One Health as a potential platform to rescue the neglected fruit trees in Yucatan, Mexico.

Neglected and underutilized species of plants (NUS) have been identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization as valuable resources for fighting poverty, hunger and malnutrition as they can help make agricultural production systems more sustainable and resilient. Adaptation of NUS to changing environments over several millennia has rendered most of these plants resistant to pests and climate change. In this paper, we explore the potential values of some of the Mayan fruit trees justifying conservation efforts in their native habitats. Our research was primarily based on a scoping review using Google Scholar. We considered articles published in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Our review rendered two sets of articles including those focusing on the nutritional and medicinal properties of NUS and their products, and those focusing on their uses in traditional medicine. Both sets of papers strongly support arguments for conservation of NUS. Additionally, our scoping review expands and includes a case study on the conservation of NUS, highlighting the critical role of civil society on how it can spearhead rescue efforts of botanical resources through the creation of what is possibly the first arboretum of its kind in the Americas. Among the project's key selling points was not only the rescue of an important component of Yucatan's cultural heritage but its nutritional value as well as its potential medicinal properties. Our paper is not prescriptive on how to preserve or even commercially exploit NUS. It is intended as a thought-provoking piece on the potential of a One Health approach as a multisectoral platform to support conservation efforts, while stimulating greater interest in the subject and encouraging more action from the academic and pharmaceutical sectors as well as civil society.

Levantamento das espécies frutíferas em áreas de agricultura familiar no município de Santarém, Pará / Fruit species cultivated in family farms in the municipality of Santarém, Pará

As espécies frutíferas se apresentam como estratégia importante para garantia da segurança e soberania alimentar de populações tradicionais. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi estimar a riqueza e registrar as espécies frutíferas cultivadas em quintais de agricultura familiar no município de Santarém, Pará. O levantamento das espécies frutíferas foi realizado em 13 quintais das famílias visitadas, com registros de 520 indivíduos pertencentes a 39 espécies, 29gêneros e 16 famílias botânicas. Dentre os indivíduos avaliados, destacaram-se as famílias Arecaceae (6 spp.) e Myrtaceae (5 spp.). Em média, foram encontradas 14 espécies frutíferas por quintal, evidenciando que o cultivo dessas espécies está fortemente associado ao suprimento dademanda por alimentos para o consumo familiar. Das espécies frutíferas, as mais frequentes foram a Persea americana e Cocos nucifera com 100% de representatividade, seguidas pela Theobroma grandiflorum com 92%. A riqueza de espécies frutíferas encontradosnos quintais das famílias visitadas revela a importância desses ambientes na soberania e segurança alimentar e nutricional. Além disso, os quintais destacam-se pelo seu papel estratégico na introdução de árvores nas paisagens agrícolas. Diante disso, recomenda-se a execução de trabalhos futuros com foco no papel dos quintais na geração de alimentos de qualidade, visando subsidiar o fomento de políticas públicas com incentivo à produção de alimentos nesses ambientes.(AU)

Fruit species are an important strategy to guarantee food security and sovereignty for traditional populations. Therefore, the objective of this work was to estimate the richness and record the fruit species cultivated in family farms in the municipality of Santarém, Pará. The survey of fruit species was carried out in 13 homegardens of the families visited, with records of 520 individuals belonging to 39 species, 29 genera and 16 botanical families. Among the evaluated individuals, the families Arecaceae (6 spp.) and Myrtaceae (5 spp.) stood out. On average, 14 fruit species were found per yard, showing that the cultivation of these species is strongly associated with supplying the demand for food for family consumption. Of the fruit species, the most frequent were Persea americanaand Cocos nuciferawith 100% representation, followed by Theobroma grandiflorumwith 92%. The richness of fruit species found in the homegardens of the families visited revealsthe importance of these environments in food and nutrition sovereignty and security. In addition, homegardens stand out for their strategic role in introducing trees into agricultural landscapes. In view of this, it is recommended to carry out future workfocusing on the role of homegardens in the generation of quality food, aiming to subsidize the promotion of public policies to encourage the production of food in these environments.(AU)

Assessing temperature-based adaptation limits to climate change of temperate perennial fruit crops.

Temperate perennial fruit and nut trees play varying roles in world food diversity-providing edible oils and micronutrient, energy, and protein dense foods. In addition, perennials reuse significant amounts of biomass each year providing a unique resilience. But they also have a unique sensitivity to seasonal temperatures, requiring a period of dormancy for successful growing season production. This paper takes a global view of five temperate tree fruit crops-apples, cherries, almonds, olives, and grapes-and assesses the effects of future temperature changes on thermal suitability. It uses climate data from five earth system models for two CMIP6 climate scenarios and temperature-related indices of stress to indicate potential future areas where crops cannot be grown and highlight potential new suitable regions. The loss of currently suitable areas and new additions in new locations varies by scenario. In the southern hemisphere (SH), end-century (2081-2100) suitable areas under the SSP 5-8.5 scenario decline by more than 40% compared to a recent historical period (1991-2010). In the northern hemisphere (NH) suitability increases by 20% to almost 60%. With SSP1-2.6, however, the changes are much smaller with SH area declining by about 25% and NH increasing by about 10%. The results suggest substantial restructuring of global production for these crops. Essentially, climate change shifts temperature-suitable locations toward higher latitudes. In the SH, most of the historically suitable areas were already at the southern end of the landmass limiting opportunities for adaptation. If breeding efforts can bring chilling requirements for the major cultivars closer to that currently seen in some cultivars, suitable areas at the end of the century are greater, but higher summer temperatures offset the extent. The high value of fruit crops provides adaptation opportunities such as cultivar selection, canopy cooling using sprinklers, shade netting, and precision irrigation.

Quiescence as a strategic stage for the infective process of Colletotrichum species

Colletotrichum, a genus of Ascomycota fungi with a diversity of species grouped into several species complexes, or clades, is associated with diseases known as "Anthracnose". It affects significantly different tropical and subtropical fruit species. Infections occur in the field and postharvest; quiescent stages are mainly responsible for postharvest losses. An analysis of this pre-infective stage is made based on consulted papers. The infective process is modulated by the length of the quiescent period of the fungus during the vegetative or pre-productive stages of trees. Quiescent stage is determined by the host's biochemical responses and the pathogen's activity. Once the pathogen is activated, it develops an infectious necrotrophic process. Colletotrichum quiescence has been studied mainly in subtropical fruits and horticultural species, and the studies highlight the role of volatile compounds, metabolites and enzymes involved in the length and breaking of quiescence, as well as the differential responses according to the phenological stage and the genotype of the plant. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the host-fungus interaction have revealed the role of genes in the occurrence and breaking of quiescence. Knowledge about the quiescence of Colletotrichum in tropical fruits is necessary to improve management efficiency. Detection and induction of quiescent infections has been studied and genomics has allowed to understand the occurrence of quiescence in the infective process; however, in crops in the tropics, such as mango, an important crop in Colombia, questions about associated species and biology of their quiescence are still unanswered.

Colletotrichum es un hongo ascomicete, con diversidad de especies agrupadas en complejos o clados y se asocia a enfermedades conocidas, como "Antracnosis" y afecta significativamente especies de frutas tropicales y subtropicales. Las infecciones ocurren en el campo y postcosecha; los estados quiescentes son los principales responsables de pérdidas en postcosecha. Se realizó un análisis de esta etapa pre-infectiva, a partir de publicaciones consultadas. La infección está modulada por la duración del período de quiescencia del hongo durante las etapas vegetativa o pre-productivas de los árboles y está determinado por las respuestas bioquímicas del hospedante y la actividad del patógeno. Una vez se activa el patógeno, se desarrolla un proceso infeccioso necrotrófico. La quiescencia de Colletotrichum se ha estudiado, principalmente, en frutas subtropicales y especies hortícolas y destacan el papel de compuestos volátiles, metabolitos y enzimas en la duración y en la pérdida de la quiescencia, así como las respuestas diferenciales, según la fenología y el genotipo. Análisis transcriptómicos y proteómicos de la interacción hospedante-hongo han revelado el papel de genes en la ocurrencia y pérdida de quiescencia. Conocer la quiescencia de Colletotrichum en frutas tropicales es necesario para hacer más eficiente el manejo de la enfermedad. Se ha estudiado la detección e inducción de infecciones quiescentes y estudios genómicos han permitido entender su ocurrencia durante la infección; sin embargo, en cultivos en el trópico, como el mango, un cultivo importante en Colombia, las preguntas sobre las especies asociadas y la biología de la quiescencia de estas, aún están sin respuesta.

Hidden Tenants: Microbiota of the Rhizosphere and Phyllosphere of Cordia dodecandra Trees in Mayan Forests and Homegardens.

During domestication, the selection of cultivated plants often reduces microbiota diversity compared with their wild ancestors. Microbiota in compartments such as the phyllosphere or rhizosphere can promote fruit tree health, growth, and development. Cordia dodecandra is a deciduous tree used by Maya people for its fruit and wood, growing, to date, in remnant forest fragments and homegardens (traditional agroforestry systems) in Yucatán. In this work, we evaluated the microbiota's alpha and beta diversity per compartment (phyllosphere and rhizosphere) and per population (forest and homegarden) in the Northeast and Southwest Yucatán regions. Eight composite DNA samples (per compartment/population/region combination) were amplified for 16S-RNA (bacteria) and ITS1-2 (fungi) and sequenced by Illumina MiSeq. Bioinformatic analyses were performed with QIIME and phyloseq. For bacteria and fungi, from 107,947 and 128,786 assembled sequences, 618 and 1092 operating taxonomic units (OTUs) were assigned, respectively. The alpha diversity of bacteria and fungi was highly variable among samples and was similar among compartments and populations. A significant species turnover among populations and regions was observed in the rhizosphere. The core microbiota from the phyllosphere was similar among populations and regions. Forests and homegarden populations are reservoirs of the C. dodecandra phyllosphere core microbiome and significant rhizosphere biodiversity.

Pesticide selectivity to the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum: A pattern 10-year database and its implications for Integrated Pest Management.

Trichogramma pretiosum is one of the main egg parasitoids used in the control of lepidopteran pests in Brazil. This natural enemy can be negatively affected by the use of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. The present work used a systematic review and meta-analysis to group information from multiple studies on the selectivity of pesticides (279 commercial products) in rice, corn, soybean, apple and peach crops for immature stages (egg-larva, pre-pupa, and pupa) and adult parasitoids. The selected studies used the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) methodology with the same adaptations for T. pretiosum. The meta-analysis found that corn crops had the highest frequency of tests (2 0 7). The most frequently tested active ingredients (a.i.) were glyphosate, glyphosate isopropylamine salt, and sulfur at frequencies of 41, 32 and 24 tests, respectively. The pesticides registered for rice crops showed the greatest sublethal effects on T. pretiosum, with an approximately 47% reduction in parasitism (RP) or emergence (RE). The adult stage of the parasitoid showed greater sensitivity to the tested pesticides (65% RP), in comparison to the immature stages. In general, insecticides showed superior toxicity for all development stages of T. pretiosum, compared to herbicides and fungicides, regardless of the recommended dosage for the crop. The present study aggregates information related to selectivity for the four life stages of T. pretiosum, contributing significantly to the integration of biological control and chemical control in rice, corn, soybean, apple and peach crops in Brazil.

Holocene land and sea-trade routes explain complex patterns of pre-Columbian crop dispersion.

Pre-Columbian crop movement remains poorly understood, hampering a good interpretation of the domestication and diversification of Neotropical crops. To provide new insights into pre-Columbian crop movement, we applied spatial genetics to identify and compare dispersal routes of three American crops between Mesoamerica and the Andes, two important centres of pre-Columbian crop and cultural diversity. Our analysis included georeferenced simple-sequence repeats (SSR) marker datasets of 1852 genotypes of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.), a perennial fruit crop that became underutilised in the Americas after the European conquest, 770 genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) and 476 genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Our findings show that humans brought cherimoya from Mesoamerica to present Peru through long-distance sea-trade routes across the Pacific Ocean at least 4700 yr bp, after more ancient dispersion of maize and other crops through the Mesoamerican isthmus over land and near-coastal waters. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of pre-Columbian crop movement between Mesoamerica and the Andes across the Pacific Ocean providing new insights into pre-Columbian crop exchange in the Americas. We propose that cherimoya represents a wider group of perennial fruit crops dispersed by humans via sea-trade routes between Mesoamerica and the Andes across the Pacific Ocean.

Productive flight activity of bees in the active period in the conditions of Vinnytsia region

The study aimed to identify the relationship between pollen collection, nectar, and seasonal dynamics of the brood of the bee colonies of the Ukrainian bee breed to study their active activity when changing the period of the active season. We compared the collection of nectar and pollen from honey plants of the garden, white acacia, and sunflower. The number of bees bringing pollen and nectar to the hive was recorded. The active work of bees to collect pollen is associated with the work of the uterus to lay eggs and the number of broods in the hives. Bee colonies increase their flight activity by collecting pollen in early spring and summer. By the beginning of the main honey harvest, pollination work is minimized, especially during the flowering of white acacia, and they switch to collecting nectar. Analysis of the results allows us to conclude that bees' daily dynamics that produce pollen increase in the spring to May and June.(AU)

Productive flight activity of bees in the active period in the conditions of Vinnytsia region

The study aimed to identify the relationship between pollen collection, nectar, and seasonal dynamics of the brood of the bee colonies of the Ukrainian bee breed to study their active activity when changing the period of the active season. We compared the collection of nectar and pollen from honey plants of the garden, white acacia, and sunflower. The number of bees bringing pollen and nectar to the hive was recorded. The active work of bees to collect pollen is associated with the work of the uterus to lay eggs and the number of broods in the hives. Bee colonies increase their flight activity by collecting pollen in early spring and summer. By the beginning of the main honey harvest, pollination work is minimized, especially during the flowering of white acacia, and they switch to collecting nectar. Analysis of the results allows us to conclude that bees' daily dynamics that produce pollen increase in the spring to May and June.

Keep Calm and Survive: Adaptation Strategies to Energy Crisis in Fruit Trees under Root Hypoxia.

Plants are permanently facing challenges imposed by the environment which, in the context of the current scenario of global climate change, implies a constant process of adaptation to survive and even, in the case of crops, at least maintain yield. O2 deficiency at the rhizosphere level, i.e., root hypoxia, is one of the factors with the greatest impact at whole-plant level. At cellular level, this O2 deficiency provokes a disturbance in the energy metabolism which has notable consequences on the yield of plant crops. In this sense, although several physiological studies describe processes involved in plant adaptation to root hypoxia in woody fruit trees, with emphasis on the negative impacts on photosynthetic rate, there are very few studies that include -omics strategies for specifically understanding these processes in the roots of such species. Through a de novo assembly approach, a comparative transcriptome study of waterlogged Prunus spp. genotypes contrasting in their tolerance to root hypoxia was revisited in order to gain a deeper insight into the reconfiguration of pivotal pathways involved in energy metabolism. This re-analysis describes the classically altered pathways seen in the roots of woody fruit trees under hypoxia, but also routes that link them to pathways involved with nitrogen assimilation and the maintenance of cytoplasmic pH and glycolytic flow. In addition, the effects of root hypoxia on the transcription of genes related to the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, responsible for providing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the cell, are discussed in terms of their roles in the energy balance, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and aerenchyma formation. This review compiles key findings that help to explain the trait of tolerance to root hypoxia in woody fruit species, giving special attention to their strategies for managing the energy crisis. Finally, research challenges addressing less-explored topics in recovery and stress memory in woody fruit trees are pointed out.

Graft incompatibility in Prunus spp. preceded by SPAD index reduction / Incompatibilidade de enxertia em Prunus spp. precedida pela redução do índice SPAD

This study aimed to measure the leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD 502 Plus) in three peach cultivars grafted on different clonal rootstocks, totaling 68 scion/rootstock combinations, between five and nine months after planting in the field to determine possible graft incompatibility symptoms in Prunus spp. Three field trials with peach scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel grafted on 18, 25, and 25 clonal rootstocks, respectively, were established in July and August 2014. Own-rooted scion trees (without rootstock) were used as controls in each trial and all rootstocks were propagated from herbaceous cuttings. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and each plot consisting of a single plant. Three SPAD measurements were taken between January and April 2015. SPAD index values for rootstocks Mirabolano 29C (P. cerasifera) and Marianna 2624 (P. cerasifera x P. munsoniana) were significantly lower in the three scion cultivars, culminating with tree death from graft incompatibility. Rootstocks Mirabolano 29C and Marianna 2624 showed translocated graft incompatibility with scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel and tree death was preceded by a reduction in SPAD index values five months after field planting. No reduction in SPAD index values was observed in the other scion/rootstock combinations nine months after planting, but these combinations should be monitored for a longer period to confirm their graft compatibility.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar o índice de clorofila (SPAD 502 Plus) em folhas de três cultivares de pessegueiros enxertados em diferentes porta-enxertos clonais, totalizando 68 combinações copa/porta-enxerto, entre cinco e nove meses após o plantio no campo, para qualificar os possíveis sintomas que antecedem a incompatibilidade de enxertia em Prunus spp. Três unidades de observação (UO) com as cultivares copa BRS-Kampai, Jade e Maciel foram estabelecidas sobre 18, 25 e 25 porta-enxertos clonais, respectivamente, no inverno de 2014. Como testemunhas, utilizaram-se as respectivas cultivares-copa autoenraizadas (sem porta-enxerto) que, assim como os porta-enxertos, também foram propagadas por estacas herbáceas. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por uma planta. O índice SPAD foi determinado em três avaliações, entre janeiro e abril de 2015. Os porta-enxertos Mirabolano 29C (P.cerasifera) e Marianna 2624 (P.cerasifera x P.munsoniana) reduziram os índices SPAD nas avaliações realizadas nas três cultivares copa de pessegueiro, que culminaram com a morte das plantas por incompatibilidade. Conclui-se que os porta-enxertos Mirabolano 29C (P.cerasifera) e Marianna 2624 (P.cerasifera x P.munsoniana) apresentam incompatibilidade de enxertia do tipo “translocada” com as cultivares de pessegueiro BRS-Kampai, Jade e Maciel e a morte dessas plantas foi precedida pela redução dos índices SPAD nas folhas após cinco meses do plantio. As demais combinações copa/porta-enxerto testadas não reduziram os índices SPAD até os nove meses de idade, mas necessitam ser avaliadas por maior período de tempo para se afirmar sobre a compatibilidade de enxertia.(AU)

Graft incompatibility in Prunus spp. preceded by SPAD index reduction / Incompatibilidade de enxertia em Prunus spp. precedida pela redução do índice SPAD

This study aimed to measure the leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD 502 Plus) in three peach cultivars grafted on different clonal rootstocks, totaling 68 scion/rootstock combinations, between five and nine months after planting in the field to determine possible graft incompatibility symptoms in Prunus spp. Three field trials with peach scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel grafted on 18, 25, and 25 clonal rootstocks, respectively, were established in July and August 2014. Own-rooted scion trees (without rootstock) were used as controls in each trial and all rootstocks were propagated from herbaceous cuttings. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and each plot consisting of a single plant. Three SPAD measurements were taken between January and April 2015. SPAD index values for rootstocks Mirabolano 29C (P. cerasifera) and Marianna 2624 (P. cerasifera x P. munsoniana) were significantly lower in the three scion cultivars, culminating with tree death from graft incompatibility. Rootstocks Mirabolano 29C and Marianna 2624 showed translocated graft incompatibility with scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel and tree death was preceded by a reduction in SPAD index values five months after field planting. No reduction in SPAD index values was observed in the other scion/rootstock combinations nine months after planting, but these combinations should be monitored for a longer period to confirm their graft compatibility.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar o índice de clorofila (SPAD 502 Plus) em folhas de três cultivares de pessegueiros enxertados em diferentes porta-enxertos clonais, totalizando 68 combinações copa/porta-enxerto, entre cinco e nove meses após o plantio no campo, para qualificar os possíveis sintomas que antecedem a incompatibilidade de enxertia em Prunus spp. Três unidades de observação (UO) com as cultivares copa BRS-Kampai, Jade e Maciel foram estabelecidas sobre 18, 25 e 25 porta-enxertos clonais, respectivamente, no inverno de 2014. Como testemunhas, utilizaram-se as respectivas cultivares-copa autoenraizadas (sem porta-enxerto) que, assim como os porta-enxertos, também foram propagadas por estacas herbáceas. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por uma planta. O índice SPAD foi determinado em três avaliações, entre janeiro e abril de 2015. Os porta-enxertos Mirabolano 29C (P.cerasifera) e Marianna 2624 (P.cerasifera x P.munsoniana) reduziram os índices SPAD nas avaliações realizadas nas três cultivares copa de pessegueiro, que culminaram com a morte das plantas por incompatibilidade. Conclui-se que os porta-enxertos Mirabolano 29C (P.cerasifera) e Marianna 2624 (P.cerasifera x P.munsoniana) apresentam incompatibilidade de enxertia do tipo “translocada” com as cultivares de pessegueiro BRS-Kampai, Jade e Maciel e a morte dessas plantas foi precedida pela redução dos índices SPAD nas folhas após cinco meses do plantio. As demais combinações copa/porta-enxerto testadas não reduziram os índices SPAD até os nove meses de idade, mas necessitam ser avaliadas por maior período de tempo para se afirmar sobre a compatibilidade de enxertia.

Domestication of the neotropical tree Chrysophyllum cainito from a geographically limited yet genetically diverse gene pool in Panama.

Species in the early stages of domestication, in which wild and cultivated forms co-occur, provide important opportunities to develop and test hypotheses about the origins of crop species. Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae), the star apple or caimito, is a semidomesticated tree widely cultivated for its edible fruits; it is known to be native to the neotropics, but its precise geographic origins have not been firmly established. Here, we report results of microsatellite marker analyses supporting the hypothesis that the center of domestication for caimito was the Isthmus of Panama, a region in which few crop species are believed to have originated, despite its importance as a crossroads for the dispersal of domesticated plants between North and South America. Our data suggest that caimito was domesticated in a geographically restricted area while incorporating a diverse gene pool. These results refute the generally accepted Antillean origin of caimito, as well as alternative hypotheses that the species was domesticated independently in the two areas or over a broad geographic range including both. Human-mediated dispersal from Panama to the north and east was accompanied by strong reductions in both genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Within Panama, cultivated and wild trees show little neutral genetic divergence, in contrast to striking phenotypic differentiation in fruit and seed traits. In addition to providing a rare example of data that support the hypothesis of a narrow geographic origin on the Isthmus of Panama for a now widespread cultivated plant species, this study is one of the first investigations of the origins of an edible species of the large pantropical family Sapotaceae.

Deficiências de macronutrientes no estado nutricional de mudas de bananeira tipo prata / Deficiencies of macronutrients on nutritional status of prata type bananas seedlings

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da deficiência dos macronutrientes no crescimento e estado nutricional de mudas de bananeira tipo Prata. Os tratamentos foram dois genótipos Prata-Anã e seu híbrido PA42-44 cultivados em solução nutritiva na presença e ausência dos macronutrientes. Após 100 dias foram avaliados a área foliar, a massa seca das raízes, rizoma e folhas e, os teores de macronutrientes na massa seca de cada parte da planta. Com esses resultados calcularam-se os índices: eficiência de absorção, de transporte e de utilização dos macronutrientes. As deficiências de N para Prata-Anã e Mg para híbrido PA42-44 foram as que mais limitaram o crescimento dos genótipos. O acúmulo de nutrientes correspondeu à seguinte ordem N > K > Ca > P > Mg > S para Prata-Anã e N > K > Ca > P > S > Mg para o híbrido PA42-44, o que reflete as exigências da planta. O híbrido PA42-44 apresentou maior eficiência de absorção de todos macronutrientes, em solução completa. Os tratamentos não diferiram quanto a eficiência de transporte dos macronutrientes, exceto na omissão de Mg, onde a maior eficiência ocorreu no híbrido PA 42-44. A omissão de P, K, Ca, Mg e S na nutrição dos dois genótipos de banana resulta em maior eficiência de utilização, comparado com as plantas nutridas adequadamente.

This work objective to evaluate the effect of macronutrient deficiencies no growth and nutritional status of banana seedlings type Prata. The treatments were two genotypes Prata-Anã and its hybrid PA42-44 grown in nutrient solution in the presence and absence of macronutrients. Leaf area, dry matter of roots, rhizome and leaves, and the macronutrient dry mass of each plant were evaluated after 100 days. With these results was calculated the indices: absorption, transport and utilization efficiency of macronutrientes. The deficiencies of N for Prata-Anã and Mg for PA42- 44 hybrid were most limited the growth of genotypes. The nutrient accumulation corresponded to the following order N > K > Ca > P > Mg > S for the Prata-Anã and N > K > Ca > P > S > Mg for the PA42-44 hybrid, which reflect the plant requirements. The PA 42-44 hybrid showed higher absorption efficiency of all macronutrients, in complete solution. The treatments no differ regarding to the macronutrients transport efficiency, except the omission of Mg, where higher efficiency occurred in hybrid PA 42-44. The P, K, Ca, Mg and S omission in the nutrition of two banana genotypes results in increased utilization efficiency, compared with plants growing adequately.

Aplicações da cultura de tecidos vegetais em fruteiras do Cerrado / Applications of tissue culture techniques in Brazilian Cerrado fruit trees

Atualmente, percebe-se uma preocupação em relação às plantas do cerrado, com grande enfoque nas fruteiras em função de suas características e usos. Apesar de ser uma área ainda pouco explorada, é crescente o número de estudos dessas espécies nativas, dentre eles, os que abrangem as técnicas de cultura de tecidos. Isso se deve uma vez que essa ferramenta biotecnológica permite a propagação de espécies com dificuldade de germinação, minimiza o problema de sementes recalcitrantes, promove a produção de mudas em larga escala, complementa bancos de germoplasma e facilita as trocas de materiais genéticos. Dessa maneira, esta revisão visa a sumarizar o histórico e panorama atual das aplicações da cultura de tecidos em fruteiras do cerrado, proporcionando sustentação para novos estudos.

Currently, it's been given a huge concern to the cerrado plants, focusing on fruit trees due to their characteristics and uses. Despite being a fairly unexplored area, the number of studies on these native species has increased, especially those involving tissue culture techniques. That's because this biotechnological tool provides the propagation of species with germination difficulty, reduces problems of recalcitrant seeds, promotes large scale seedling production, complements germplasm banks and facilitates the exchange of genetic materials. Therefore, this review summarizes the history and current situation of tissue culture techniques applied to Brazilian Cerrado fruit trees, providing support to further studies.

Aplicações da cultura de tecidos vegetais em fruteiras do Cerrado

Currently, it's been given a huge concern to the cerrado plants, focusing on fruit trees due to their characteristics and uses. Despite being a fairly unexplored area, the number of studies on these native species has increased, especially those involving tissue culture techniques. That's because this biotechnological tool provides the propagation of species with germination difficulty, reduces problems of recalcitrant seeds, promotes large scale seedling production, complements germplasm banks and facilitates the exchange of genetic materials. Therefore, this review summarizes the history and current situation of tissue culture techniques applied to Brazilian Cerrado fruit trees, providing support to further studies.

Atualmente, percebe-se uma preocupação em relação às plantas do cerrado, com grande enfoque nas fruteiras em função de suas características e usos. Apesar de ser uma área ainda pouco explorada, é crescente o número de estudos dessas espécies nativas, dentre eles, os que abrangem as técnicas de cultura de tecidos. Isso se deve uma vez que essa ferramenta biotecnológica permite a propagação de espécies com dificuldade de germinação, minimiza o problema de sementes recalcitrantes, promove a produção de mudas em larga escala, complementa bancos de germoplasma e facilita as trocas de materiais genéticos. Dessa maneira, esta revisão visa a sumarizar o histórico e panorama atual das aplicações da cultura de tecidos em fruteiras do cerrado, proporcionando sustentação para novos estudos.

Aplicações da cultura de tecidos vegetais em fruteiras do Cerrado

Currently, it's been given a huge concern to the cerrado plants, focusing on fruit trees due to their characteristics and uses. Despite being a fairly unexplored area, the number of studies on these native species has increased, especially those involving tissue culture techniques. That's because this biotechnological tool provides the propagation of species with germination difficulty, reduces problems of recalcitrant seeds, promotes large scale seedling production, complements germplasm banks and facilitates the exchange of genetic materials. Therefore, this review summarizes the history and current situation of tissue culture techniques applied to Brazilian Cerrado fruit trees, providing support to further studies.

Atualmente, percebe-se uma preocupação em relação às plantas do cerrado, com grande enfoque nas fruteiras em função de suas características e usos. Apesar de ser uma área ainda pouco explorada, é crescente o número de estudos dessas espécies nativas, dentre eles, os que abrangem as técnicas de cultura de tecidos. Isso se deve uma vez que essa ferramenta biotecnológica permite a propagação de espécies com dificuldade de germinação, minimiza o problema de sementes recalcitrantes, promove a produção de mudas em larga escala, complementa bancos de germoplasma e facilita as trocas de materiais genéticos. Dessa maneira, esta revisão visa a sumarizar o histórico e panorama atual das aplicações da cultura de tecidos em fruteiras do cerrado, proporcionando sustentação para novos estudos.

The first record of Litargus tetraspilotus (Coleoptera, Mycetophagidae) in Brazil, with biological notes and complementary description of the species

Litargus tetraspilotus LeConte, 1856 was collected feeding on Oidium sp. (Fungi, Ascomycota, Erysiphaceae) associated with fruit trees. This is the first time L. tetraspilotus is recorded in Brazil, totaling three species of Mycetophagidae for this country. This study aims to provide a complementary description of this species based on new characters and to present information on its life cycle under laboratory conditions and fluctuation in population in the field. During the period of inventories between July 2004 and August 2006, about every fifteen days, a total of 565 specimens of L. tetraspilotus were collected, with the highest abundance found on citrus plants, with values differing significantly between the two years. The population levels differed between the seasons; spring had the greatest abundance and autumn the least. There was a significant positive correlation of L. tetraspilotus abundance with rainfall and relative humidity. Mycetophagidae, as well as other mycophagous families of Brazilian coleopterans, are barely studied, warranting further future studies of their bioecology and systematics.

Litargus tetraspilotus LeConte, 1856 foi coletado alimentando-se de Oidium sp. (Fungi, Ascomycota, Erysiphaceae) associado a árvores frutíferas. Litargus tetraspilotus é registrado pela primeira vez no Brasil, totalizando três espécies de Mycetophagidae no país. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos fornecer uma descrição complementar da espécie, com base em novos caracteres e apresentar informações sobre seu ciclo de vida em condições de laboratório e dados de flutuação populacional no campo. Durante o período de inventariamento de julho/2004 a agosto/2006, a cada quinze dias, foram coletados 565 exemplares de L. tetraspilotus, sendo os maiores valores de abundância encontrados nas plantas cítricas, com variação significativa entre os dois anos de coleta. Os níveis populacionais diferiram entre as estações, sendo a primavera o período de maior abundância e o outono, o de menor. Houve correlação positiva significativa com a precipitação e a umidade relativa do ar. Mycetophagidae, assim como outras famílias de coleópteros micófagos brasileiros, são muito pouco estudadas, sendo necessário pesquisas futuras sobre sua bioecologia e sistemática.

Aplicações da cultura de tecidos vegetais em fruteiras do Cerrado

Currently, it's been given a huge concern to the cerrado plants, focusing on fruit trees due to their characteristics and uses. Despite being a fairly unexplored area, the number of studies on these native species has increased, especially those involving tissue culture techniques. That's because this biotechnological tool provides the propagation of species with germination difficulty, reduces problems of recalcitrant seeds, promotes large scale seedling production, complements germplasm banks and facilitates the exchange of genetic materials. Therefore, this review summarizes the history and current situation of tissue culture techniques applied to Brazilian Cerrado fruit trees, providing support to further studies.

Atualmente, percebe-se uma preocupação em relação às plantas do cerrado, com grande enfoque nas fruteiras em função de suas características e usos. Apesar de ser uma área ainda pouco explorada, é crescente o número de estudos dessas espécies nativas, dentre eles, os que abrangem as técnicas de cultura de tecidos. Isso se deve uma vez que essa ferramenta biotecnológica permite a propagação de espécies com dificuldade de germinação, minimiza o problema de sementes recalcitrantes, promove a produção de mudas em larga escala, complementa bancos de germoplasma e facilita as trocas de materiais genéticos. Dessa maneira, esta revisão visa a sumarizar o histórico e panorama atual das aplicações da cultura de tecidos em fruteiras do cerrado, proporcionando sustentação para novos estudos.