consumo de matéria seca (REDM), número de refeições, duração da refeição e duração dos intervalos entre as refeições. Uma análise de regressão foi realizada usando o procedimento MIXED. O DMI foi afetado positivamente (P<0,05) pelos níveis de concentrado. Os tratamentos não tiveram efeito (P>0,05) no TSF. No entanto, o TSR e o número de refeições diminuíram linearmente (P<0,05) à medida que os níveis alimentares de concentrado aumentaram. A ETI, a duração da refeição e a duração dos intervalos entre as refeições aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05). Níveis crescentes de concentrado em até 80% em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar influenciam diretamente o comportamento alimentar dos búfalos, resultando em menos refeições diárias e mais tempo no cocho, melhorando a eficiência de alimentação e de ruminação.(AU)

Ingestive behavior of buffaloes fed increasing levels of concentrate in sugarcane based diets / Comportamento ingestivo de búfalos alimentados com níveis crescentes de concentrado em dietas com cana-de-açúcar

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the ingestive behavior of buffalo fed sugarcane with different levels of concentrate. Twenty four Murrah buffaloes with body weight of 219±23 kg and nine months old were assigned to completely randomized design. Animals were placed in individual pens where they received diets ad libitum, twice a day. The experimental period has divided into 30 d for adaptation and 84 d for observations and samples collection. Four treatments were used: 1) 80% sugarcane (SC) + 20% concentrate (C); 2) 60% SC + 40% C; 3) 40% SC + 60% C; 4) 20% SC + 80% C. The diets were isoproteics and urea/ammonium sulfate was used at 9:1 ratio to correct the protein level of sugarcane. The evaluated variables were time spent feeding (TSF), ruminating (TSR), idle (TSI), dry matter intake (DMI), feeding efficiency of dry matter (FEDM), rumination efficiency of dry matter (REDM), number of meals, duration of meal and duration of breaks between meal. A regression analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure. DMI was positively affected (P0.05) on TSF. However, the TSR and number of meals decreased linearly (P<0.05) as the dietary levels of concentrate increased.TSI, duration of meal and duration of breaks between meals increased linearly (P<0.05). Increasing levels of concentrate up to 80% in sugarcane based diets influence directly the feeding behavior of buffaloes resulting in fewer daily meals and more time in the trough, improving the feeding and rumination efficiencies.

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de búfalos alimentados com cana-de-açúcar e diferentes níveis de concentrado. Vinte e quatro búfalos Murrah com peso corporal de 219 ± 23 kg e nove meses de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram manejados em baias individuais, onde receberam dietas ad libitum, duas vezes ao dia. O período experimental foi dividido em 30 dias para adaptação e 84 dias para observações e coleta de amostras. Foram utilizados quatro tratamentos: 1) 80% de cana-de-açúcar (SC) + 20% de concentrado (C); 2) 60% SC + 40% C; 3) 40% SC + 60% C; 4) 20% SC + 80% C. As dietas foram isoproteicas e uma mistura de ureia/sulfato de amônio na proporção de 9:1 foi utilizada para corrigir o nível de proteína da cana-de-açúcar. As variáveis avaliadas foram: tempo gasto na alimentação (TSF), ruminação (TSR), ócio (ETI), consumo de matéria seca (DMI), eficiência alimentar em função do consumo de matéria seca (FEDM), eficiência da ruminação em função do consumo de matéria seca (REDM), número de refeições, duração da refeição e duração dos intervalos entre as refeições. Uma análise de regressão foi realizada usando o procedimento MIXED. O DMI foi afetado positivamente (P0,05) no TSF. No entanto, o TSR e o número de refeições diminuíram linearmente (P<0,05) à medida que os níveis alimentares de concentrado aumentaram. A ETI, a duração da refeição e a duração dos intervalos entre as refeições aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05). Níveis crescentes de concentrado em até 80% em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar influenciam diretamente o comportamento alimentar dos búfalos, resultando em menos refeições diárias e mais tempo no cocho, melhorando a eficiência de alimentação e de ruminação.

Feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with detoxified castor bean meal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with increasing levels of detoxified castor bean meal. Twenty-four non-castrated male Santa Inês sheep with an average body weight of 25.34 kg and four months of age, were distributed in four treatments - 0, 7, 14 and 21% of the natural matter of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage. There was a linear increase (p 0.05) by the inclusion of castor bean meal. The addition of detoxified castor bean meal to sugarcane silage reduces time spent eating and increases feed and rumination efficiency in sheep.

Feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with detoxified castor bean meal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with increasing levels of detoxified castor bean meal. Twenty-four non-castrated male Santa Inês sheep with an average body weight of 25.34 kg and four months of age, were distributed in four treatments - 0, 7, 14 and 21% of the natural matter of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage. There was a linear increase (p < 0.05) in time spent eating and feeding and rumination efficiency (g MS and NDF/h) with the inclusion of castor bean meal in silage. However, there was a linear decreasing response for time spent resting (p < 0.05). Time spent ruminating, number of boluses per day and numbers of chews per day per bolus were not affected (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of castor bean meal. The addition of detoxified castor bean meal to sugarcane silage reduces time spent eating and increases feed and rumination efficiency in sheep.(AU)

Correlations of the feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing pearl millet silage with addition of urea / Correlações do comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de milheto com adição de ureia

The aim of this study was to evaluate correlations among the feeding behavior, intake, in vitro digestibility and production parameters of feedlot-finished lambs. Thirty-two male uncastrated mixed-breed lambs with an average initial live weight of 17.39 ± 2.16 kg were distributed into four treatments (diets) with eight replicates (animals) each, as a function of their weight, in a completely randomized block design. Diets were composed of pearl millet silage with addition of levels of urea (0, 2, 4, and 6%, DM basis), ground corn, soybean meal, and a mineral mixture. The experimental period was 62 days, consisting of 10 days of adaptation and 52 days of data collection. Positive correlations were observed (P < 0.05) for rumination time and feeding efficiency in dry matter with the intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), organic matter (OM), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). Negative correlations were detected (P < 0.05) between rumination efficiency in NDF and the intakes of DM, EE, NDF, OM, and NFC. Correlations were negative (P < 0.05) between the number of chews per cud and the digestibilities of DM, NDF, NFC, and TDN. The number of chews per day was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the digestibility of NDF and with TDN. Rumination time had a positive correlation (P < 0.05) with average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE). Feeding efficiency in DM was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with ADG and FE, whereas ruminationefficiency in NDF was negatively correlated with ADG and positively with feed conversion. The increase in feeding efficiency for dry matter generated positive effects on nutrient intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency of the lambs fed diets containing pearl millet silage with addition of urea.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar correlações entre o comportamento ingestivo, consumo, digestibilidade in vivo e os parâmetros produtivos em cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros sem padrão racial definido, machos, não-castrados, com peso vivo inicial de 17,39 ± 2,16 kg distribuídos em blocos inteiramente casualizados, em função do peso, com quatro tratamentos (dietas) e oito repetições (animais). As dietas foram compostas de silagem de milheto com adição de ureia (0, 2, 4 e 6% com base na MS), grão de milho moído, farelo de soja e mistura mineral. O período experimental foi de 62 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação e 52 dias de coleta de dados. Observou-se correlações positivas (P < 0,05) entre o tempo de ruminação (RUM), eficiência de alimentação da MS (EAMS) e o consumo de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), matéria orgânica (MO) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Correlações negativas (P < 0,05) foram observadas entre a eficiência de ruminação de FDN e os consumos de MS, EE, FDN, MO e CNF. A correlação foi negativa (P < 0,05) entre o número de mastigações por bolo (Nmbolo) e as digestibilidades da MS, FDN, CNF e NDT. O número de mastigações por dia (NMM) se correlacionou de forma negativa (P < 0,05) com a digestibilidade da FDN e com NDT. A variável RUM apresentou correlação positiva (P < 0,05) com oganho médio diário (GMD) e eficiência de alimentação (EA). A EAMS correlacionou-se positivamente(P < 0,05) com GMD e EA, enquanto que, a eficiência de ruminação da FDN (ERFDN) se correlacionounegativamente com GMD e positivamente com conversão alimentar (CA). Aumento na eficiência dealimentação de matéria seca foi responsável pelos efeitos positivos no consumo de nutrientes, ganho depeso e eficiência alimentar dos cordeiros alimentados com dietascontendo silagem de milheto com adição de ureia.(AU)

Correlations of the feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing pearl millet silage with addition of urea / Correlações do comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de milheto com adição de ureia

The aim of this study was to evaluate correlations among the feeding behavior, intake, in vitro digestibility and production parameters of feedlot-finished lambs. Thirty-two male uncastrated mixed-breed lambs with an average initial live weight of 17.39 ± 2.16 kg were distributed into four treatments (diets) with eight replicates (animals) each, as a function of their weight, in a completely randomized block design. Diets were composed of pearl millet silage with addition of levels of urea (0, 2, 4, and 6%, DM basis), ground corn, soybean meal, and a mineral mixture. The experimental period was 62 days, consisting of 10 days of adaptation and 52 days of data collection. Positive correlations were observed (P < 0.05) for rumination time and feeding efficiency in dry matter with the intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), organic matter (OM), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). Negative correlations were detected (P < 0.05) between rumination efficiency in NDF and the intakes of DM, EE, NDF, OM, and NFC. Correlations were negative (P < 0.05) between the number of chews per cud and the digestibilities of DM, NDF, NFC, and TDN. The number of chews per day was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the digestibility of NDF and with TDN. Rumination time had a positive correlation (P < 0.05) with average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE). Feeding efficiency in DM was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with ADG and FE, whereas ruminationefficiency in NDF was negatively correlated with ADG and positively with feed conversion. The increase in feeding efficiency for dry matter generated positive effects on nutrient intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency of the lambs fed diets containing pearl millet silage with addition of urea.

Objetivou-se avaliar correlações entre o comportamento ingestivo, consumo, digestibilidade in vivo e os parâmetros produtivos em cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros sem padrão racial definido, machos, não-castrados, com peso vivo inicial de 17,39 ± 2,16 kg distribuídos em blocos inteiramente casualizados, em função do peso, com quatro tratamentos (dietas) e oito repetições (animais). As dietas foram compostas de silagem de milheto com adição de ureia (0, 2, 4 e 6% com base na MS), grão de milho moído, farelo de soja e mistura mineral. O período experimental foi de 62 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação e 52 dias de coleta de dados. Observou-se correlações positivas (P < 0,05) entre o tempo de ruminação (RUM), eficiência de alimentação da MS (EAMS) e o consumo de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), matéria orgânica (MO) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Correlações negativas (P < 0,05) foram observadas entre a eficiência de ruminação de FDN e os consumos de MS, EE, FDN, MO e CNF. A correlação foi negativa (P < 0,05) entre o número de mastigações por bolo (Nmbolo) e as digestibilidades da MS, FDN, CNF e NDT. O número de mastigações por dia (NMM) se correlacionou de forma negativa (P < 0,05) com a digestibilidade da FDN e com NDT. A variável RUM apresentou correlação positiva (P < 0,05) com oganho médio diário (GMD) e eficiência de alimentação (EA). A EAMS correlacionou-se positivamente(P < 0,05) com GMD e EA, enquanto que, a eficiência de ruminação da FDN (ERFDN) se correlacionounegativamente com GMD e positivamente com conversão alimentar (CA). Aumento na eficiência dealimentação de matéria seca foi responsável pelos efeitos positivos no consumo de nutrientes, ganho depeso e eficiência alimentar dos cordeiros alimentados com dietascontendo silagem de milheto com adição de ureia.

Feeding behavior in lambs fed diets containing crambe cake / Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com rações contendo torta de crambe

It was evaluated the feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing 30% sorghum silage and 70% crambe cake (30:70 diet), and 70% sorghum silage and 30% crambe cake (70:30 diet) under voluntary and controlled consumption. The experimental design used was a 4 × 4 Latin square, with four animals, four periods, and four treatments; feeding behavior was determined by observation. The results indicated that animals fed the 30:70 diet showed higher DM and NDF (g day-1) than those fed the 70:30 diet. Animals fed the 70:30 diet showed longer feeding times (h kg-1 DM), mastication (min kg-1 DM and min kg-1 NDF), rumination (min day-1 and min kg-1 DM), and the largest number of mericics chewing per bolus; however, a higher feed efficiency (g DM h-1) was observed in the 30:70 diet group. Furthermore, animals feeding voluntarily had higher DM intake and chewed for longer. Therefore, the combined results indicated that crambe cake could be used in the diet of sheep without affecting feeding behavior.

Foi avaliado o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com rações contendo 30% de silagem de sorgo e 70% de torta de crambe (30:70) e 70% de silagem de sorgo e 30% de torta de crambe (70:30) sob consumo voluntário e controlado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4x4, com quatro animais, quatro períodos e quatro tratamentos. O comportamento ingestivo foi determinado mediante observação visual. Animais recebendo dietas com relação 30:70, apresentaram maior consumo de MS e FDN (g dia-1). Animais alimentados com a relação 70:30, apresentaram maior tempo de alimentação (horas kg-1MS), de mastigação (min kg-1MS e min kg-1FDN), de ruminação (min dia-1 e min kg-1MS), maior número de mastigações merícicas por bolo. A melhor eficiência de alimentação (g MS h-1) foi apresentado para a relação 30:70. Animais submetidos ao regime de consumo voluntário apresentam maior consumo de MS e maior tempo de mastigação. A torta de crambe pode ser utilizada na dieta de ovinos sem alterar os parâmetros de comportamento ingestivo.

Feeding behavior in lambs fed diets containing crambe cake / Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com rações contendo torta de crambe

It was evaluated the feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing 30% sorghum silage and 70% crambe cake (30:70 diet), and 70% sorghum silage and 30% crambe cake (70:30 diet) under voluntary and controlled consumption. The experimental design used was a 4 × 4 Latin square, with four animals, four periods, and four treatments; feeding behavior was determined by observation. The results indicated that animals fed the 30:70 diet showed higher DM and NDF (g day-1) than those fed the 70:30 diet. Animals fed the 70:30 diet showed longer feeding times (h kg-1 DM), mastication (min kg-1 DM and min kg-1 NDF), rumination (min day-1 and min kg-1 DM), and the largest number of mericics chewing per bolus; however, a higher feed efficiency (g DM h-1) was observed in the 30:70 diet group. Furthermore, animals feeding voluntarily had higher DM intake and chewed for longer. Therefore, the combined results indicated that crambe cake could be used in the diet of sheep without affecting feeding behavior.

Foi avaliado o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com rações contendo 30% de silagem de sorgo e 70% de torta de crambe (30:70) e 70% de silagem de sorgo e 30% de torta de crambe (70:30) sob consumo voluntário e controlado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4x4, com quatro animais, quatro períodos e quatro tratamentos. O comportamento ingestivo foi determinado mediante observação visual. Animais recebendo dietas com relação 30:70, apresentaram maior consumo de MS e FDN (g dia-1). Animais alimentados com a relação 70:30, apresentaram maior tempo de alimentação (horas kg-1MS), de mastigação (min kg-1MS e min kg-1FDN), de ruminação (min dia-1 e min kg-1MS), maior número de mastigações merícicas por bolo. A melhor eficiência de alimentação (g MS h-1) foi apresentado para a relação 30:70. Animais submetidos ao regime de consumo voluntário apresentam maior consumo de MS e maior tempo de mastigação. A torta de crambe pode ser utilizada na dieta de ovinos sem alterar os parâmetros de comportamento ingestivo.

Mesquite pod meal in diets for Santa Inês sheep: ingestive behavior / Farelo de algaroba em dietas para ovinos Santa Inês: comportamento ingestivo

This study aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep fed increasing levels of mesquite pod meal (0, 15, 30 and 45% in total dry matter diet), replacing grass silage elephant. Eight non-castrated Santa Inês sheep with average weight of 32 kg were divided into two 4 x 4 Latin squares, each lasting 15 days. The sheep were submitted to visual observation every ten minutes, for 24 hours, in the 13th day of each experimental period. There was no significant regression (p > 0.05) relative to the time spent on feeding, rumination and resting, depending on the levels of substitution of mesquite pod meal. The average time spent on feeding, rumination and resting was 5.64, 10.88 and 8.8h day-1, respectively. There was a positive linear effect (p < 0.05) regarding the levels of replacement of elephant grass silage by mesquite pod meal on dry matter intake (DMI), neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), feeding efficiency of DM, rumination efficiency of DM, rumination efficiency of NDF. The use of observation intervals of up to 30 minutes does not alter the assessment of time spent on feeding, rumination and resting.

Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos alimentados com níveis de farelo da vagem de algaroba (FVA) (0, 15, 30 e 45% na matéria seca total da dieta), em substituição à silagem de capim-elefante. Foram utilizados oito ovinos da raça Santa Inês, machos, não-castrados, com peso médio de32 kg, distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, com duração de 15 dias cada período experimental. Os carneiros foram submetidos à observação visual a cada 10 min., durante 24h, ao 13º dia de cada período experimental. Não foi observada regressão significativa (p > 0,05) para os tempos despendidos com alimentação, ruminação e ócio em função dos níveis de substituição do FVA. Ocorreu efeito linear positivo(p < 0,05) dos níveis de substituição da silagem pelo FVA sobre os consumos de MS, FDN, eficiência de alimentação da MS, eficiência de ruminação da MS, eficiência de ruminação de FDN. O FVA não aumenta o tempo disponível para alimentação e ruminação, mas eleva o consumo de MS de dietas baseadas em silagem de capim-elefante. A utilização de intervalos de observação de até 30 min., não altera a avaliação dos tempos despendidos com alimentação, ruminação e ócio.

Mesquite pod meal in diets for Santa Inês sheep: ingestive behavior / Farelo de algaroba em dietas para ovinos Santa Inês: comportamento ingestivo

This study aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep fed increasing levels of mesquite pod meal (0, 15, 30 and 45% in total dry matter diet), replacing grass silage elephant. Eight non-castrated Santa Inês sheep with average weight of 32 kg were divided into two 4 x 4 Latin squares, each lasting 15 days. The sheep were submitted to visual observation every ten minutes, for 24 hours, in the 13th day of each experimental period. There was no significant regression (p > 0.05) relative to the time spent on feeding, rumination and resting, depending on the levels of substitution of mesquite pod meal. The average time spent on feeding, rumination and resting was 5.64, 10.88 and 8.8h day-1, respectively. There was a positive linear effect (p < 0.05) regarding the levels of replacement of elephant grass silage by mesquite pod meal on dry matter intake (DMI), neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), feeding efficiency of DM, rumination efficiency of DM, rumination efficiency of NDF. The use of observation intervals of up to 30 minutes does not alter the assessment of time spent on feeding, rumination and resting.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos alimentados com níveis de farelo da vagem de algaroba (FVA) (0, 15, 30 e 45% na matéria seca total da dieta), em substituição à silagem de capim-elefante. Foram utilizados oito ovinos da raça Santa Inês, machos, não-castrados, com peso médio de32 kg, distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, com duração de 15 dias cada período experimental. Os carneiros foram submetidos à observação visual a cada 10 min., durante 24h, ao 13º dia de cada período experimental. Não foi observada regressão significativa (p > 0,05) para os tempos despendidos com alimentação, ruminação e ócio em função dos níveis de substituição do FVA. Ocorreu efeito linear positivo(p < 0,05) dos níveis de substituição da silagem pelo FVA sobre os consumos de MS, FDN, eficiência de alimentação da MS, eficiência de ruminação da MS, eficiência de ruminação de FDN. O FVA não aumenta o tempo disponível para alimentação e ruminação, mas eleva o consumo de MS de dietas baseadas em silagem de capim-elefante. A utilização de intervalos de observação de até 30 min., não altera a avaliação dos tempos despendidos com alimentação, ruminação e ócio.(AU)

Comportamento ingestivo de vacas primíparas das raças Guzerá e Sindi recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de ureia / Ingestive behavior of cows primiparous of the Guzera and Sindi breed receiving differents diets

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar parâmetros de comportamento ingestivo de vacas primíparas das raças Guzerá e Sindi recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de inclusão de ureia, em substituição ao farelo de soja, e da cana-de-açúcar, em substituição ao capim elefante. Foram utilizadas oito vacas primíparas, sendo quatro da raça Guzerá e quatro da raça Sindi em lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4x4. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em: T1 (0,0 cana-de-açúcar + 0,0% ureia), T2 (13,0% cana-de-açúcar + 0,6% ureia), T3 (26,2% cana-de-açúcar + 1,2% ureia) e T4 (39,4% cana-de-açúcar + 1,8% ureia), na matéria seca. Os animais foram observados a cada cinco minutos, durante 24 horas, para determinação do tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação e ócio. Não foi observada diferença significativa (P>0,05) para os tempos médios despendidos com as variáveis comportamentais alimentação, ruminação e ócio, à medida que foram aumentados os níveis de inclusão da ureia e cana-de-açúcar nas dietas. O tempo de mastigação total foi maior para os animais da raça Sindi, quando comparado ao dos animais da raça Guzerá. Animais da raça Guzerá apresentaram maior eficiência de alimentação em (g MS/h) e ruminação, quando expressa em (g MS h-1) e (g FDN h-1), quando comparada com a raça Sindi. À medida que se aumentam os níveis de inclusão da ureia e cana de açúcar na dieta, há um decréscimo da eficiência de ruminação expresso em (g FDN h-1).

This study aims to evaluate the ingestive behavior parameters of primiparous cows Sindi and Guzerá breeds under diet of different levels of urea inclusion replacing the soybean bran and the sugar cane replacing the elephant grass. It has been used eight primiparous cows, being four Guzerá breed and four Sindi lactating, distributed into two Latin squares 4x4. The experimental treatments consisted of: T1 (0.0 sugar cane + 0.0% urea), T2 (13.0% sugar cane + 0.6% urea), T3 (26.2% sugar cane + 1.2% urea) and T4 (39.4% sugar cane + 1.8% urea), in the dry matter. The animals have been observed each five minutes, during 24 hours, to determine the time spent in feeding, rumination and leisure. There was no significant difference, for the medium time spent with the behavioral variables feeding, rumination and leisure, as it has been increased the levels of urea and sugar cane inclusion in the diets. The total chewing time has been higher for the Sindi cattle when compared with Guzerá. The different levels of sugar cane and urea inclusion have not influenced in the time spent in feeding, rumination and leisure. Animals of the Guzerá breed have shown higher efficiency of feeding in (g Ms/h) and rumination, when expressed in (g Ms h-1) and (g FDN h-1), when compared with Sindi breed. As the sugar cane and urea levels increase in the diet, there is a decrease of the rumination efficiency expressed in (g FDN h-1).