In situ growth of iron incorporated Ni3S2 nanosheet on nickel foam in mediating electron transfer to peroxymonosulfate for pollutant abatement.

Catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants is a well-known and effective technique for pollutant abatement. Unfortunately, this method is significantly hindered in practical applications by the low efficiency and difficult recovery of the catalysts in a powdery form. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) framework of Fe-incorporated Ni3S2 nanosheets in-situ grown on Ni foam (Fe-Ni3S2@NF) was fabricated by a facile two-step hydrothermal process and applied to trigger peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation of organic compounds in water. A homogeneous growth environment enabled the uniform and scalable growth of Fe-Ni3S2 nanosheets on the Ni foam. Fe-Ni3S2@NF possessed outstanding activity and durability in activating PMS, as it effectively facilitated electron transfer from organic pollutants to PMS. Fe-Ni3S2@NF initially supplied electrons to PMS, causing the catalyst to undergo oxidation, and subsequently accepted electrons from organic compounds, returning to its initial state. The introduction of Fe into the Ni3S2 lattice enhanced electrical conductivity, promoting mediated electron transfer between PMS and organic compounds. The 3D conductive Ni foam provided an ideal platform for the nucleation and growth of Fe-Ni3S2, accelerating pollutant abatement due to its porous structure and high conductivity. Furthermore, its monolithic nature simplified the catalyst recycling process. A continuous flow packed-bed reactor by encapsulating Fe-Ni3S2@NF catalyst achieved complete pollutant abatement with continuous operation for 240 h, highlighting its immense potential for practical environmental remediation. This study presents a facile synthesis method for creating a novel type of monolithic catalyst with high activity and durability for decontamination through Fenton-like processes.

Tuning stability, rheology, and fire-extinguishing performance of advanced firefighting foam material by inorganic nanoparticle flame retardants.

HYPOTHESIS: Nanoparticle-stabilized foams are extremely stable, and flame retardant inorganic nanoparticles should be able to add sealing capacity of firefighting foams on flammable liquid fuels, and hence enhance fire extinguishment performance on liquid fuel fire. In practice, how do flame retardant nanoparticles resist the destructive effect of oil molecules on foam and tune foam properties? EXPERIMENTS: We have prepared a nanoparticle-enhanced foam comprising of hydrocarbon surfactant, short-chain fluorocarbon surfactant, and nanoparticles. The interactions among nanoparticles and surfactant molecules were characterized by using dynamic surface tension and conductivity. Stability, rheology, and oil resistivity on liquid fuel of the nanoparticle-enhanced foam were evaluated systematically. Fire suppression effectiveness of the foams was verified based on a standard experiment. FINDINGS: Foam stability and oil resistivity were enhanced due to self-assembled network structures formed by jammed aggregates composed by nanoparticles and surfactants in Plateau borders and bubble films, providing structural recoverability and enhanced viscoelasticity within foam. Foams containing nano-SiO2, nano-CaCO3, nano-Al(OH)3, and nano-Mg(OH)2 show difference in fire extinguishment due to different ability to enhance foam properties. Foam containing nano-Al(OH)3 shows the strongest adaptation and could shorten fire extinguishing time by 2 times and prolong burn-back time by 2.3 times compared with commercial product.

Stable selenium nickel-iron electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline and natural seawater.

The development of efficient and stable catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in seawater presents a major challenge for hydrogen production through water electrolysis. In this work, we present a stable NiFe foam catalyst with a Se-doped Ni/Fe oxide surface prepared through a combination of chemical vapor deposition and electrochemical exfoliation. This method effectively modifies the surface of the commercial NiFe foam to a rough and stable Se-doped Ni/Fe oxide surface, displaying exceptional OER performance in both freshwater and seawater with more than 54 days stability in natural seawater. Characterizations reveal Ni-Se doped Fe oxide surface, with subsurface layers consisting of Ni alloyed with a moderate concentration of Fe, optimizes the adsorption free energy of oxygen-containing intermediates. Our results demonstrate a surface engineering approach to activate NiFe foam as a robust OER catalyst for seawater electrolysis, which is beneficial for the hydrogen economy and for the environment.

Co-doped cryptomelane-type manganese oxide in situ grown on a nickel foam substrate for high humidity ozone decomposition.

Monolithic catalysts with excellent O3 catalytic decomposition performance were prepared by in situ loading of Co-doped KMn8O16 on the surface of nickel foam. The triple-layer structure with Co-doped KMn8O16/Ni6MnO8/Ni foam was grown spontaneously on the surface of nickel foam by tuning the molar ratio of KMnO4 to Co(NO3)2·6H2O precursors. Importantly, the formed Ni6MnO8 structure between KMn8O16 and nickel foam during in situ synthesis process effectively protected nickel foam from further etching, which significantly enhanced the reaction stability of catalyst. The optimum amount of Co doping in KMn8O16 was available when the molar ratio of Mn to Co species in the precursor solution was 2:1. And the Mn2Co1 catalyst had abundant oxygen vacancies and excellent hydrophobicity, thus creating outstanding O3 decomposition activity. The O3 conversion under dry conditions and relative humidity of 65%, 90% over a period of 5 hr was 100%, 94% and 80% with the space velocity of 28,000 hr-1, respectively. The in situ constructed Co-doped KMn8O16/Ni foam catalyst showed the advantages of low price and gradual applicability of the preparation process, which provided an opportunity for the design of monolithic catalyst for O3 catalytic decomposition.

Redefining hemorrhoid therapy with endoscopic polidocanol foam sclerobanding.

Hemorrhoids are a common and painful condition, with conventional treatments such as endoscopic rubber band ligation (ERBL) and injection sclerotherapy often falling short due to high recurrence rates and significant post-operative pain. A clinical trial by Qu et al introduces a novel approach called endoscopic poli-docanol foam sclerobanding (EFSB). This multicenter randomized trial involved 195 patients with grade II and III internal hemorrhoids and demonstrated that EFSB significantly reduced recurrence rates and post-procedural pain while improving symptom relief and patient satisfaction compared to ERBL. The study's strengths include its robust design, comprehensive outcome evaluation, and patient-centered approach. Despite limitations such as the single-blind design and relatively short follow-up period, the findings suggest that EFSB could enhance clinical practice by offering a more effective and patient-friendly treatment option. Further research is needed to validate these results and explore the long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of EFSB.

Nanobubble-enabled foam fractionation to remove algogenic odorous micropollutants.

Due to climate change and environmental pollution, natural lakes and reservoir water suffer increasingly serious algal blooms and associated water quality problems due to the presence of algal or algogenic organic matter (AOM) such as algal odour and toxins. Effective removal of these micropollutants, especially in the event of algal blooms, is critical to aesthetic values of water bodies, drinking water security and human health. The study investigated the removal efficiency of two common odorous compounds, trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin) and 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB), using foam fractionation enabled by air nanobubbles with addition of two common cationic and anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), to enhance foaming ability and stability. The results showed that the cationic surfactant (i.e., CTAB), a low pH, and high ionic strength significantly promoted the removal of geosmin and 2-MIB. For example, the removal tests using the synthetic water determined that the conditions of pH = 7, [CTAB] = 20 mg·L-1 and IS = 10 mM as NaCl resulted in both the highest geosmin removal rate of 91.81% and highest 2-MIB removal rate of 85.0%. The removal of two odorous compounds in real lake water was evaluated, which yielded removal rates of 83.2% for geosmin and 48.1% for 2-MIB, highlighting the minor inhibition from water matrixes on the removal performances. Compared to microbubbles, nanobubbles enabled greater surface areas of foam and higher removal efficiencies. The study provided new insights into the use of foam fractionation with air nanobubbles to enhance the removal of odorous compounds from impaired water and mitigate the negative environmental and health impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs).

Performance and mechanism of diclofenac adsorption onto 3D poly(m-phenylenediamine)-grafted melamine foam via batch experiment and theoretical studies.

Seeking highly efficient adsorbents for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) removal has been a worldwide continuing endeavor. In this study, a new 3D composite material was synthesized by covalently anchoring Poly(m-Phenylenediamine) onto 3D polyvinyl alcohol modified foam framework (PmPD-MF-PVA). PmPD-MF-PVA was characterized and evaluated for its efficacy in removing diclofenac (DCF), a commonly detected PPCPs in both wastewater and surface water. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of PmPD-MF-PVA toward DCF was 1.5 times higher than that of PmPD-MF. The addition of PVA increased deposition area of PmPD, and promoted PmPD loading on the foam surface. Batch adsorption experiments exhibited that the adsorption of DCF was fitted well with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The maximum adsorption capacity of PmPD-MF-PVA was 115 mg/g. Meanwhile, PmPD-MF-PVA exhibited better separation ability than the hard-to-separate PmPD. Characterization analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculation elucidated the main mechanisms of DCF adsorption on PmPD-MF-PVA. Hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions were main drivers for DCF adsorption, followed by electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic forces. This study provides an effective strategy to overcome the drawbacks of PmPD, such as recycling difficulty and agglomeration problems, offering valuable insights for the design of polymers-based adsorbents.

[Survey on Patient Satisfaction with the Usability and Formulation of Budesonide Rectal Foam Following a Change in Head and Applicator Shape and Properties].

Budesonide Rectal Foam (BF) was introduced in 2017 and changed in November 2022 upon request, addressing the challenges encountered with liquid rectal formulations indicated for ulcerative colitis (UC). This formulation is an important agent in the treatment of rectal to sigmoid colon lesions in moderate UC. As the characteristics of the formulation of the rectal formulation are thought to influence patient satisfaction, a survey was conducted on the formulation and patient satisfaction among patients who used BF before and after the change. The survey spanned from January 2023 to May 2023. As the primary endpoint, the same patients were evaluated on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for patient satisfaction. Significant variations in formulation usability and patient satisfaction were observed in 20 eligible patients before and after the change (p<0.05). Patient satisfaction with the formulation was strongly correlated with formulation usability, ease of pushing the head, and ease of insertion (r>0.7). The change in packaging was thought to improve the usability of the formulation and patient satisfaction. The formulation's usability and ease of insertion had a clear influence on satisfaction with the rectal formulation.

Dual Cross-Linked Networks Reinforced Polyimide Foams with Outstanding Piezoelectric Properties and Heat Resistance Performance.

The application of traditional isocyanate-based polyimide (PI) foams is highly hindered due to limited flame retardancy, poor mechanical properties, and relatively single functionality. Herein, we propose an effective method to fabricate dual cross-linked polyimide/bismaleimide (PI-BMI) foams with outstanding heat resistance and enhanced mechanical properties by incorporating bis(3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-maleimidophenyl)methane (ME-BMI) as the interpenetrating network. The results show that the prepared PI-BMI composite foams exhibit enhanced mechanical properties with lightweight characteristics (23-80 kg·m-3). When the ME-BMI loading reached 120 wt %, the tensile and compressive strength of PI-BMI composite foam can reach 1.9 and 7.8 MPa, which are 9.6 and 63.3 times higher than that of pure PI foam, respectively. In comparison with PIF-0, the 10% heat loss temperature (Td,10%) of PIF-90 improved by 156 °C. Moreover, the PI-BMI foam piezoelectric sensor containing fluorine groups presents a short response time (14.22 ms), high sensitivity (0.266 V/N), and outstanding stability (10 000 cycles). Besides, the sensor can accurately monitor human activity in different states. This work provides a promising strategy for designing multifunctional PI foams, making them suitable for applications in aerospace and microelectronics.

Impact of citrus pectin on the foaming behavior, structures, and barrier properties of the starch foam blocks.

The starch foam displays weak barrier properties under humid storage, which limits its applications in the food industry. In this study, citrus pectin was loaded to strengthen the starch foam. Results showed that the pectin (4 wt% âˆ¼ 8 wt%) effectively modified the cell structures of the starch foam block. This was attributed to the increased viscosity of the starch melt during foaming and the enhanced cell stability during cooling, which was promoted by the formation of entanglements, hydrogen bonds, and ester bonds between pectin and starch, as confirmed by FTIR and DSC. Moreover, the pectin-starch foam displayed improved mechanical properties under wet storage conditions, mainly due to the limited moisture adsorption and water migration. The foam containing 4 wt% of pectin exhibited the highest compression-recovery ratio (76.7 %) and a reduced adsorbed moisture content (19.22 %) under 95 % RH. Overall, citrus pectin could improve the starch foaming process and the foam blocks barrier properties.

Change of bioactive properties, spectral reflectance, and color characteristics of European cranberry (Viburnum opulus L.) juice as affected by foam mat drying technique.

The European cranberry bush, known for its health benefits, can only be consumed through fermentation. This study aimed to develop a fruit leather made from European cranberry bush using quince seed gel and the foam drying method. For this purpose, quince seed gel was added to European cranberry juice to increase consistency. Then, European cranberry fruit leather was obtained by drying at 70, 80, and 90 °C air temperatures using foam mat drying technology. Spectral reflectance, color, drying kinetics, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic content, antiradical activity, and macro-micronutrient concentrations of the resulting fruit pulp were investigated. The foam mat drying process at 90 °C had the greatest values of ascorbic acid (0.996 mg g- 1), anthocyanin (275.9 mg kg- 1), DPPH (47.77%), and ABTS.+ (68.76 µg TE g- 1). In addition, the highest value of total phenolic content (37.75 mg g- 1) was obtained in the foam mat drying process at 80 °C. The highest concentration of P, Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Mn in fruit leather was obtained at 70 °C, and the highest concentration of S, Cu, and Zn was obtained at 90 °C. The lowest spectral reflectance values were measured at 90 °C. In conclusion, the present study explored the fact that adding quince seed gel, extremely rich in biochemical content, significantly enhanced the bioactivity properties of European cranberry bush fruit leather.

Enhanced rheology and firefighting performance of fluorine-free soft foams through the assembly of cellulose nanofibres and cellulose nanocrystals at the air-liquid interface.

In this work, we developed soft and highly stable perfluorocarbon-free foams based on cellulose nanofibres (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and alkyl polyglycoside (APG). Neither the CNCs nor the CNFs can effectively stabilise the APG foam, which is reflected in the spontaneous degradation of the foam. Interestingly, blending these two nanocelluloses and foaming resulted in an ultrastable foam. The reflective optical interference technique was used to visualise liquid flow in the liquid film, and the results showed that the foam film with a thickness of only a few tens of nanometres gained excellent mechanical stability by tuning the assembly of CNCs and CNFs at the air-liquid interface. Moreover, the interfibril interactions at the Plateau borders reduce the bubble coarsening rate and drainage rate. In pool fire extinguishing tests, increasing the total concentration of CNCs and CNFs improved the foam stability, but increasing the viscosity led to a decrease in the foam spreading rate. Thus, a formulation with 0.4 % nanocellulose has poorer firefighting performance than a formulation with 0.15 % nanocellulose. When the ratios of CNCs and CNFs are properly controlled, the burnback performance of perfluorocarbon-free foam is better than that of state-of-the-art fluorinated AFFFs for n-heptane pool fires. The sustainability of the firefighting process is considerably improved by switching to the nonperfluorinated liquid foam developed in this work.

[Digital tools in residency and continuing medical education within the framework of a digital media concept]. / Digitale Tools in der Fort- und Weiterbildung im Rahmen eines Digital-Media-Konzepts.

There are currently many online resources for medical education during residency and beyond in anesthesiology, intensive care, pain, emergency and palliative medicine. From traditional textbooks and in-person events to learning platforms, apps, podcasts, simulation training and even virtual reality, there are many ways to supplement traditional residency curricula and continuing medical education. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been instrumental in making medical education content more accessible and, among other things, accelerate the transfer of knowledge.To include all colleagues in the goal of life-long learning using these modern tools, we recommend the development of a digital media concept that is individually tailored to each department of anesthesiology. First, the goals of the department should be defined, e.g., can existing teaching materials be made more digitally accessible for asynchronous learning? Then, department resources should be compiled, e.g., what learning platforms are already being used and if and how social media should play a role? One or more persons should be named responsible and maintain the new concept. In this context, it is essential to develop quality criteria to properly assess the digital content.With the support of the department, conventional teaching methods can be combined with new digital possibilities in residency education and beyond. In this way, individual shift models, various levels of participation in live teaching events and different types of learners can be taken into account. These diverse digital tools can enrich the training and further education of every team member in an anesthesiology department and will accompany us well into the future.

Square-wave pulsed potential driven electrocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol using Fe-Ni/rGO/PPy@NF three dimensional electrode.

To develop an energy-efficient system for the removal of chlorinated organic pollutants, Fe-Ni/reduced graphite oxide/polymerized polypyrrole@nickel foam was constructed as a catalytic cathode for pulsed electrocatalytic degradation, where cathode-catalyzed production of hydrogen radicals (H*) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) generated at the anode led to dechlorination of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), and dechlorination products were mineralized and degraded under the action of·OH. When energy was continuously supplied to the reaction system in the constant potential mode, the 4-CP concentration near the electrode was insufficient, limiting the reaction rate. Conversely, in the square-wave pulsed potential mode, mass transfer limitations were mitigated, significantly enhancing reaction efficiency and reducing energy consumption. At -1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), the 4-CP removal efficiency reached 93.79 % in the pulsed potential mode, surpassing the constant potential mode's performance of 81.40 %. The synergistic periodic oscillation of the potential, direct electron transfer, and catalytic generation of active free radicals in the pulsed potential mode reduced intermediate concentrations and increased 4-CP mineralization, while the degradation pathway remained unchanged. This research presents a method for the efficient treatment of chlorinated organic pollutants in water using pulsed electrocatalytic degradation.

Effect of Siegesbeckia glabrescens Extract on Foam Cell Formation in THP-1 Macrophages.

The accumulation of cholesterol-bearing macrophage foam cells in the initial stages of atherosclerosis serves as a characteristic feature of atherosclerotic lesions. The inhibitory effect of Siegesbeckia glabrescens, a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family, on foam cell formation in THP-1 macrophages has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we explored the effect of S. glabrescens ethanol extract (SGEE) and hot water extract (SGWE) on foam cell formation via co-treatment with oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mimicking the occurrence of atherosclerosis in vitro, and studied the regulation of its underlying mechanisms. THP-1 cells differentiated by PMA (1 µM) for 48 h were subsequently treated with/without SGWE and SGEE for 48 h. THP-1 macrophages were treated with ox-LDL (20 µg/mL) and LPS (500 ng/mL) for 24 h. Treatment with ox-LDL and LPS for 24 h enhanced the lipid accumulation in foam cells compared to in untreated cells, as determined by oil red O staining. In contrast, SGWE and SGEE treatment inhibited lipid accumulation in foam cells. Both extracts significantly upregulated ABCA1, LXRα, and PPARγ expression in ox-LDL- and LPS-treated cells (P<0.05). Moreover, both SGWE and SGEE decreased LOX-1, CD36, and SR-A1 expression. The co-treatment of ox-LDL and LPS increased NF-κB, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory activation and expression compared with untreated cells. However, this increase suppressed NF-κB, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory expression by SGWE and SGEE. The results indicated that both extracts can partially inhibit foam cell formation and contribute to protective effects by suppressing cholesterol accumulation during the onset of atherosclerosis.

A review of cellulose nanomaterial-stabilized Pickering foam: Formation, properties, and emerging oilfield applications.

The rapid development of the petroleum industry has led to increasing demands for high-performance oilfield working fluids, such as drilling fluids, fracturing fluids, and fluids for enhanced oil recovery. Liquid foam is widely utilized as the oilfield working fluids due to its advantages, including low density, high mobility, superior cutting suspending ability, excellent fluid diversion capacity, and outstanding sweep efficiency. However, the short lifespan of foam limits its broad application in the oilfield. Considering the advantages of environmental protection, renewability, high specific surface area, tailorable surface chemistry, and excellent rheological properties of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), Pickering foams stabilized by CNMs offer improved eco-friendliness and foam stability. In this review, the classification and preparation methods of CNMs are briefly introduced. Subsequently, the preparation methods, properties, and application prospects of CNM-stabilized Pickering foams as oilfield working fluids are summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects of CNM-stabilized Pickering foam are outlined, aiming to pave the way for the development of petroleum industry in an eco-friendlier manner.

Effects of lower back foam rolling on the pressure pain threshold and the range of motion of the lumbar spine in healthy individuals.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the short- and long-term effects of foam rolling (FR) on the pressure pain threshold and the range of motion of the lumbar spine in healthy subjects. Methods: 43 healthy subjects without back problems were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG) or a control group (CG). The subjects in the EG underwent a 4-week FR program (12 sessions). The subjects in the CG received no intervention. Range of motion was measured using the modified-modified Schober test for flexion and fingertip-to-floor distance for lateral flexion. The pressure pain threshold was measured with a hand-held pressure algometer. The measurements were taken before and after the first FR, after the 4-week program and at the 1-, 3- and 6-month follow-up. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05 and the desired power of the test was 92%. Results: We found an improvement in flexion (p = 0.03) and lateral flexion (p < 0.001) in the EG after the first FR and recorded a significant improvement in all measured variables (flexion, lateral flexion and algometry: p < 0.001) at the end of the entire 4-week program. The effects were noticeable up to 6 months after the end of the program (p ≤ 0.03) and were statistically significantly better than in the CG (p ≤ 0.04). The calculated Cohen's d value was 1.15 for flexion, 1.06 for lateral flexion and 0.98 for algometry, which represents a large effect size. Discussion: FR improves the pressure pain threshold and mobility of the lumbar spine in healthy subjects. The effects are noticeable at least 6 months after the end of an FR program.

Transiently worse postural effects after vestibulo-ocular reflex gain-down adaptation in healthy adults.

Suffering an acute asymmetry in vestibular function (i.e., vestibular neuritis) causes increased sway. Non-causal studies report associations between lateral semicircular canal function and balance ability, but direct links remain controversial. We investigate the immediate effect on body sway after unilateral vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain down adaptation simulating acute peripheral vestibular hypofunction. Eighteen healthy adults, mean age 27.4 (± 12.4), stood wearing an inertial measurement device with their eyes closed on foam before and after incremental VOR gain down adaptation to simulate mild unilateral vestibular neuritis. Active head impulse VOR gain was measured before and after the adaptation to ensure VOR gain adaptation. Percentage change for VOR gain was determined. Sway area was compared before and after VOR adaptation. VOR gain decreased unilaterally exceeding meaningful change values. Sway area was significantly greater immediately after VOR gain down adaptation, but quickly returned to baseline. In a subset of subjects VOR gain was re-assessed and found to remain adapted despite sway normalization. These results indicate that oculomotor adaptation targeting the lateral semicircular canal VOR pathway has an immediate, albeit transient increase in body sway. Rapid return of body sway to baseline levels suggests dynamic sensory reweighting between vestibular and somatosensory inputs to resolve the undesirable increased body sway.

CoFe Oxides-Coated 2D Black Phosphorus for Flame-Retardant Nanocoatings with Tunable Mechanical Strength and Efficient Elimination of Toxic Gases.

2D black phosphorus (BP) degrades irreversibly into phosphate compounds under ambient conditions, which limits its application in a variety of fields. In this study, by coating amorphous ferric-cobalt oxides (CoFeO) on BP nanosheets, a multifunctional CoFeO@2D BP is successfully developed that effectively inhibited combustion and catalyzed CO oxidation to eliminate toxic gases. Strong affinity between transition-metal cations and BP allowed the uniform growth of amorphous ferric‒cobalt oxides on the BP surface, which effectively prevented the spontaneous degradation of 2D BP. By combining CoFeO@2D BP with gelatin and kosmotropic salts, the as-obtained nanocoatings are used for surface treatment of flammable polyurethane foam (PU). Kosmotropic ions induced strong hydrophobic interactions and bundling within the gelatin chains which significantly enhanced the mechanical performance of the PU. BP accelerates the carbonization of gelatin to inhibit the combustion of PU, and CoFe oxides, which act as true active centers to accelerate the oxidation of CO, effectively inhibiting the production of harmful gas. The release rate of CO decreases by 73% and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increases from 17% to ≈32% during PU combustion. The developed novel 2D material opens the way for multifunctional coatings with integrated durability, flame retardancy, and high smoke suppression efficiency.

Uncovering lipid dynamics in Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis using multimodal imaging mass spectrometry.

Osteomyelitis occurs when Staphylococcus aureus invades the bone microenvironment, resulting in a bone marrow abscess with a spatially defined architecture of cells and biomolecules. Imaging mass spectrometry and microscopy are tools that can be employed to interrogate the lipidome of S. aureus-infected murine femurs and reveal metabolic and signaling consequences of infection. Here, nearly 250 lipids were spatially mapped to healthy and infection-associated morphological features throughout the femur, establishing composition profiles for tissue types. Ether lipids and arachidonoyl lipids were altered between cells and tissue structures in abscesses, suggesting their roles in abscess formation and inflammatory signaling. Sterols, triglycerides, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphates, and gangliosides possessed ring-like distributions throughout the abscess, suggesting a hypothesized dysregulation of lipid metabolism in a population of cells that cannot be discerned with traditional microscopy. These data provide insight into the signaling function and metabolism of cells in the fibrotic border of abscesses, likely characteristic of lipid-laden macrophages.