Biological Activity of Insecticides Against Bradysia ocellaris Larvae (Diptera: Sciaridae): A New Pest of Strawberry Crops.

Black fungus gnat larvae are one of the primary insect pests in greenhouse and nursery crops, and Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock) (Diptera: Sciaridae) is one common pest species. This pest is difficult to control in Brazil because of the absence of registered insecticides. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of some insecticides on B. ocellaris larvae. We also verified that the insect growth regulator novaluron caused the deformation of B. ocellaris. Of the insecticides evaluated, malationa, and thiamethoxam showed high mortality rate (96 and 86 % respectively). Further, bioassays with acetamiprid (78 %) and novaluron (44 %) showed that the lethal concentrations (LC50) were 19.18 mg a.i.L-1 at 48h to acetamiprid and 1.24 mg a.i.L-1 at 120 h to novaluron. When larvae were fed on potato pieces treated with novaluron, independently of the dose, the mortality rate was 100 %, since no larvae could complete the development cycle. Among all evaluated insecticides, only acetamiprid and novaluron were considered effective tools for control of B. ocellaris larvae under laboratory conditions.

Bradysia aff. impatiens and Bradysia aff ocellaris in the semi-hydroponic strawberry production system in Southern Brazil / Bradysia aff impatiens e Bradysia aff ocellaris em sistemas de produção semi-hidropônico de morango no Sul do Brasil

Soilless cultivation of strawberry is in expansion in Brazil due to factors like the reduction of phytosanitary problems and the possibility of extending the crop period, as well as the ergonometric facility for management of the culture. However, black fungus gnats (Sciaridae, Diptera) are ubiquitous pests in the greenhouse production system, causing direct and indirect damage to plants. ThIS study evaluated the occurrence of black fungus gnats species in semi-hydroponic cultivation of strawberry and to identify the species, as well as to describe the symptoms in infested plants. The research was developed in commercial productions of strawberry, in five municipalities (Arroio do Padre, Canguçu, Capão do Leão, Pelotas and Turuçu) during July to December 2017, where adult samples were collected twice a month, with petri dish traps containing water and neutral detergent placed inside the greenhouses between the plants. A total of 2030 adult gnats belonging to two species were collected. Bradysia aff. impatiens, accounted with 90.79% of the total, and Bradysia aff. ocellaris, accounted with 9.21%. In order to assist the correct determination of species, males of both species were identified and illustrated. With respect to the symptoms observed during the research, it was possible to verify since the wilted crown of plants to the death of plants, which were confirmed by the presence of larvae in the root system. As the occurrence of these insects is recent in strawberry, there is no pesticide registered in Brazil, so management strategies (cultural, physical, and sanitary) also are discussed.

O cultivo de morango sem solo está em expansão no Brasil, devido a fatores como a redução de problemas fitossanitários e a possibilidade de produção por um período maior, assim como a facilidade ergométrica para o manejo da cultura. No entanto, black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) são pragas onipresentes no sistema de produção de estufas, causando danos diretos e indiretos às plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de espécies de black fungus gnats em cultivo de morango semi-hidropônico e identificar as espécies, assim como descrever os sintomas observados em plantas infestadas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em produção de morango comercial, em cinco municípios (Arroio do Padre, Canguçu, Capão do Leão, Pelotas e Turuçu) durante Julho a Dezembro de 2017, onde os adultos foram coletados duas vezes por mês, com armadilhas de placa de Petri, contendo água e detergente neutro, as quais eram colocadas dentro das estufas entre as plantas. Um total de 2.030 mosquitos adultos pertencentes a duas espécies foram coletados. Bradysia aff. impatiens, com 90,79% do total, e Bradysia aff. ocellaris, com 9,21%. Para auxiliar na correta determinação das espécies, os machos de ambas as espécies foram identificados e ilustrados. Com relação aos sintomas observados durante o trabalho, foi possível verificar desde a coroa murcha até a morte das plantas, em que foram confirmados pela presença de larvas no sistema radicular. Como a ocorrência desses insetos é recente em morango, não há agrotóxico registrado no Brasil, então estratégias de manejo (cultural, físico e sanitário) também são discutidas.

Effects of Climatic Change on the Potential Distribution of Lycoriella Species (Diptera: Sciaridae) of Economic Importance.

Lycoriella species (Sciaridae) are responsible for significant economic losses in greenhouse production (e.g., mushrooms, strawberries, and nurseries). The current distributions of species in the genus are restricted to cold-climate countries. Three species of Lycoriella are of particular economic concern in view of their ability to invade areas in countries across the Northern Hemisphere. We used ecological niche models to determine the potential for range expansion under future climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) in the distribution of these three species of Lycoriella. Stable environmental suitability under climate change was a dominant theme in these species; however, potential range increases were noted in key countries (e.g., USA, Brazil, and China). Our results illustrate the potential for range expansion in these species in the Southern Hemisphere, including some of the highest greenhouse production areas in the world.

New species of Heteropterna Skuse and Keroplatus Bosc (Diptera: Keroplatidae) become the second records of this family for Cuba.

Two new species of Keroplatini (Diptera: Keroplatidae: Keroplatinae), Heteropterna (Heteropterna) garae n. sp. and Keroplatus maxi n. sp. are described from Cuba, the second record of the family from this territory since Matile's paper in 1977. Heteropterna garae n. sp. is characterized by the last three flagellomeres being a silvery white colour (the last with a light brown apical border), the wings with a distinct colour pattern, and the unique shape of the terminalia and gonostylus. Keroplatus maxi n. sp. is principally yellow with almost no marks except for the particular pattern of stripes on the dorsal part of thorax. The wings have a slight pale yellowish tint with no pattern of coloured spots, and the gonostylus is characteristically shaped. A key to Neotropical Heteropterna and Keroplatus species is provided.

A new species of Euricrium Enderlein from southern Brazil, new records for E. varians (Lane), a new combination, and a key for the Neotropical species of the genus.

A new species of the genus Euricrium is described-Euricrium edwardsi sp. n.-from the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. Additional material of E. varians is identified and illustrated, expanding the known distribution of the species. E. unimacula (Lane), n.com. is redescribed based on the female holotype and illustrated, and formally transferred to Euricrium. A key for the Neotropical species of Euricrium is presented and comments are made on the known diversity of the genus.

Phthinia Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae): new species and records from the Neotropical and Oriental regions.

Three new species of Phthinia Winnertz are described; P. amorimi n. sp. (Chile), P. oliveirae n. sp. (Chile), and P. nepalensis n. sp. (Nepal). Based on male terminalia, P. amorimi shows greater affinity to species previously described from Brazil whereas P. oliveirae is more similar to other Chilean species. Phthinia nepalensis is the first species of the genus described from the Oriental region. Distribution records for other Neotropical species are also given.

A new case of an Holarctic element in the Colombian Andes: first record of Cordyla Meigen (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the Neotropical region.

Three new species of Mycetophilidae - Cordyla monticola sp. n., Cordyla pseudopusilla sp. n. and Cordyla reducta sp. n. - are described from the Colombian Andes, representing the first described species of Cordyla Meigen from the Neotropical region. Colour photos of their habitus, wing and terminalia are provided. The morphological affinities of male terminalia are discussed in a worldwide context. The distributional pattern of the genus clearly indicates a case of northern elements reaching the north-western region of the Neotropics that corresponds to a secondary extension of a Holarctic clade to the south.

Bradysia sp. em morangueiro / Bradysia sp. in strawberry

No trabalho, relatam-se os primeiros registros de Bradysia sp. (Insecta: Diptera: Sciaridae) em morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), cultivado no Município de Eldorado do Sul, RS. O cultivo foi realizado em sacolas com três metros de comprimento, preenchidas com substrato composto de casca de arroz e turfa, dispostas horizontalmente sobre bancadas de madeira, em ambiente protegido. A presença de Bradysia sp. foi observada na segunda quinzena de agosto de 2005. Neste trabalho, estão descritos os sintomas apresentados no morangueiro pela praga, prováveis conseqüências sobre o aparecimento de doenças e uma breve descrição morfológica da Bradysia sp., adulto e fase larval.

This paper describes the first record of Bradysia sp. (Insecta; Diptera; Sciaridae) in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), cultivated in the city of Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil. Strawberry was planted in plastic bags filled with a mixture of burnt rice hulls and peat and cultivated in a greenhouse. The presence of Bradysia sp was noticed in the second fortnight of August, 2005. The symptoms in strawberry and the probable consequences in terms of disease arising were described in the present study, as well as the morphological characterization of Bradysia sp. and its illustrations.

Bradysia sp. em morangueiro

This paper describes the first record of Bradysia sp. (Insecta; Diptera; Sciaridae) in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), cultivated in the city of Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil. Strawberry was planted in plastic bags filled with a mixture of burnt rice hulls and peat and cultivated in a greenhouse. The presence of Bradysia sp was noticed in the second fortnight of August, 2005. The symptoms in strawberry and the probable consequences in terms of disease arising were described in the present study, as well as the morphological characterization of Bradysia sp. and its illustrations.

No trabalho, relatam-se os primeiros registros de Bradysia sp. (Insecta: Diptera: Sciaridae) em morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), cultivado no Município de Eldorado do Sul, RS. O cultivo foi realizado em sacolas com três metros de comprimento, preenchidas com substrato composto de casca de arroz e turfa, dispostas horizontalmente sobre bancadas de madeira, em ambiente protegido. A presença de Bradysia sp. foi observada na segunda quinzena de agosto de 2005. Neste trabalho, estão descritos os sintomas apresentados no morangueiro pela praga, prováveis conseqüências sobre o aparecimento de doenças e uma breve descrição morfológica da Bradysia sp., adulto e fase larval.

Bradysia sp. em morangueiro

This paper describes the first record of Bradysia sp. (Insecta; Diptera; Sciaridae) in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), cultivated in the city of Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil. Strawberry was planted in plastic bags filled with a mixture of burnt rice hulls and peat and cultivated in a greenhouse. The presence of Bradysia sp was noticed in the second fortnight of August, 2005. The symptoms in strawberry and the probable consequences in terms of disease arising were described in the present study, as well as the morphological characterization of Bradysia sp. and its illustrations.

No trabalho, relatam-se os primeiros registros de Bradysia sp. (Insecta: Diptera: Sciaridae) em morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), cultivado no Município de Eldorado do Sul, RS. O cultivo foi realizado em sacolas com três metros de comprimento, preenchidas com substrato composto de casca de arroz e turfa, dispostas horizontalmente sobre bancadas de madeira, em ambiente protegido. A presença de Bradysia sp. foi observada na segunda quinzena de agosto de 2005. Neste trabalho, estão descritos os sintomas apresentados no morangueiro pela praga, prováveis conseqüências sobre o aparecimento de doenças e uma breve descrição morfológica da Bradysia sp., adulto e fase larval.