RESUMO
Pfaffia glomerata possesses potential pharmacological and medicinal properties, mainly owing to the secondary metabolite 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Increasing production of biomass and 20E is important for industrial purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of irradiance on plant morphology and production of 20E in P. glomerata grown in vitro. Nodal segments of accessions 22 and 43 (Ac22 and Ac43) were inoculated in culture medium containing MS salts and vitamins. Cultures were maintained at 25 ± 2 °C under a 16-h photoperiod and subjected to irradiance treatments of 65, 130, and 200 µmol m-2 s-1 by fluorescent lamps. After 30 days, growth parameters, pigment content, stomatal density, in vitro photosynthesis, metabolites content, and morphoanatomy were assessed. Notably, Ac22 plants exhibited 10-fold higher 20E production when cultivated at 200 µmol m-2 s-1 than at 65 µmol m-2 s-1, evidencing the importance of light quantity for the accumulation of this metabolite. 20E production was twice as high in Ac22 as in Ac43 plants although both accessions responded positively to higher irradiance. Growth under 200 µmol m-2 s-1 stimulated photosynthesis and consequent biomass accumulation, but lowered carotenoids and anthocyanins. Furthermore, increasing irradiance enhanced the number of palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, enhancing the overall growth of P. glomerata. Graphical abstract.
Assuntos
Amaranthaceae/química , Fotossíntese/genética , Técnicas In VitroRESUMO
This article presents the results of the migration of radionuclides along the soil-water-feed-animal livestock chain in the adjacent territories of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS). To analyze the radio ecological situation in the territory adjacent to the SNTS, 6 stationary control points were created, from which samples of soil, water, vegetation, and animal products were taken. The radiometric method was used to determine the radioactive background of the studied areas. Gamma-, alpha-spectrometry methods were used to study the content of radionuclides. The radionuclide transfer along the soil-water-feed-animal livestock chain wasdetermined by a calculation method and also veterinary and sanitary examination of the beef selected from these items. The research results show that in all the test points under studythe EDR values, the beta-particles flux density is below the limit of permissible values. The samples detected radionuclides as Am-241, Cs-137 and Pu-239/240 not exceeding the standards established by the Hygienic standardsof the Republic of Kazakhstan. The chain of radionuclides was transferred to animal products. The organoleptic assessment of the quality of cattle meat showed that inconsistencies are observed: a slight increase in lymph nodes, muddy broth, and surface moisture of muscle.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Carne Vermelha/análise , Carne Vermelha/intoxicação , Carne Vermelha/toxicidade , Elementos Radioativos/intoxicação , Elementos Radioativos/análise , RadioatividadeRESUMO
This article presents the results of the migration of radionuclides along the soil-water-feed-animal livestock chain in the adjacent territories of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS). To analyze the radio ecological situation in the territory adjacent to the SNTS, 6 stationary control points were created, from which samples of soil, water, vegetation, and animal products were taken. The radiometric method was used to determine the radioactive background of the studied areas. Gamma-, alpha-spectrometry methods were used to study the content of radionuclides. The radionuclide transfer along the soil-water-feed-animal livestock chain wasdetermined by a calculation method and also veterinary and sanitary examination of the beef selected from these items. The research results show that in all the test points under studythe EDR values, the beta-particles flux density is below the limit of permissible values. The samples detected radionuclides as Am-241, Cs-137 and Pu-239/240 not exceeding the standards established by the Hygienic standardsof the Republic of Kazakhstan. The chain of radionuclides was transferred to animal products. The organoleptic assessment of the quality of cattle meat showed that inconsistencies are observed: a slight increase in lymph nodes, muddy broth, and surface moisture of muscle.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Carne Vermelha/análise , Carne Vermelha/intoxicação , Carne Vermelha/toxicidade , Elementos Radioativos/análise , Elementos Radioativos/intoxicação , RadioatividadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The determination of kinetic parameters and the development of mathematical models are of great interest to predict the growth of microalgae, the consumption of substrate and the design of photobioreactors focused on CO2 capture. However, most of the models in the literature have been developed for CO2 concentrations below 10%. RESULTS: A nonaxenic microalgal consortium was isolated from landfill leachate in order to study its kinetic behavior using a dynamic model. The model considered the CO2 mass transfer from the gas phase to the liquid phase and the effect of light intensity, assimilated nitrogen concentration, ammonium concentration and nitrate concentration. The proposed mathematical model was adjusted with 13 kinetic parameters and validated with a good fit obtained between experimental and simulated data. CONCLUSIONS: Good results were obtained, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed model. The assumption in the model of DIC inhibition in the ammonium and nitrate uptakes was correct, so this aspect should be considered when evaluating the kinetics with microalgae with high inlet CO2 concentrations.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Microalgas/efeitos da radiação , Microalgas/fisiologia , Cinética , Vertedores , Fótons , Microalgas/isolamento & purificação , Microalgas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fotobiorreatores , Águas Residuárias , Modelos Biológicos , Nitratos , NitrogênioRESUMO
In this work, we adopt a quantum mechanical approach based on time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to study the optical and electronic properties of alizarin supported on TiO2 nano-crystallites, as a prototypical dye-sensitized solar cell. To ensure proper alignment of the donor (alizarin) and acceptor (TiO2 nano-crystallite) levels, static optical excitation spectra are simulated using time-dependent density functional theory in response. The ultrafast photoelectron transfer from the dye to the cluster is simulated using an explicitly time-dependent, one-electron TDDFT ansatz. The model considers the δ-pulse excitation of a single active electron localized in the dye to the complete set of energetically accessible, delocalized molecular orbitals of the dye/nano-crystallite complex. A set of quantum mechanical tools derived from the transition electronic flux density is introduced to visualize and analyze the process in real time. The evolution of the created wave packet subject to absorbing boundary conditions at the borders of the cluster reveal that, while the electrons of the aromatic rings of alizarin are heavily involved in an ultrafast charge redistribution between the carbonyl groups of the dye molecule, they do not contribute positively to the electron injection and, overall, they delay the process.
Assuntos
Antraquinonas/química , Elétrons , Imageamento Tridimensional , Processos Fotoquímicos , Titânio/química , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Análise Espectral , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
The inactivation of the chloroplast ascorbate peroxidases (chlAPXs) has been thought to limit the efficiency of the water-water cycle and photo-oxidative protection under stress conditions. In this study, we have generated double knockdown rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants in both OsAPX7 (sAPX) and OsAPX8 (tAPX) genes, which encode chloroplastic APXs (chlAPXs). By employing an integrated approach involving gene expression, proteomics, biochemical and physiological analyses of photosynthesis, we have assessed the role of chlAPXs in the regulation of the protection of the photosystem II (PSII) activity and CO2 assimilation in rice plants exposed to high light (HL) and methyl violagen (MV). The chlAPX knockdown plants were affected more severely than the non-transformed (NT) plants in the activity and structure of PSII and CO2 assimilation in the presence of MV. Although MV induced significant increases in pigment content in the knockdown plants, the increases were apparently not sufficient for protection. Treatment with HL also caused generalized damage in PSII in both types of plants. The knockdown and NT plants exhibited differences in photosynthetic parameters related to efficiency of utilization of light and CO2. The knockdown plants overexpressed other antioxidant enzymes in response to the stresses and increased the GPX activity in the chloroplast-enriched fraction. Our data suggest that a partial deficiency of chlAPX expression modulate the PSII activity and integrity, reflecting the overall photosynthesis when rice plants are subjected to acute oxidative stress. However, under normal growth conditions, the knockdown plants exhibit normal phenotype, biochemical and physiological performance.
Assuntos
Ascorbato Peroxidases/genética , Proteínas de Cloroplastos/genética , Oryza/genética , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Fotossíntese/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Ascorbato Peroxidases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos da radiação , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos da radiação , Herbicidas/farmacologia , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Luz , Oryza/efeitos dos fármacos , Oryza/efeitos da radiação , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos da radiação , Paraquat/farmacologia , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Fotossíntese/efeitos da radiação , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Interferência de RNA , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por ElectrosprayRESUMO
The physiological responses of C4 species to simultaneous water deficit and low substrate temperature are poorly understood, as well as the recovery capacity. This study investigated whether the effect of these abiotic stressors is cultivar-dependent. The differential responses of drought-resistant (IACSP94-2094) and drought-sensitive (IACSP97-7065) sugarcane cultivars were characterized to assess the relationship between photosynthesis and antioxidant protection by APX and SOD isoforms under stress conditions. Our results show that drought alone or combined with low root temperature led to excessive energetic pressure at the PSII level. Heat dissipation was increased in both genotypes, but the high antioxidant capacity due to higher SOD and APX activities was genotype-dependent and it operated better in the drought-resistant genotype. High SOD and APX activities were associated with a rapid recovery of photosynthesis in IACSP94-2094 plants after drought and low substrate temperature alone or simultaneously.
Assuntos
Ascorbato Peroxidases/genética , Temperatura Baixa , Secas , Fotossíntese/genética , Saccharum/genética , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Água , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ascorbato Peroxidases/metabolismo , Genótipo , Fenótipo , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/metabolismo , Transpiração Vegetal , Saccharum/enzimologia , Saccharum/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the growth and development of apple rootstock shoots submitted to different photon flux densities (7, 14, 21 and 60 µmol m-2 s-1) and three culture media. The best photon flux for maximizing growth, number of shoots and leaves was 14 µmol m-2 s-1, which also resulted in the highest values of chloroplastic pigments. On the other hand, the highest photon flux (60 µmol m-2 s-1) decreased significantly these parameters. Medium with reduced sucrose concentration did not affect the analyzed parameters, enabling an efficient multiplication of the cultivar with only 1 percent of sucrose.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar características de crescimento e desenvolvimento de brotações de macieira submetidas a diferentes densidades de fluxo de fótons (7, 14, 21 e 60 µmol m-2 s-1) e três meios de cultura. O melhor fluxo de fótons para maximizar o crescimento, número de brotações e de folhas foi de 14 µmol m-2 s-1, o qual também proporcionou os maiores valores de pigmentos cloroplastídicos. Por outro lado, alto fluxo de fótons (60 µmol m-2 s-1) diminuiu significativamente os parâmetros citados acima. O meio com concentração reduzida de sacarose não afetou os parâmetros analisados, possibilitando uma multiplicação eficiente desta cultivar com apenas 1 por cento deste carboidrato.
RESUMO
Excessive nitrate leaching represents a potential groundwater contamination. This study was carried out in an experiment area located in the city of Piracicaba/SP- Brazil, on a sandy-clayey loam soil. The objective was to evaluate internal drainage and nitrate leaching at the depth of 0.80 m in a crop succession, using 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate, in two split N applications. Evaluations were based on two corn crops, the first grown during the 2003/2004 cropping season, and the second in the 2004/2005 season, and on a black oat crop grown during the off-season. Treatments consisted of a single 120 kg N ha-1 rate, in the form of labeled (15N) ammonium sulfate, and two split N applications at 30-90 and 60-60 kg N ha-1. The fertilizer was applied in previously-defined subplots, in the first corn cultivation only (2003/04 cropping season). Evaluations included: soil physical and water content characterization; water flux density in the soil, and nitrate leaching at a 0.80 m depth; nitrogen in the soil solution derived from the fertilizer and 15N recovery by the soil solution at the end of the corn and black oat crop cycles. Loss by leaching in the 1st corn cultivation was approximately 96 and 68 kg ha-1 nitrate, for treatments with 60 kg ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 applied at seeding, respectively, of which only 3 and 1 kg ha-1 were from the nitrogen fertilizer.
A lixiviação excessiva de nitrato pode ocasionar a contaminação de corpos d'água. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em área experimental no município de Piracicaba/SP - Brasil, em um solo de textura areno-argilosa. O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a drenagem interna e a lixiviação de nitrato à profundidade de 0,80 m com o tempo em uma sucessão de culturas, utilizando-se sulfato de amônio marcado com 15N, com dois parcelamentos de N. As avaliações foram feitas em dois cultivos de milho, o primeiro no ano agrícola 2003/2004, o segundo em 2004/2005, e um de aveia-preta na entressafra. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dose única de 120 kg ha-1 de N, na forma de sulfato de amônio marcado (15N) e os dois parcelamentos de N foram 30-90 e 60-60 kg N ha-1. O adubo foi aplicado em subparcelas, previamente definidas, apenas no primeiro cultivo do milho (safra 2003/04). Foram avaliados: caracterização físico-hídrica do solo; densidade de fluxo de água no solo e lixiviação de nitrato na profundidade de 0,80 m; nitrogênio na solução do solo proveniente do fertilizante e recuperação de 15N pela solução do solo na profundidade de 0,80 m no final do ciclo das culturas de milho e aveia preta. A perda por lixiviação, a 0,80 m de profundidade, no 1º cultivo de milho, foi de aproximadamente 96 e 68 kg ha-1 de nitrato, para os tratamentos com 60 kg ha-1 e 30 kg ha-1 de N aplicado na semeadura, respectivamente, dos quais apenas 3 e 1 kg ha-1 foram provenientes do fertilizante nitrogenado.
RESUMO
Excessive nitrate leaching represents a potential groundwater contamination. This study was carried out in an experiment area located in the city of Piracicaba/SP- Brazil, on a sandy-clayey loam soil. The objective was to evaluate internal drainage and nitrate leaching at the depth of 0.80 m in a crop succession, using 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate, in two split N applications. Evaluations were based on two corn crops, the first grown during the 2003/2004 cropping season, and the second in the 2004/2005 season, and on a black oat crop grown during the off-season. Treatments consisted of a single 120 kg N ha-1 rate, in the form of labeled (15N) ammonium sulfate, and two split N applications at 30-90 and 60-60 kg N ha-1. The fertilizer was applied in previously-defined subplots, in the first corn cultivation only (2003/04 cropping season). Evaluations included: soil physical and water content characterization; water flux density in the soil, and nitrate leaching at a 0.80 m depth; nitrogen in the soil solution derived from the fertilizer and 15N recovery by the soil solution at the end of the corn and black oat crop cycles. Loss by leaching in the 1st corn cultivation was approximately 96 and 68 kg ha-1 nitrate, for treatments with 60 kg ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 applied at seeding, respectively, of which only 3 and 1 kg ha-1 were from the nitrogen fertilizer.
A lixiviação excessiva de nitrato pode ocasionar a contaminação de corpos d'água. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em área experimental no município de Piracicaba/SP - Brasil, em um solo de textura areno-argilosa. O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a drenagem interna e a lixiviação de nitrato à profundidade de 0,80 m com o tempo em uma sucessão de culturas, utilizando-se sulfato de amônio marcado com 15N, com dois parcelamentos de N. As avaliações foram feitas em dois cultivos de milho, o primeiro no ano agrícola 2003/2004, o segundo em 2004/2005, e um de aveia-preta na entressafra. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dose única de 120 kg ha-1 de N, na forma de sulfato de amônio marcado (15N) e os dois parcelamentos de N foram 30-90 e 60-60 kg N ha-1. O adubo foi aplicado em subparcelas, previamente definidas, apenas no primeiro cultivo do milho (safra 2003/04). Foram avaliados: caracterização físico-hídrica do solo; densidade de fluxo de água no solo e lixiviação de nitrato na profundidade de 0,80 m; nitrogênio na solução do solo proveniente do fertilizante e recuperação de 15N pela solução do solo na profundidade de 0,80 m no final do ciclo das culturas de milho e aveia preta. A perda por lixiviação, a 0,80 m de profundidade, no 1º cultivo de milho, foi de aproximadamente 96 e 68 kg ha-1 de nitrato, para os tratamentos com 60 kg ha-1 e 30 kg ha-1 de N aplicado na semeadura, respectivamente, dos quais apenas 3 e 1 kg ha-1 foram provenientes do fertilizante nitrogenado.
RESUMO
The solar radiation received at the surface of the earth, apart from its relevance to several daily human activities, plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. The aim of the current work was to develop and gauge an estimation model for the evaluation of the global solar radiation flux density as a function of the solar energy potential at soil surface. Radiometric data were collected at Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil (latitude 25º13' S, longitude 50º03' W, altitude 880 m). Estimated values of solar energy potential obtained as a function of only one measurement taken at solar noon time were confronted with those measured by a Robitzsch bimetalic actinograph, for days that presented insolation ratios higher than 0.85. This data set was submitted to a simple linear regression analysis, having been obtained a good adjustment between observed and calculated values. For the estimation of the coefficients a and b of Angström's equation, the method based on the solar energy potential at soil surface was used for the site under study. The methodology was efficient to assess the coefficients, aiming at the determination of the global solar radiation flux density, whith quickness and simplicity, having also found out that the criterium for the estimation of the solar energy potential is equivalent to that of the classical methodology of Angström. Knowledge of the available solar energy potential and global solar radiation flux density is of great importance for the estimation of the maximum atmospheric evaporative demand, of water consumption by irrigated crops, and also for building solar engineering equipment, such as driers, heaters, solar ovens, refrigerators, etc.
A radiação solar recebida na superfície do solo, além de sua relevância a diversas atividades humanas diárias, desempenha um papel importante no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e aferir um modelo de estimativa da densidade de fluxo de radiação solar global, em função do potencial de energia solar à superfície, no município de Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil (latitude 25º13' S, longitude 50º03' W, altitude 880 m). Os valores estimados do potencial de energia solar obtidos em função de apenas uma medida realizada na passagem meridiana do sol foram confrontados com os valores medidos por um actinógrafo de placa bimetálica de Robitzsch para aqueles dias que apresentaram razão de insolação superior a 0,85. Este conjunto de dados foi submetido a uma análise de regressão linear simples, obtendo-se bom ajuste entre valores observados e calculados. Foi utilizado o método baseado no potencial de energia solar à superfície para estimativa dos coeficientes a e b da equação de Angström para a localidade em questão. A metodologia foi eficiente para quantificar a densidade de fluxo de radiação solar global, com rapidez e simplicidade, bem como revelaram que o critério de estimativa do potencial de energia solar gerou valores equivalentes aqueles obtidos pela metodologia clássica de Angström. O conhecimento do potencial de energia solar disponível e da densidade de fluxo de radiação global é de suma importância na estimativa da demanda máxima de evaporação, do consumo hídrico de culturas irrigadas e para o dimensionamento de artifícios de engenharia solar, tais como secadores, aquecedores, fogões solares, refrigeradores etc.
RESUMO
The solar radiation received at the surface of the earth, apart from its relevance to several daily human activities, plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. The aim of the current work was to develop and gauge an estimation model for the evaluation of the global solar radiation flux density as a function of the solar energy potential at soil surface. Radiometric data were collected at Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil (latitude 25º13' S, longitude 50º03' W, altitude 880 m). Estimated values of solar energy potential obtained as a function of only one measurement taken at solar noon time were confronted with those measured by a Robitzsch bimetalic actinograph, for days that presented insolation ratios higher than 0.85. This data set was submitted to a simple linear regression analysis, having been obtained a good adjustment between observed and calculated values. For the estimation of the coefficients a and b of Angström's equation, the method based on the solar energy potential at soil surface was used for the site under study. The methodology was efficient to assess the coefficients, aiming at the determination of the global solar radiation flux density, whith quickness and simplicity, having also found out that the criterium for the estimation of the solar energy potential is equivalent to that of the classical methodology of Angström. Knowledge of the available solar energy potential and global solar radiation flux density is of great importance for the estimation of the maximum atmospheric evaporative demand, of water consumption by irrigated crops, and also for building solar engineering equipment, such as driers, heaters, solar ovens, refrigerators, etc.
A radiação solar recebida na superfície do solo, além de sua relevância a diversas atividades humanas diárias, desempenha um papel importante no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e aferir um modelo de estimativa da densidade de fluxo de radiação solar global, em função do potencial de energia solar à superfície, no município de Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil (latitude 25º13' S, longitude 50º03' W, altitude 880 m). Os valores estimados do potencial de energia solar obtidos em função de apenas uma medida realizada na passagem meridiana do sol foram confrontados com os valores medidos por um actinógrafo de placa bimetálica de Robitzsch para aqueles dias que apresentaram razão de insolação superior a 0,85. Este conjunto de dados foi submetido a uma análise de regressão linear simples, obtendo-se bom ajuste entre valores observados e calculados. Foi utilizado o método baseado no potencial de energia solar à superfície para estimativa dos coeficientes a e b da equação de Angström para a localidade em questão. A metodologia foi eficiente para quantificar a densidade de fluxo de radiação solar global, com rapidez e simplicidade, bem como revelaram que o critério de estimativa do potencial de energia solar gerou valores equivalentes aqueles obtidos pela metodologia clássica de Angström. O conhecimento do potencial de energia solar disponível e da densidade de fluxo de radiação global é de suma importância na estimativa da demanda máxima de evaporação, do consumo hídrico de culturas irrigadas e para o dimensionamento de artifícios de engenharia solar, tais como secadores, aquecedores, fogões solares, refrigeradores etc.
RESUMO
Only recently have studies addressed the effect of early-colonizing vegetation on tree seedling survival and growth during secondary succession in tropical old fields, and few studies have elucidated the physiological responses of tree seedlings to different vegetational communities. We compared growth and various photosynthetic parameters for seedlings of four rain-forest tree species, Cedrela tonduzii, Inga punctata, Ocotea whitei, and Tapirira mexicana, growing in areas of pasture grass and shrubs in early-successional abandoned pasture in Costa Rica; in addition, we made measurements for two species in forest gaps. We tested the general hypothesis that early-colonizing shrubs facilitate growth of forest tree seedlings. Specifically, we measured microclimate, growth, CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, photosystem II quantum yield (ΦPSII), and xanthophyll pigment pools for all seedlings. Photosynthetic flux density (PFD) was higher under grass than shrubs or forest gaps, but was highly variable in each growth environment. For three of the four species, height growth was greatest in the grass compared to the shrubs and forest gaps; growth was similar below grass and shrubs for O. whitei. Photosynthetic capacity, apparent quantum yield, and stomatal conductance did not vary across habitats, but light compensation point and PFD at light saturation tended to be higher in the grass compared to forest and shrub growth environments. Water use efficiency differed across growth environments for three of the species. For plants in ambient PFD and dark-adapted plants, the efficiency of excitation energy transfer through PSII was lowest for plants in the grass compared to shrubs and forest gaps and also differed across species. Measurement of steady-state responses of ΦPSII to increasing PFD indicated a significant effect of growth environment at low PFD for all species and significant effects at high PFD only for I. punctata. All species exhibited a high degree of midday xanthophyll de-epoxidation in the different growth environments. Xanthophyll pigment pool size on an area basis was highest in the grass compared to shrubs and forest gaps for all four species. The results suggest that shrubs do not provide a facilitative effect for growth or photosynthesis for ~1.5-year-old seedlings of these four species. We conclude that site differences in success of tree seedlings during succession are a result of complex interactions of facilitation and competition and are not simply based on physiological responses to PFD.