Follicular Dynamics and Pregnancy Rates during Foal Heat in Colombian Paso Fino Mares Bred under Permanent Grazing.

No studies have evaluated the peripartum follicular dynamics resulting in foal heat under tropical environments. We aimed to assess retrospectively the peripartum follicular dynamics in Colombian Paso Fino mares that were inseminated at the foal heat, becoming pregnant or not. Records including follicular dynamics of pregnant mares prepartum and from foaling until foal heat ovulation were assessed in Colombian Paso Fino mares (CPF, n = 24) bred under permanent grazing in a tropical herd in Colombia. The number of ovarian follicles >10 mm before foaling and the largest follicle (F1) growth rate (mm/day) from foaling until the F1 reached the largest diameter (pre-ovulatory size) at the foal heat were assessed. Mares were inseminated at foal heat with 20 mL of semen (at least 500 million live spermatozoa) with >75% motility and 80% viability from a stallion of proven fertility. Ovulation was confirmed the day after follicles had reached the largest diameter. Quantitative data from follicular growth, the day at ovulation, from mares that became pregnant (PM) or not (NPM) at 16 days post-insemination were compared by one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA (follicle growth rate data) or Chi-square test (edema and cytology scores data). Epidemiological data, gestation length, and the number of follicles on third prepartum days did not significantly differ between PM and NPM (p > 0.05). Seventy-one percent of mares (17/24) got pregnant. Ovulatory follicles grew faster in the NPM group (n = 7), which ovulated between the seventh and ninth postpartum days, compared to PM (n = 17), which ovulated between the 11th and 13th postpartum days. Pre-ovulatory follicle diameter in PM (48.57 ± 0.8 mm) was significantly larger than in NPM (42.99 ± 1.0 mm) (p < 0.05). In addition, the PM edema score (2.93 ± 0.32 mm) on ovulation day was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than NPM (4.47 ± 0.05 mm). First postpartum ovulation occurred at 12.6 ± 0.3 and 8.5 ± 0.4 days (p < 0.05) in PM and NPM, respectively. Colombian Paso Fino mares bred under permanent grazing under tropical rainforest conditions with no foaling or postpartum complications showed a 71% gestation rate when inseminated at foal heat when ovulation occurs between the second and third postpartum week.

Equine Placentitis in Mares Induces the Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine eIL-1ß and the Active Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9.

Equine placentitis is characterized by infection and inflammation of the placenta. Different biomarkers associated with this inflammatory response have been evaluated in experimentally induced equine placentitis, but not in pregnant mares with spontaneous placentitis. The aim of the current study was to determine the concentration of eIL-1ß and the activity of proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 in the serum of healthy mares and mares with placentitis on days 240 and 320 of gestation to explore whether these biomarkers are associated with equine maternal placentitis and/or with the birth of an infected or inviable foals. Serum samples were collected from sixteen pregnant English Thoroughbred mares, retrospectively classified as follows: (1) healthy mares with full-term gestation; and (2) mares with ultrasonographic signs of placentitis. The health of each foal was examined at birth, and it was decided to classify the cases into four groups: (1) healthy mares delivering a healthy foals (HM-HF, n = 6); (2) mares with USP delivering a healthy foal (USP-HF, n = 3); (3) mares with USP delivering a live septic foal (USP-LSeF, n = 4); and (4) mares with USP delivering a dead foal (USP-DF, n = 3). eIL-1ß was quantified by ELISA, and proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activity by gelatin zymography electrophoresis. In healthy mares, the serum concentrations of eIL-1ß underwent a significant 16.5-fold increase from day 240 to day 320 of gestation. Although similar results were found in the mares with ultrasonographic signs of placentitis that delivered a healthy foal, those delivering a live septic or nonviable foal exhibited much higher concentrations of eIL-1ß. proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activity was not associated with maternal placentitis, foal infection, or death. Hence, the presence of placentitis severe enough to affect the health of the foal can be confirmed or discarded by determining the eIL-1ß concentration in mares that have shown ultrasonographic signs of placentitis.

Potential outbreak by herpesvirus in equines: detection, clinical, and genetic analysis of equid gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV-2).

BACKGROUND: Equid herpesvirus (EHV) commonly affects horses causing neurologic and respiratory symptoms beside spontaneous abortions, meaning huge economic losses for equine industry worldwide. In foals, the virus can facilitate secondary infections by Rhodococcus equi, important in morbidity and mortality in equines. A total of five genotypes of EHV were previously described in Brazil including EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-3, EHV-4, and EHV-5. EHV-2 genotype had only been previously described in Brazil in asymptomatic animals. We report the investigation of the dead of 11 foals in Middle-west region of Brazil showing respiratory and neurological symptoms, as well as several abortions in mares from the same farm. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory exams were performed in this case study. Lung, whole blood, serum, and plasma samples were analyzed by necroscopic and histopathologic techniques followed by molecular assays (conventional and qPCR and Sanger sequencing). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Laboratory exams revealed neutrophilia leukocytosis. Necroscopic and histopathologic findings were suppurative bronchopneumonia and ulcerative enteritis. Molecular assays point to the absence of the bacteria Rhodococcus equi and other viruses (including other EHV). The presence of EHV-2 DNA was confirmed by sequencing in serum sample from one foal. This is the first confirmed outbreak of EHV-2 causing disease in Brazilian horses with confirmed presence of the virus, and which highlight the important role of EHV-2 in equine respiratory disease and spontaneous abortions in equid in Brazil.

Surgical correction of metatarsal angular deviation in a Thoroughbred filly using wedge metatarsal ostectomy: a case report / Correção cirúrgica de desvio angular metatársico em uma potra Puro-Sangue utilizando ostectomia em cunha: um relato de caso

This study describes a corrective procedure for a metatarsal angular malformation using wedge ostectomy in a 41-day-old Thoroughbred filly. A 41.6 °angular malformation of the metatarsus was corrected with wedge ostectomy of the left hindlimb in association with a type II external fixator and methyl methacrylate resin. The animal was subjected to the surgical procedure under general anesthesia. The filly was placed in dorsal recumbency with the left hind limb free for manipulation. A bone saw was used for the wedge ostectomy, while the bars for external fixation were placed using a drill. A Kirschner pin and acrylic resin were then applied. Radiographic images obtained immediately after surgery confirmed a total malformation reduction of 32.6 (from 41.6° to 9°). With medication and a Robert Jones bandage, intensive postoperative care was instituted to ensure that the animal adapted properly to the linear external fixator without overloading the pins and connection bars. No postoperative complications were observed. On the day after surgery, the filly was standing and walking with no signs of pain. After 180 days, total osseous calcification was achieved, and the implants were removed during the second surgery. The filly demonstrated adequate locomotion, performed all the movements, and ran without any difficulty in the paddock. The remaining discrete angular deviations were partially corrected using hoof trimming.

O objetivo desse estudo é descrever o procedimento de correção da malformação de desvio angular metatársico, utilizando ostectomia em cunha, em uma potra puro-sangue de 41 dias de idade. Uma malformação metatársica angular de 41.6º foi corrigida com a técnica de ostectomia em cunha, em associação com fixador externo tipo II e resina de metilmetacrilato, no membro pélvico esquerdo. O animal foi submetido à cirurgia sob protocolo de anestesia geral. A potra foi posicionada em decúbito dorsal, com o membro pélvico esquerdo livre para manipulação. Para a realização da ostectomia em cunha, foi utilizada uma serra óssea. Para a instalação das barras do fixador externo, uma furadeira foi utilizada e, para fixá-los, pinos de Kirschner e resina acrílica foram aplicados. Logo após a cirurgia, imagens radiográficas foram obtidas para confirmar a redução total de 32,6º (de 41,6º para 9º) de angulação. Para garantir que o animal se adaptasse ao fixador externo linear e não sobrecarregasse os pinos e barras, foram instituídos cuidados pós-operatórios intensos, com medicações e bandagem de Robert Jones. Não houve complicações no pós-operatório. No dia seguinte à cirurgia, a potra estava em pé, caminhando e sem sinais de dor. Após 180 dias, alcançou total calcificação óssea e os implantes puderam ser removidos em um segundo tempo cirúrgico. A potra demonstrou locomoção adequada, realizando todos os movimentos normais e pôde correr pelo pasto sem dificuldades. Um discreto desvio angular remanescente foi parcialmente corrigido por casqueamento.

First Case Report of Aspergillary Rhinopharyngitis in a Foal From Chile.

We present the first case of rhinopharyngitis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in a purebred Chilean horse. Clinically, manifested mucopurulent discharge from both nostrils, inflammation of the nasal, ocular, and ear mucosa; associated with decay and hyporexia. Based on the clinical signs and analysis of the mycological and molecular transtracheal aspirate sample, the present case was diagnosed as Aspergillus fumigatus rhinopharyngitis. After the antifungal susceptibility test, oral itraconazole treatment was maintained for 45 days, showing no clinical sign.

Body and testicular biometry of Crioulo stallions / Biometria corporal e testicular de garanhões da raça Crioula

Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC) establishes minimal and maximal body biometrics evaluation; although, nothing is mentioned about testicular measurements. Body and testicular growth are associated and related to age. We described data regarding body and testicular biometry of Crioulo stallions, with a comparative study between young and adult categories. Evaluation was performed in 56 stallions, Crioulo breed, split in: youngsters (3 and 4 years-old, n=16) and adults (above 5 years-old, n=40). Body biometry included weight, height, cannon bone and chest circumference, body score condition and neck fat accumulation. Testicular biometry included height, length, width, volume, combined volume and daily sperm output (DSO). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistic, Pearson correlation, comparison between means by Kruskal Wallis, being P < 0.05 considered significant. There was no significant difference between the parameters of body and testicular biometrics between categories young and adult. In relation to height, the average was very close to the lower limit established, while chest and cannon bone circumference were above the minimum recommended by ABCCC. Cannon bone circumference presented a positive correlation with height. Most of stallions presented excessive body fat, with a body score condition above 8 (scale 1-9). Neck fat accumulation presented a positive correlation with body score condition. Testicular height, length, width and volume presented a positive correlation between the ipsi and contralateral testicle, total testicular volume and DSO. In conclusion, no difference in the body and testicular biometric evaluation was observed between young and adult Crioulo stallions. Testicular and body growth are associated and also related to age, so our finding suggested that after 3-4 years-old most of Crioulo stallions have already reached maximum growth.

A Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Cavalos Crioulos (ABCCC) define parâmetros mínimos e máximos para algumas aferições biométricas no corpo do animal, embora nada seja mencionado sobre medidas testiculares. O crescimento corporal e testicular estão associados e relacionados a idade do animal. Objetivamos descrever parâmetros relacionados a biometria corporal e testicular de garanhões Crioulos, comparando o grupo de jovens e adultos. Foi realizada avaliação em 56 garanhões Crioulos, divididos em: jovens (três e quatro anos, n=16) e adultos (acima de cinco anos, n=40). A biometria corporal incluiu peso, altura, circunferência de canela, perímetro torácico, escore corporal e acúmulo de gordura no pescoço. A biometria testicular incluiu altura, comprimento, largura, volume de cada testículo, volume combinado dos testículos e estimativa de produção diária de espermatozoides (DSO). Com os dados, foi realizada estatística descritiva, correlação de Pearson, comparação entre médias com Kruskal Wallis, sendo considerado significativo quando P < 0,05. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as avaliações biométricas e testiculares de garanhões das categorias jovens e adultos. Em relação à altura, a média foi muito próxima ao limite inferior estabelecido, enquanto a circunferência torácica e de canela estavam acima do limite mínimo recomendado pela ABCCC. A circunferência de canela apresentou correlação positiva com altura. A maioria dos garanhões apresentou alta deposição de gordura, com condição corporal acima de 8 (escala 1-9). O acúmulo de gordura no pescoço apresentou correlação positiva com escore corporal. A altura, largura, comprimento e volume testicular apresentaram correlação positiva com testículo ipsi e contralateral, volume testicular total e DSO. Em conclusão, não houve diferença entre dados de biometria corporal e testicular de garanhões Crioulos adultos e jovens. O crescimento corporal e testicular estão associados e relacionados a idade, sendo assim, nossos resultados sugerem que após 3-4 anos de idade, a maioria dos garanhões Crioulos já atingiu seu pico de desenvolvimento.

Hematological responses to hyperimmune plasma low dose administration in foals during weaning / Respostas hematológicas da administração de baixa dose de plasma hiperimune em potros no período de desmame

Weaning is a development stage that brings maternal independence, change of management and feeding, leading to immune deficit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical parameters of foals in weaning phase after intravenous administration of hyperimmune plasma (1 mL/Kg) in low dose. Ten foal weaned from the Mangalarga Machador breed were used, being divided in control (GC; n=5) and treated group (GT; n=5). The results obtained show that hematological and biochemical parameters of foals that received low doses of hyperimmune plasma were within the reference range for the equine species.

O desmame é uma fase do desenvolvimento que traz independência materna, mudança de manejo e alimentação, levando ao déficit imunológico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de potros em fase de desmame após administração intravenosa de plasma hiperimune (1 mL / Kg) em baixa dose. Foram utilizados dez potros des-mamados da raça Mangalarga Machador, sendo divididos em grupo controle (GC; n = 5) e grupo tratado (GT; n = 5). Os resul-tados obtidos mostram que os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de potros que receberam baixas doses de plasma hiperi-mune estavam dentro da faixa de referência para a espécie equina.

Hematological responses to hyperimmune plasma low dose administration in foals during weaning / Respostas hematológicas da administração de baixa dose de plasma hiperimune em potros no período de desmame

Weaning is a development stage that brings maternal independence, change of management and feeding, leading to immune deficit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical parameters of foals in weaning phase after intravenous administration of hyperimmune plasma (1 mL/Kg) in low dose. Ten foal weaned from the Mangalarga Machador breed were used, being divided in control (GC; n=5) and treated group (GT; n=5). The results obtained show that hematological and biochemical parameters of foals that received low doses of hyperimmune plasma were within the reference range for the equine species.(AU)

O desmame é uma fase do desenvolvimento que traz independência materna, mudança de manejo e alimentação, levando ao déficit imunológico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de potros em fase de desmame após administração intravenosa de plasma hiperimune (1 mL / Kg) em baixa dose. Foram utilizados dez potros des-mamados da raça Mangalarga Machador, sendo divididos em grupo controle (GC; n = 5) e grupo tratado (GT; n = 5). Os resul-tados obtidos mostram que os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de potros que receberam baixas doses de plasma hiperi-mune estavam dentro da faixa de referência para a espécie equina.(AU)

Practical procedures to body weight estimation and correction factors applied to Campolina horses

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the following six body weight (BW) estimation methods in Campolina (CAM) horses: A - weight tape placed at three different positions on the animal's thorax; B - Crevat and Quetelet's formula; C - Hall's formula; D - Hintz and Griffiths's table; E - Santos's table; and F - Cintra's formula. A total of 380 CAM horses were separated according to sex, age class, and gestational stage and evaluated. To determine their accuracy, weights measured on a scale and weight estimates of the six methods were compared by paired t-test, mean prediction error (MPE), and coefficient of determination (R²), using R software. The predictive capacity of method F was lower in the 6-12 months age class, so this formula is not indicated. The BW was overestimated compared with the actual weight by methods A (with weight tape placed in position 3) and B and underestimated by method C. Methods D and E accurately estimated BW of CAM horses. Correction factors are required to accurately estimate BW in this breed using methods B and C. Method A with the weight tape placed in position 2 is the most accurate for predicting BW, including pregnant female horses, and can, therefore, be considered the most suitable method for estimating BW of CAM horses.

Monitoramento do parto em éguas / Monitoring the parturition in mares

O objetivo do presente é explorar aspectos da fisiologia do final da gestação em éguas, com foco na maturação do feto e monitoramento do parto nessa espécie. Inúmeras são as particularidades na endocrinologia da gestação, que culminam em uma ampla variação no tempo de gestação na égua e uma tardia maturação orgânica no potro, que se completa somente após o nascimento. A primeira fase do parto é considerada prodrômica, marcada pela inquietação e desconforto na égua, e movimentação do potro para apresentação longitudinal anterior, posição dorso-sacra e atitude estendida. A segunda fase do parto é o momento crítico e rápido que inicia com a ruptura do corioalantóide e não deve ultrapassar 30 minutos, desde a ruptura da placenta até a expulsão completa do potro neonato. A terceira fase é caracterizada pela expulsão da placenta, a qual deve ser avaliada pelo obstetra. O monitoramento do potro neonato é marcado pela observação dos reflexos posturais e comportamentais, além do exame físico e exames complementares. O momento do parto é decisivo na vida do potro neonato, sendo necessária a compreensão que o monitoramento dessa etapa é uma estratégia de ação que só alcança sucesso quando realizado de forma continuada ao acompanhamento obstétrico sistemático.

The purpose of this article is to examine the physiological characteristics of the final third of pregnancy in mares, with a particular emphasis on fetal maturation and parturition monitoring. There are numerous peculiarities in the endocrinology of equine pregnancy, culminating in a wide variation in the length of gestation in the mare and a delayed systemic maturation in the foal, which is completed only after birth. The first stage of labor, also known as prodromal stage, is characterized by restlessness and discomfort of the mare, as well as the foal's transition to anterior longitudinal presentation, dorso-sacral position, and extended attitude. The second stage labor is a critical and rapid period that begins with the chorioallantois rupture and should last no more than 30 minutes, from the rupture of the placenta to the complete expulsion of the neonatal foal. The third stage is characterized by the elimination of the placenta, which must be evaluated by the veterinarian. The assessment of the neonatal foal is performed by the observation of righting reflexes, in addition to physical examination and complementary exams. The parturition is a decisive moment in the life of the foal, and it is necessary to understand that monitoring this stage is an action strategy that only achieves success when carried out continuously with systematic obstetric follow-up.

Síndrome do mau ajustamento neonatal em potros: foco em neuroesteróides / Foal mal adjustment syndrome: focus on neurosteroids

O processo de transição do feto para a vida extra-uterina é considerado um período crítico que requer complexas adaptações fisiológicas do potro neonato. Eventos estressores de origem hipóxicoisquêmicas no periparto podem desencadear um quadro de encefalopatia neonatal equina, também conhecida como síndrome do mau ajustamento neonatal. O diagnóstico é feito baseado na avaliação clínica e na anamnese e avaliação do histórico da gestação. Casos leves a moderados tem prognóstico favorável. É imprescindível o entendimento da endocrinologia da gestação, do papel dos neuroesteróides no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso fetal para que o estabelecimento precoce da terapia adequada seja realizado de maneira bem sucedida. Assim, o objetivo do presente é abordar os principais aspectos clínicos e fisiopatológicos da Síndrome do Mau Ajustamento Neonatal em neonatos equinos, com foco especial no papel dos neuroesteróides durante a maturação cerebral do feto no terço final da gestação e na transição para a vida extra-uterina.

The transition from fetus to extrauterine life is considered a critical period that requires complex physiological adaptations on the part of the newborn foal. Peripartum hypoxic-ischemic stressors can result in equine neonatal encephalopathy, also known to as neonatal maladjustment syndrome. The diagnosis is made based on clinical examination, anamnesis, and a review of the mare’s pregnancy history. Cases that are mild to moderate in severity have a favorable prognosis. It is critical to understand the endocrinology of pregnancy and the role of neurosteroids in the development of the fetal nervous system in order to successfully initiate appropriate therapy early. Thus, the purpose of this article is to discuss the major clinical and pathophysiological aspects of neonatal maladjustment syndrome in equine neonates, with a particular emphasis on the role of neurosteroids during fetal brain maturation in the final third of pregnancy and during the transition to extrauterine life.

Correcting Campylorrhinus Lateralis in a Foal by Bone Distraction: A Case Report.

Campylorrhinus lateralis, also known as "wry nose," is a congenital malformation that mainly affects Thoroughbreds. These horses have a unilateral deviation of the maxillae that may be to one side or the other side, and it causes airway obstruction and dental malocclusion. The choice of treatment is not necessarily operation; however, the treatment of choice, which aims to repair the maxillae deviation, is surgical to improve the horse's respiratory condition and correct the dental occlusion. There are currently no reports describing the first surgical technique for such deformity described by Valdez et al. The present study describes the case of a 2-month-old foal of the Mangalarga Marchador breed that was diagnosed with wry nose. The foal presented with accentuated maxillae deviation to the right side, malocclusion of the incisor teeth, and respiratory noises. After diagnosis and physical examination, the foal was treated by surgical correction of the deviation. To correct the deviation, the bone distraction technique with unilateral osteotomy of the right maxillae and fixation of the external bone distractor was chosen. After 90 days, the bone distractor was removed; consequently, malocclusion of the incisors was greatly improved, and respiratory noises were eliminated.

Assessment of the immunocrit method to detect failure of passive immunity in newborn foals.

BACKGROUND: In newborn foals the absorption of colostrum immunoglobulins in the small intestine is maximal up to 8 hours after birth and then progressively decreases to become null after 24 hours post-partum. Thus, equine practitioners need a simple, quick, inexpensive and reliable field test to identify foals affected by failure of passive transfer rather than an accurate method yielding quantitative results within the whole range of immunoglobulin concentrations. OBJECTIVE: As the validity of the immunocrit method to detect failure of passive transfer in foals had not been evaluated before, the objective of this study was to test the ability of this method to detect the concentration of immunoglobulins in a large number of foal serum samples. STUDY DESIGN: Assay validation using samples collected for clinical purposes. METHODS: The immunocrit test, using a 40% ammonium sulphate solution, was used to measure the concentration of immunoglobulins in serum samples from 211 newborn Thoroughbred foals. The results were compared, by statistical analysis, with those of agarose gel electrophoresis, a reference quantitative method. RESULTS: The values obtained by the immunocrit method were significantly correlated (R = .871; P < .001) with those measured by agarose gel electrophoresis. A cut-off value of 8 g/L of serum immunoglobulins by agarose gel electrophoresis and its equivalent of 9.5% for the immunocrit test was indicative of failure of passive transfer. The sensitivity and specificity of the immunocrit method at this cut-off point were 94% (95% CI, 90-97.3) and 82% (95% CI, 72.13-91.8) respectively. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Variable times of sample extraction after colostrum suckling, over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The immunocrit test provides a quantitative, quick, inexpensive, reliable and objective method to detect failure of passive transfer of maternal immunity in newborn foals, which is easy to perform directly in horse farms, with minimum laboratory equipment.

Deformidade flexural em potro / Flexural deformity in foal

As deformidades flexurais são caracterizadas pelo desvio da orientação normal do membro, detectadas pela permanente hiperflexão de uma ou mais regiões articulares. O termo deformidade flexural ou tendões contraídos tem sido utilizado tradicionalmente para representar várias deformidades flexoras nos membros. Todavia, o potencial para contração deste tecido é limitado. O defeito primário não está necessariamente no tendão. As deformidades flexurais congênitas devem ser tratadas imediatamente após o seu diagnóstico, com a severidade da deformidade ditando o quão agressivo será o tratamento. Quanto mais novo for o potro, melhor a resposta ao tratamento, devido ao fato de que os tecidos se tornam menos responsivos ao tratamento com o passar do tempo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de deformidade flexural em um potro submetido a tratamento conservativo. Foi atendido pelo HGV-Hospital Geral Veterinário, em Aquiraz, um potro, macho, não castrado, com cinco dias de idade, pesando aproximadamente 50kg, o proprietário relatou que após o nascimento o potro estava com os cascos projetados dorsalmente e com dificuldade de locomoção. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se que o potro apresentava hiperflexão bilateral dos membros torácicos, ocasionando deformidade flexural metacarpofalangeana e interfalangeana. Após o diagnóstico foi instituído tratamento à base de oxitetraciclina e tiocochilcosideo e o uso de talas de PVC. O tratamento conservativo com uso da oxitetraciclina e do tiocolchicosídeo no caso de deformidade flexural no potro do presente relato foi eficiente, revertendo o quadro sem trazer sequelas ao potro.(AU)

Flexural deformities are characterized by deviation from the normal orientation of the limb, detected by the permanent hyperflexion of one or more joint regions. The term flexural deformity or contracted tendons has traditionally been used to represent various flexor deformities in the limbs. However, the potential for contraction of this tissue is limited. The primary defect is not necessarily in the tendon. Congenital flexural deformities should be treated immediately after diagnosis, with the severity of the deformity dictating how aggressive the treatment will be. The younger the foal, the better the response to treatment, due to the fact that the tissues become less responsive to treatment over time. The present study aimed to report a case of flexural deformity in a foal submitted to conservative treatment. Was attended by HGV-Hospital Geral Veterinário, in Aquiraz, a foal, male, uncastrated, with five days of age, weighing approximately 50kg, the owner reported that after birth the foal had its hooves projected dorsally and with difficulty in locomotion. On clinical examination, it was found that the foal had bilateral hyperflexion of the thoracic limbs, causing metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal flexural deformity. After the diagnosis, treatment based on oxytetracycline and thiocochylcoside was instituted and the use of PVC splints. Conservative treatment with the use of oxytetracycline and thiocolchicoside in the case of flexural deformity in the foal of the present report was efficient, reversing the condition without causing sequels to the foal.(AU)

Deformidade flexural em potro / Flexural deformity in foal

As deformidades flexurais são caracterizadas pelo desvio da orientação normal do membro, detectadas pela permanente hiperflexão de uma ou mais regiões articulares. O termo deformidade flexural ou tendões contraídos tem sido utilizado tradicionalmente para representar várias deformidades flexoras nos membros. Todavia, o potencial para contração deste tecido é limitado. O defeito primário não está necessariamente no tendão. As deformidades flexurais congênitas devem ser tratadas imediatamente após o seu diagnóstico, com a severidade da deformidade ditando o quão agressivo será o tratamento. Quanto mais novo for o potro, melhor a resposta ao tratamento, devido ao fato de que os tecidos se tornam menos responsivos ao tratamento com o passar do tempo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de deformidade flexural em um potro submetido a tratamento conservativo. Foi atendido pelo HGV-Hospital Geral Veterinário, em Aquiraz, um potro, macho, não castrado, com cinco dias de idade, pesando aproximadamente 50kg, o proprietário relatou que após o nascimento o potro estava com os cascos projetados dorsalmente e com dificuldade de locomoção. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se que o potro apresentava hiperflexão bilateral dos membros torácicos, ocasionando deformidade flexural metacarpofalangeana e interfalangeana. Após o diagnóstico foi instituído tratamento à base de oxitetraciclina e tiocochilcosideo e o uso de talas de PVC. O tratamento conservativo com uso da oxitetraciclina e do tiocolchicosídeo no caso de deformidade flexural no potro do presente relato foi eficiente, revertendo o quadro sem trazer sequelas ao potro.

Flexural deformities are characterized by deviation from the normal orientation of the limb, detected by the permanent hyperflexion of one or more joint regions. The term flexural deformity or contracted tendons has traditionally been used to represent various flexor deformities in the limbs. However, the potential for contraction of this tissue is limited. The primary defect is not necessarily in the tendon. Congenital flexural deformities should be treated immediately after diagnosis, with the severity of the deformity dictating how aggressive the treatment will be. The younger the foal, the better the response to treatment, due to the fact that the tissues become less responsive to treatment over time. The present study aimed to report a case of flexural deformity in a foal submitted to conservative treatment. Was attended by HGV-Hospital Geral Veterinário, in Aquiraz, a foal, male, uncastrated, with five days of age, weighing approximately 50kg, the owner reported that after birth the foal had its hooves projected dorsally and with difficulty in locomotion. On clinical examination, it was found that the foal had bilateral hyperflexion of the thoracic limbs, causing metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal flexural deformity. After the diagnosis, treatment based on oxytetracycline and thiocochylcoside was instituted and the use of PVC splints. Conservative treatment with the use of oxytetracycline and thiocolchicoside in the case of flexural deformity in the foal of the present report was efficient, reversing the condition without causing sequels to the foal.

Individual differences in behavior and heart rate variability across the preweaning period in the domestic horse in response to an ecologically relevant stressor.

The study of individual differences in behavior and physiology has attracted considerable interest among behavioral biologists. Important questions include how early in life such differences emerge and to what extent they remain stable across development. Due to the demanding nature of longitudinal studies, there is still a lack of information on this in mammals, especially in large, long-lived species. Our aim in this study was to look for stable individual differences in behavior and physiology during early development in the domestic horse and for correlations between the two parameters. We tested 30 Azteca-breed foals kept under standard conditions by briefly separating them from their mother in four repeated tests beginning at the first postnatal week until the foals were six months old, before they were weaned. Individual differences in behavior and heart rate variability of foals in response to brief maternal separations were consistent and were correlated from a very early age. These findings contribute to an understanding of the expression of individual differences in physiology and behavior from a developmental perspective and may help in the future selection of horses for functional contexts that require different levels of reactivity, thereby contributing to horse welfare and to human safety and economy.

Monitoramento da gestação em éguas o que fazer na rotina de campo / Monitoring pregnancy in mares What to do in the field routine

As complicações gestacionais em éguas, em especial no terço final da gestação, representam um grande problema para a indústria equina, podendo acarretar em consequências maternas, fetais e em implicações no próprio potro neonato. A garantia de uma gestação adequada abrange as trocas metabólicas entre o potro e a égua, e a manutenção do adequado ambiente intra-uterino para o desenvolvimento fetal. Assim, objetivo do presente é apresentar métodos de monitoramento de éguas gestantes, com ênfase nas gestações de risco, buscando o nascimento de um potro saudável. Os procedimentos iniciam pela avaliação do histórico e exame regular das éguas. Essa conduta consiste no exame clínico obstétrico, ultrassonografia transretal e transabdominal. Além da avaliação de alguns biomarcadores séricos, ainda que controversos na literatura, como a dosagem de progesterona, estrógenos (estrógenos totais e/ou 17β- estradiol), amiloide A sérica e alfa-feto proteína quando disponíveis.(AU)

Complications in pregnant mares, especially in late gestation, remains a major cause of economic loss for horse breeders. Those could lead maternal, fetal and neonatal implications. Healthy intrauterine environment and on placental efficiency are essential for fetal development. Therefore, the aim of this review is described methods of monitoring pregnant mares to seek a healthy neonatal foal, particularly in a high-risk pregnancy. The first step is the collection of medical histories and systematic clinical examination of the mares. This regular examination realizes clinical obstetric evaluation, transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound exam. In addition to peripheral blood markers assessment, although sometimes controversial, as progesterone, estrogens (total estrogen and/or 17βestradiol), serum amyloide A and alpha-fetoprotein when available.(AU)

Monitoramento da gestação em éguas – o que fazer na rotina de campo / Monitoring pregnancy in mares – What to do in the field routine

As complicações gestacionais em éguas, em especial no terço final da gestação, representam um grande problema para a indústria equina, podendo acarretar em consequências maternas, fetais e em implicações no próprio potro neonato. A garantia de uma gestação adequada abrange as trocas metabólicas entre o potro e a égua, e a manutenção do adequado ambiente intra-uterino para o desenvolvimento fetal. Assim, objetivo do presente é apresentar métodos de monitoramento de éguas gestantes, com ênfase nas gestações de risco, buscando o nascimento de um potro saudável. Os procedimentos iniciam pela avaliação do histórico e exame regular das éguas. Essa conduta consiste no exame clínico obstétrico, ultrassonografia transretal e transabdominal. Além da avaliação de alguns biomarcadores séricos, ainda que controversos na literatura, como a dosagem de progesterona, estrógenos (estrógenos totais e/ou 17β- estradiol), amiloide A sérica e alfa-feto proteína quando disponíveis.

Complications in pregnant mares, especially in late gestation, remains a major cause of economic loss for horse breeders. Those could lead maternal, fetal and neonatal implications. Healthy intrauterine environment and on placental efficiency are essential for fetal development. Therefore, the aim of this review is described methods of monitoring pregnant mares to seek a healthy neonatal foal, particularly in a high-risk pregnancy. The first step is the collection of medical histories and systematic clinical examination of the mares. This regular examination realizes clinical obstetric evaluation, transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound exam. In addition to peripheral blood markers assessment, although sometimes controversial, as progesterone, estrogens (total estrogen and/or 17βestradiol), serum amyloide A and alpha-fetoprotein when available.

Detection, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of G3P[12] and G14P[12] equine rotavirus strains co-circulating in central Kentucky.

Equine rotavirus A (ERVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea in neonatal foals and a major health problem to the equine breeding industry worldwide. The G3P[12] and G14P[12] ERVA genotypes are the most prevalent in foals with diarrhea. Control and prevention strategies include vaccination of pregnant mares with an inactivated vaccine containing a prototype ERVA G3P[12] strain with limited and controversial field efficacy. Here, we performed the molecular characterization of ERVA strains circulating in central Kentucky using fecal samples collected during the 2017 foaling season. The data indicated for the first time that the G14P[12] genotype is predominant in this region in contrast to a previous serotyping study where only G3 genotype strains were reported. Overall, analysis of antigenic sites in the VP7 protein demonstrated the presence of several amino acid substitutions in the epitopes exposed on the surface including a non-conserved N-linked glycosylation site (D123N) in G14P[12] strains, while changes in antigenic sites of VP8* were minor. Also, we report the successful isolation of three ERVA G14P[12] strains which presented a high identity with other G14 strains from around the world. These may constitute ideal reference strains to comparatively study the molecular biology of G3 and G14 strains and perform vaccine efficacy studies following heterologous challenge in the future.