Study on the path of high-quality development of the construction industry and its applicability.

Exploring the influencing factors and enhancement paths of high-quality development of the construction industry is crucial for promoting sustainable development of the construction industry. Based on the concepts of "five development", this paper takes the construction industry data of 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China as a sample, utilizes comprehensively the combination method of NCA and fsQCA to build a high-quality development driving model of the construction industry, and explores the coupling effect of factors, like the level of scientific and technological innovation, structural degree, precast building model, external market vitality, resources, and environment, on the development of the industry, revealing the path of high-quality development of the construction industry and analyze its applicability. These findings demonstrate that: (1) The level of scientific and technological innovation, the degree of structure, and the vitality of the external market are the core conditions, and a single factor does not constitute the necessary conditions for the high-quality development of the construction industry; (2) There are three paths for the high-quality development of the construction industry, among which the number of representative cases of linkage development led by openness innovation coordination is the largest, and has strong applicability; (3) There are two non-high-quality development paths in the construction industry, and there is a non-simple opposition relationship with the three high-quality development paths in the construction industry.

Exploring ways to improve China's ecological well-being amidst air pollution challenges using mixed methods.

Ecological well-being performance (EWP), a novel concept in sustainable development research, diverges from traditional ecological efficiency in terms of perspectives, core content, and driving factors. However, research on EWP remains insufficiently comprehensive, particularly the corresponding theoretical and methodological investigations into driving pathways. To address this gap, this study develops an "economy-environment-health" framework, incorporating air pollution and associated health losses into the evaluation system, and employs a two-stage Super-NSBM and Window DEA model for reevaluating EWP. The study further investigates the primary pathways of EWP, focusing on environmental regulations, technological innovation, and structural adjustments through both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative spatial econometric analysis reveals that factors such as market-driven environmental regulations, green invention patents, and industrial and energy consumption structures significantly enhance EWP. While examining the "net effects" contributions of individual variables using spatial econometric models, the fsQCA method is employed to identify four effective driving paths for EWP from a configurational perspective. These paths are 1) technological innovation and structural adjustment under environmental regulations with public participation; 2) a combination of environmental regulation, technological innovation, and structural adjustment; 3) structural adjustment with minimal influence from environmental regulations and technological innovation; and 4) structural adjustment directed by market-incentive environmental regulations.

The factors of job crafting in emergency nurses: regression models versus qualitative comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Job crafting is defined as a series of proactive behaviors exhibited by employees in order to balance work resources and needs, which has a significant positive impact on the nurses. It is necessary to find the core factors that influence the job crafting, as emergency nurses deal with the most complex tasks, so as to improve their job satisfaction. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the core factors of job crafting among emergency nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used in the study. A total of 255 nurses were recruited from two hospitals in Zhengzhou and Shenzhen, China in December 2021. 255 nurses completed an online questionnaire. Hierarchical regression models and fsQCA models were used to explore the factors influencing job crafting among emergency nurses and helped us to identify core factors. RESULTS: The hierarchical regression model and the fsQCA model found that the occupational benefit, psychological empowerment, and research experience were the core factors affecting their job crafting. Job involvement was not significant in the regression model, but the QCA model indicated that it needs to be combined with other factors to impact on job crafting. The QCA model uncovered seven key conditional configurations that led to high and low job crafting among emergency nurses, explaining 80.0% of the results for high job crafting and 82.6% of the results for the low job crafting, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide valuable insights into the job crafting experienced by emergency nurses. Junior emergency nurses should be granted a high level of psychological empowerment without assigning them overly complex tasks, such as research tasks, as these challenges can stop their job crafting. Intermediate and senior emergency nurses, on the other hand, can be assigned research tasks coupled with high psychological empowerment to enhance their job crafting.

Exploring the push-pull factors influencing parenting efficacy of fathers of children with ASD: a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the core factors and configurations influencing parenting efficacy for fathers of children with ASD in Western China by using a configuration analysis. Background: Understanding the push-pull factors related to parenting efficacy for fathers raising children with ASD can support the fathers of children with ASD to participate in education affairs and improve the quality of family education, which is of significant importance to both individuals and society. This study recruited 156 fathers of children with ASD from China. Results: The results suggested that there was more than one (sub) configuration for achieving a high level of parenting efficacy among fathers of children with ASD. (b) The configurations could be summarized into three main types as follows: "working within the system*flexible working time," "high level of education*high level of other support," and "severe disability*fewer interaction with wife." (c) The two variables, "family income" and "community support," were not as important as they were shown in previous studies, and their effects often depended on how they interact with other variables. Conclusions: Findings highlighted the validity of deploying configuration analysis (based on the ecosystem theory) to establish the relationship between independent variables and the parenting efficacy of fathers of children with ASD. The discovery of more than one configuration led to a new consensus on how multiple factors influence parenting efficacy. Implications were suggested for practitioners, policymakers, and future research alike.

Beyond regression: Unpacking research of human complex systems with qualitative comparative analysis.

This study underscores the effectiveness of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) when compared to conventional regression analysis (CRA) in the investigation of complex human systems. Utilizing historical secondary cross-national data from Lipset & Man (1960) spanning 18 countries, where CRA may be impractical, the research emphasizes the superior performance of QCA, specifically utilizing both crisp set QCA and fuzzy set QCA. The dataset includes variables such as democracy survival and its precursors, such as gross national product per capita, urbanization, literacy rate, and industrial labor force. In contrast to conventional regression results indicating an insignificant relationship between democracy survival and its antecedents, crisp set QCA identifies two distinct combinations of antecedents associated with high levels of democracy survival, albeit with limited solution coverage. Meanwhile, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) reveals five combinations of antecedents linked to robust democracy survival, providing adequate solution coverage and consistency. These findings suggest that fsQCA excels in capturing the intricacies of real-life scenarios in human complex systems, offering more robust empirical solutions compared to crisp set QCA and conventional regression. As a result, researchers may find value in integrating fsQCA into their new projects focused on human complex systems.

Configurational impact of self-regulated writing strategy, writing anxiety, and perceived writing difficulty on EFL writing performance: an fsQCA approach.

Previous research has indicated that writing performance of foreign/second language (L2) learners is influenced by their utilization of self-regulated writing strategies. Yet, the relationship between various self-regulated strategies and individual characteristics, such as writing anxiety and perceived writing difficulty, has not been sufficiently examined. To bridge this gap, this study classified self-regulated writing strategies into four distinct types: cognitive, metacognitive, social behavioral, and motivational. These types were combined with L2 learners' writing anxiety and writing difficulty to form conceptual models to predict high or low writing performance. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was used to gain a detailed understanding of the causal intricacies of writing performance. Data was collected from a sample of 94 students attending a university in eastern China. fsQCA revealed a variety of configurations associated with EFL writing performance, with six of them leading to high performance and four to low performance. These configurations highlight the complex causal relationship between students' use of self-regulated writing strategies and their writing performance, while considering their writing anxiety and perceived writing difficulty. The study provided theoretical and practical implications for L2 teachers and educators who wish to enhance L2 learners' writing performance.

Qualitative comparative analysis of learning engagement among Chinese part-time master's students in nursing.

BACKGROUND: Graduate nursing education plays an important role in the development of an innovative nation. Such education benefits the health of the community by cultivating competent and highly skilled nurses who can provide safe and quality nursing care. The number of students pursuing nursing degrees in China is insufficient, to meet the social demand for advanced practice nurses. The part-time Master of Nursing Specialist program for students offers flexible learning options for working nurses. However, the relatively low level of learning engagement exhibited by this group has raised concerns among policy-makers and nursing educators. An in-depth study of the factors affecting the learning engagement of part-time Master of Nursing Specialist postgraduates, especially with regard to their combined effect, is expected to provide a basis for improving the level of learning engagement among such students. METHODS: This study used ability-motivation-opportunity-theory and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to analyze the relationships between five conditions (i.e., supportive campus environment, supportive work environment, student-faculty interaction, research motivation and time management ability) and learning engagement by reference to data collected from a sample of 225 part-time Master of Nursing Specialist students who were enrolled in China. RESULTS: The fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis results indicated that individual examples of these antecedent conditions were insufficient to influence learning engagement. In contrast, three combinations of the five conditions led to high levels of learning engagement, and substitutability and complementarity were observed among the various elements in the configuration. CONCLUSIONS: Research motivation, student-faculty interaction, a supportive work environment and time management are factors that can influence part-time postgraduates' learning engagement. Supervisors can enhance their research skills and expertise, hospitals can establish supportive environments for students, and students can strengthen their research motivation and time management abilities.

The influence of visual marketing on consumers' purchase intention of fast fashion brands in China-An exploration based on fsQCA method.

Under the rapid development of e-commerce, offline brick-and-mortar stores have been severely impacted. However, the importance of the visual, sensory and even psychological experience in the apparel industry makes offline stores still irreplaceable. The impact on consumers' visual experience cannot be ignored and is a significant influencing factor in determining consumers' psychological change and purchase intention. Especially for fast fashion brands which pursue low costs, visual marketing strategies is a cost-effective marketing tool to enhance the visual experience. In this paper, by adapting SOR theory and using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) research method, 15 fast fashion apparel brands and 374 valid questionnaires are adapted in China to explore not only the influence of individual dimensions in visual marketing on consumers' purchase intention, but also the action of multi-dimensional combinations. The research finds that: (1) there are two driving paths for high consumers' purchase intention. The first path is a combination of high clarity of arrangement and low display density; the second path is a combination of low light intensity, high clarity of arrangement, high tonal harmony and high window appeal. (2) There are also two paths that drive non-high consumers' purchase intentions, and they are asymmetrically related to the paths that drive high consumers' purchase intentions. The findings of this study help to provide direction and suggestions for offline visual marketing strategies of fast fashion apparel brands to increase consumers' psychological perception and purchase intention through a range of visual presentation techniques.

Justice at the Forefront: Cultivating felt accountability towards Artificial Intelligence among healthcare professionals.

The advent of AI has ushered in a new era of patient care, but with it emerges a contentious debate surrounding accountability for algorithmic medical decisions. Within this discourse, a spectrum of views prevails, ranging from placing accountability on AI solution providers to laying it squarely on the shoulders of healthcare professionals. In response to this debate, this study, grounded in the mutualistic partner choice (MPC) model of the evolution of morality, seeks to establish a configurational framework for cultivating felt accountability towards AI among healthcare professionals. This framework underscores two pivotal conditions: AI ethics enactment and trusting belief in AI and considers the influence of organizational complexity in the implementation of this framework. Drawing on Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) of a sample of 401 healthcare professionals, this study reveals that a) focusing justice and autonomy in AI ethics enactment along with building trusting belief in AI reliability and functionality reinforces healthcare professionals' sense of felt accountability towards AI, b) fostering felt accountability towards AI necessitates ensuring the establishment of trust in its functionality for high complexity hospitals, and c) prioritizing justice in AI ethics enactment and trust in AI reliability is essential for low complexity hospitals.

Pathways to improving carbon emission efficiency in provinces: A comparative qualitative analysis based on the technology-organization-environment framework.

Achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality are important issues for global climate governance. The study of carbon emission efficiency in China's provincial regions is of practical significance for the country to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Based on the framework of Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE), choosing technological progress, economic development, industrial structure, energy structure, energy prices, and carbon emission trading market as condition variables, collecting the panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2020, the mixed study of Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) and the fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) was used to explore the complex influence mechanism of carbon emission efficiency. The findings indicate: (1) none of the single conditions are necessary for the effect of carbon emission efficiency, but technology plays an important role in supporting the improvement of carbon emission efficiency. (2) There are four recipes for the improvement of carbon emission efficiency, which are summarized into four modes: Technology-Organization dual core modes, Environment core-Organization support modes, Technology-Organization-Environment linkage modes, and Organization core-Technology support modes. Among them, the recipe of Organization core-Technology support covers the largest number of provinces, indicating that for the developed provinces, it is necessary to accelerate technological innovation, make the deep integration of economic development and technological innovation, and promote the adjustment of the industrial structure, thereby improving the carbon emission efficiency (CEE). This study contributes to carbon emission efficiency literature by providing a new theoretical perspective based on the TOE analysis framework, and development strategies for provinces to optimize the combination according to their condition endowment.

Unravelling the asymmetric effects of procurement practices on firm performance: A complexity theory approach to complementing fsQCA with NCA.

Current economic upheavals and supply chain uncertainty have threatened the profitability and sustainability of business organisations. Procurement has proved to be one of the strategies for enhancing firm performance without necessarily increasing revenue with its attendant increase in costs. However, rather than investigating the complex asymmetric relationship between procurement practices and firm performance (which this study advocates), past research engaged in a symmetric evaluation of the relationship between the phenomena. Accordingly, this study, using complexity theory, employs fsQCA and NCA on a sample of 150 respondents from private universities in Ghana to (a) identify different combinations of procurement practices, namely procurement planning, supplier partnership, contract management, and compliance, that lead to firm performance and (b) explore the necessity of these procurement practices (in kind and degree) for firm performance. Whereas the findings from fsQCA reveal three distinct combinations of procurement practices for high firm performance and further suggest that none of the procurement practices was necessary for firm performance, the NCA results suggest that two out of the four procurement practices investigated are necessary for firm performance and hence must be present in the causal recipes produced by fsQCA to guarantee that they lead to firm performance. The study offers pathways to firm performance through procurement practices and demonstrates how to complement fsQCA with NCA to ensure that causal recipes produced by fsQCA can produce the outcome.

When does a freemium business model lead to high performance? - A qualitative comparative analysis based on fuzzy Sets.

Existing research has neglected to explain why freemium business models lead to differentiated performance or what accounts for the difference in their revenue models. This study investigates how the configuration effect of freemium business models promotes performance and explores the different ways through which freemium business models, their dynamic capabilities, and environmental uncertainty interact to achieve high performance. The fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) approach was used to test the conceptual model with data from 45 freemium business model apps. From empirical evidence on the relationship between freemium business models, dynamic capabilities, and environmental uncertainty, the study finds that (1) bundled and fragmented freemium business models are fundamental performance drivers. However, they work only in combination with dynamic capabilities and environmental uncertainty. Moreover, the bundled and fragmented freemium business models have complementary rather than substitution relationships. (2) For companies with bundled and fragmented freemium business models, high sensing and seizing capabilities are critical to achieving high performance. A high bundled freemium business model, high sensing capability, and a lack of fragmented freemium business models and seizing capability can lead to high performance, regardless of reconfiguration capabilities and environmental uncertainty. (3) Under high environmental uncertainty, offering fragmented freemium business models with or without a bundled freemium business model will lead to high performance if they have high sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring capabilities. This study can provide systematic decision support for achieving high performance through freemium business models and the configuration of dynamic capabilities under environmental uncertainty.

Research on the evaluation and configuration path of China's rural common Prosperity-NCA and fsQCA based on provincial panel data.

Based on 2013-2019 panel data covering 31 provinces and cities in China, this paper uses the entropy weight technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method to measure rural common prosperity (CP). Based on the global and local Moran's I methods, we analyze the dynamic evolutionary characteristics of China's rural CP and the regional differences. Additionally, we use the necessary condition analysis (NCA) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methods to explore how six antecedents at the technology-organization-environment (TOE) level interact to affect CP. This research finds that, first, China's rural CP showed a fluctuating upward trend, with the highest level of CP in rural areas in the eastern region, followed by the central and western regions. Additionally, the gap between the three gradually narrowed. Second, China's rural CP had "high-high" and "low-low" agglomeration characteristics, with positive spatial autocorrelation, no transition changes, and strong spatial stability. Third, individual digital economic elements and organizational and environmental elements were not necessary conditions for promoting rural CP. Fourth, the multiple concurrent factors of the digital economy, organizations and the environment constituted three diversified configurations of rural CP, showing that the driving path of rural CP was characterized by "different paths that lead to the same goal". Moreover, "perfect digital facilities" and "high entrepreneurial activity" had a universal role in promoting rural CP. The conclusions of this research hold important theoretical and practical significance for improving China's rural CP.

Analyzing the effectiveness of environmental impact assessment in Paraná, Brazil and California, United States with fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis and the analytical hierarchy process.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has become one of the most widespread environmental management instruments. Despite this, EIA is routinely criticized for being ineffective at impacting decision-making. This study compared the EIA systems of Paraná, Brazil and California, United States using the effectiveness dimensions from the EIA literature. This study formats the cases into contextual conditions using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to identify the necessary or sufficient conditions that cause effective outcomes. These effectiveness outcomes are then ranked by EIA stakeholders via the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to identify stakeholder priorities and to improve stakeholder management. The results show that in Paraná stakeholders identified normative effectiveness as the most important dimension, while stakeholders in California identified this dimension as the second-most important following substantive effectiveness. Public participation was found to be a necessary condition for both substantive and normative effectiveness to occur. Early project definition was found to be sufficient for substantive effectiveness and necessary for normative effectiveness, for which stakeholder coordination was a sufficient condition. This suggests that in order for EIA to influence decision-making and foster sustainable development, greater care needs to be taken to actively engage stakeholders in public participation, with clear roles and project design communicated early on, and a clear role for regulatory authority to promote stakeholder coordination for acceptable outcomes. These findings suggest that some effectiveness dimensions are caused by similar conditions, which could help focus stakeholder management efforts and point to new avenues for future EIA effectiveness research.

COVID-19 information seeking and individuals' protective behaviors: examining the role of information sources and information content.

BACKGROUND: Seeking COVID-19 information promotes individuals to adopt preventive behaviors, including wearing a mask, social distancing, staying away from risky places, and washing hands. This study aims to investigate which information and sources individuals relied on in seeking COVID-19 information and further examine their roles in individuals' adoption of preventive behaviors. METHODS: Through a statistical analysis of 1027 valid responses from citizens in different Chinese cities in 2022 to the self-designed items in an online survey, this study identified individuals' preferred information sources and content on COVID-19. Regarding the information sources and content, the study used multiple regression analysis to examine their associations with individuals' preventive behaviors, and further applied fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to explore their configurations that increase the likelihood of individuals adopting preventive behaviors. RESULTS: Individuals preferred information about the newest prevention and control policies, precautions and treatment, and symptoms from the sources of workplace and community, social media, and social live streaming services. Additionally, individuals' preventive behaviors were positively related to the workplace and community (ß = 0.202, p <.001), social live streaming services (ß = 0.089, p <.01), government department websites (ß = 0.079, p <.05), television (ß = 0.073, p <.05), and online news media (ß = 0.069, p <.05), but were negatively associated with newspapers (ß=-0.087, p <.05). Regarding information content, precautions and treatments (ß = 0.211, p <.001), the newest prevention and control policies (ß = 0.173, p <.001), symptoms (ß = 0.152, p <.001), and official rumor-dispelling information (ß = 0.082, p <.05) had a positive relationship with individuals' preventive behaviors. In addition, fsQCA results presented eight configurations that promote individuals to adopt preventive behaviors. The total coverage and solution consistency values were 0.869 and 0.987, respectively. Furthermore, COVID-19 information content, the sources of social media and interpersonal sources, and official news media played an essential role in increasing the likelihood of individuals adopting preventive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that individuals seek various COVID-19 information from multiple sources. The direct and degree of association of information sources and content with individuals' preventive behaviors vary from source to source and from content to content. Information sources and content could combinatorially promote individuals to adopt preventive behaviors through several configurations.

The effects of green finance on enterprises' green innovation under the "dual carbon" goal: an exploratory study based on fsQCA.

With increasing environmental degradation, green finance and green innovation have attracted the attention of policymakers and industries. However, the impact of green finance on corporate green innovation is still unexplored. Based on signal theory, this study analyzes the mixed effect of green finance on green innovation in enterprises. We use data from 31 provinces (333 cities in total) in China in 2021 and use a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method. Green finance factors include green credit, green bond, green investment, green insurance, and green subsidy. Our research findings are as follows: Firstly, green innovation in businesses is not a product of a single antecedent situation but rather the interaction of several antecedent conditions. Green insurance and green subsidy are the core prerequisites for high green innovation in enterprises, and green credit plays an auxiliary role. Secondly, when there is a lack of green insurance, green bonds and green subsidies play a key role, leading to a high level of green innovation in businesses. Thirdly, the impact of various antecedents on the level of green innovation performance in enterprises is asymmetric. Policymakers should fully leverage the effect of green subsidy signals and minimize the risks of green innovation by expanding financing channels. Our findings enrich the literature on green innovation and finance and provide beneficial practical insights for green innovation in enterprises.

Predicting nurses' safety compliance behaviour in a developing economy, using the theory of planned behaviour: A configurational approach.

AIM: The study's main objective was to use a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to identify the configuration of recipes that predict nurses' safety compliance behaviour. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design. METHODS: A survey was used where questionnaires were collected from 285 nurses across four primary healthcare hospitals within the Ashanti Region, Ghana. The data collection happened between June 1 to August 2, 2022. A fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis was used to identify the recipes of psychological factors that determine nurses' safety compliance behaviour. RESULTS: Results from the study suggest that the necessary configurations that explained nurses' safety compliance behaviour came from the presence of subjective norm, attitude, perceived behavioural control, perceived organizational support and negation of intention. The result highlights the need for safety protocols to be conscious of the interplay between nurses' assessment of self, social clues and perception of management care and support since such psychological factors must be considered concurrently to achieve the optimal safety compliance behaviour among nurses. CONCLUSION: A health and safety protocol that fails to recognize the importance of psychological antecedents on subordinates' safety compliance behaviour could limit the safety policy's usefulness in bringing the appropriate behavioural change in nurses. IMPACT: To date, no study has combined the antecedents of theory planned behaviour with perceived organizational support and cue to action to assess how they collectively predict nurses' safety compliance behaviour. Findings from the study suggest that nurses in primary health facilities inform their safety compliance behaviour by assessing self-capabilities, social signals from superiors and colleagues and perception of management support. Hospital administrators and nursing managers in sub-Saharan Africa may rely on these psychological forces to persuade nurses to develop positive safety compliance behaviour at the health facility. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No Patient or Public Contribution.

Spatiotemporal differences in and influencing factors of urban carbon emission efficiency in China's Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Improving urban carbon emission efficiency (CEE) is vital to achieving the goal of urban carbon neutrality. However, the synergistic configurational effect of multiple influencing factors on CEE is not clear. Taking the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) as an example, this paper adopts the standard deviation ellipse and Dagum Gini coefficient method to investigate the spatiotemporal differences in urban CEE in the YREB, and using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method, it explores the configurational effect of CEE influencing factors from the system perspective. The main conclusions are as follows: first, the overall level of urban CEE in the YREB is low, with a certain polarization phenomenon. Second, the relative differences in urban CEE in the YREB show a fluctuating upward trend, and the regional differences mainly originate from the overlapping part between regions. Finally, the main CEE influencing factors do not act in isolation, they constitute a complex process of synergistic interaction, with complementary substitution and causal asymmetry.

Dispel the Clouds and See the Sun: Influencing Factors and Multiple Paths of User Retention Intention Formation.

To achieve user retention through multifactor synergy, Internet enterprises must reduce costs and increase efficiency and sustainable development. In response to the dilemma that Internet companies are experiencing increasingly high user acquisition costs and serious user churn, this paper investigates a sample of 46,695 user reviews of nine product series from Xiaomi Ecological Chain. Case studies and qualitative comparative analysis are used to explore the influence mechanisms of quality of experience, brand trust, and brand attachment on users' retention intentions. Our findings are as follows. (1) Brand attachment alone is not necessary for high user retention intention, but user perception, cognition, and brand trust are necessary. (2) Quality of experience positively impacts brand trust, attachment, and user retention intention. Therefore, improving user perception and cognition is critical in generating high user retention intention. (3) Five configuration paths can achieve high user retention intention, while three configuration paths lead to low user retention intention, and there is an asymmetric relationship between these paths. Among them, the role of quality of experience-driven configuration paths in generating user retention intention is the most prominent. (4) User perception and cognition can substitute with brand trust and attachment in the substitution relationship between configuration paths. Our findings have important theoretical and practical implications for revealing the realization paths of high user retention intention in Internet companies and provide a new perspective for future research.

Pathways to improve energy efficiency under carbon emission constraints in iron and steel industry: Using EBM, NCA and QCA approaches.

Improving environmental performance of energy- and carbon-intensive sectors represented by the iron and steel (IS) industry is of utmost importance to address the challenges of resource depletion and climate change worldwide. This article adopts a global-super-Epsilon-Based Measure (EBM) model with undesirable output for IS energy efficiency estimation, identifies efficiency determinants based on Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, and analyzes various pathways for efficiency improvement by grouping Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Empirical testing using statistical data of the G20 economies during 2010-2020 demonstrates that: 1) energy efficiency in the IS industry in G20 countries has risen amidst fluctuations, with developed countries performing more efficiently than developing countries; 2) individual factors do not constitute a compulsory condition to achieve high energy efficiency in the IS industry; 3) three different paths to achieve high energy performance are found, that is, technology-structure driven, regulation-economy-technology driven, and regulation-technology-production driven. Heterogenous policy recommendations for efficiency gains in the IS sector of different countries with divergent features are proposed accordingly.