Biopolymeric pellets of polyvinyl alcohol and alginate for the encapsulation of Ib-M6 peptide and its antimicrobial activity against E. coli.

The encapsulation of Ib-M6 antibacterial peptide in pellets of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl alcohol-alginate (PVA-Alg) matrices was carried out in order to explore its controlled release and activity against Escherichia coli K-12. The pellets were obtained by combined ice segregation induced self-assembly (ISISA) and freezing-thawing methods and their microstructure was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Bromothymol blue was used as a model compound to study the transport mechanisms and release from pellets. The results show that there is a significant effect of the total concentration of PVA precursor solutions, the mass ratio of PVA of different molecular weights and the addition of alginate on the microstructure and transport properties of pellets. The antibacterial activity of Ib-M6 against Escherichia coli K-12 was not affected by the encapsulation in PVA pellets. However, the release of Ib-M6 from PVA-Alg pellets was not possible, probably due to the electrostatic interaction of positively charged Ib-M6 and negatively alginate structure. Nonetheless, the controlled release of Ib-M6 from polymeric matrices can be fitting by modifying parameters such as the concentration and type of polymer precursors.

Ultrastructural description of fresh and frozen/thawed sperm derived from collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1,758).

The aim was to describe, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the ultrastructure of peccaries' fresh and frozen-thawed sperm. For that, semen derived from three mature males was obtained by electroejaculation and evaluated for motility, membrane integrity, membrane functionality, chromatin integrity, and morphology through light microscopy. Samples were frozen using a Tris extender plus egg yolk (20%) and glycerol (6%). Then, fresh and frozen-thawed semen samples were mixed in different sperm pools that were processed for SEM and TEM. Sperm motility, membrane integrity, and functionality were impaired (p < .05) by freezing-thawing procedures, but sperm morphology, and chromatin integrity evaluated by light microscopy were not significantly affected. The SEM revealed that peccaries' sperm presents a flattened head in a paddle format, measuring 6.07 µm in length and 3.84 µm in width, with a vastus acrosome (4.46 µm). Normal tails measure 38.11 µm, being formed by an extensive midpiece with 15.52 µm in length. In frozen-thawed samples, both SEM and TEM provide us information about damage undetected through light microscopy as the presence of vesicles in the acrosome, loose plasma membrane, vacuolized mitochondria, dense fibers disorganized, and decondensed chromatin. In conclusion, we provide the first description of the sperm ultrasctruture in collared peccaries. Moreover, SEM and TEM help us to identify some nanometric damage provoked by freezing-thawing procedures, thus providing valuable information for the improvement of such important protocols used for biobanking formation.

Effects of freezing/thawing on the mechanical properties of decellularized lungs.

Lung bioengineering based on decellularized organ scaffolds is a potential alternative for transplantation. Freezing/thawing, a usual procedure in organ decellularization and storage could modify the mechanical properties of the lung scaffold and reduce the performance of the bioengineered lung when subjected to the physiological inflation-deflation breathing cycles. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of repeated freezing/thawing on the mechanical properties of decellularized lungs in the physiological pressure-volume regime associated with normal ventilation. Fifteen mice lungs (C57BL/6) were decellularized using a conventional protocol not involving organ freezing and based on sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of the acellular lungs were measured before and after subjecting them to three consecutive cycles of freezing/thawing. The resistance (RL ) and elastance (EL ) of the decellularized lungs were computed by linear regression fitting of the recorded signals (tracheal pressure, flow, and volume) during mechanical ventilation. RL was not significantly modified by freezing-thawing: from 0.88 ± 0.37 to 0.90 ± 0.38 cmH2 O·s·mL(-1) (mean ± SE). EL slightly increased from 64.4 ± 11.1 to 73.0 ± 16.3 cmH2 O·mL(-1) after the three freeze-thaw cycles (p = 0.0013). In conclusion, the freezing/thawing process that is commonly used for both organ decellularization and storage induces only minor changes in the ventilation mechanical properties of the organ scaffold.

Avaliação dos múltiplos ciclos de congelamento e descongelamento na estabilidade dos soros para a detecção de anticorpos anti-HIV / Assessing the effect of multiple freeze-thaw cycles on the stability of serum samples for anti-HIV antibody detection

No presente estudo foi investigado o impacto dos múltiplos ciclos de congelamento e descongelamento na estabilidade das amostras de soro estocadas a -20 °C quanto à reatividade de anticorpos anti-HIV. As amostras analisadas foram provenientes de painéis de soros (constituídos de amostras anti-HIV positivo e negativo), produzidos no Centro de Imunologia Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL), os quais têm sido material de referência para o preparo de amostras do controle de qualidade interno de testes imunodiagnósticos de HIV/Aids. A avaliação da estabilidade dos soros foi efetuada por meio de ELISA/EIA, Western blot e imunofluorescência indireta, em amostras submetidas a 11 consecutivos ciclos de congelamento e descongelamento, que variaram de 7 a 60 ciclos. Nenhum efeito estatisticamente significante na reatividade dos anticorpos específicos foi observado. Portanto, o procedimento de congelamento e descongelamento, em até 60 ciclos, não causou efeitos adversos na reatividade das amostras de soro positivas para detecção de anticorpos anti-HIV, sem ocorrência de reações falso-negativas, tampouco de resultados falso-positivos em amostras negativas para HIV.(AU)

The present study investigated the impact of multiple and consecutive freeze-thaw cycles on the reactivity of anti-HIV antibodies in stored serum samples by using different methodologies for detecting the specific antibodies. The analyzed sera were part of serum panels (comprised of anti-HIV positive and negative samples), produced at the Center of Immunology Instituto Adolfo Lutz, which have been the reference specimens for producing internal quality assurance sera of HIV/Aids immunodiagnostic assays. After performing every step of 11 consecutive and multiple freeze-thaw cycles procedure (varying from 7 to 60 cycles), the HIV antibody reactivity in the respective sera was evaluated by means of EIA/ELISA, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence methodologies. No statistically significant effect on the specific antibody reactivity was found in sera after completing the freeze-thaw process up to 60 cycles. Neither false-negative reactions in HIV antibody positive sera, nor false-positive results in HIV-negative samples were detected.(AU)