Informal Employment Under the Skin: Informality and Health Inequalities Among Chilean Workers.

Informal employment has been identified as an important social determinant of health. This article addresses the processes through which informal employment affects workers' health in Chile. The study's methodological approach was based on qualitative interviews with 34 formal and informal workers. The findings show how workers perceive informal employment as negatively affecting their mental and physical health through different dimensions of their living and working conditions. Incorporating a gender perspective proves to be integral to the analysis of these processes. The article concludes by discussing how neoliberalism underlies such vulnerability processes and negatively impacts on the population's health.

The triggers and consequences of the Queen Bee phenomenon: A systematic literature review and integrative framework.

Staines, Tavris and Jayaratne (1974) first introduced the Queen Bee Phenomenon (QBP). The term has been extensively employed to explain specific behaviors driven by organizational inequalities where women engaged in leadership positions actively restrain the opportunities of upper mobility for junior women. While the literature constantly addresses the causes and behaviors of this phenomenon, the current scholarship still lacks an integrated view of the QBP literature and a concise integrative framework that explores its triggers and consequences to advance research and provide evidence-based results to guide policy and managerial decisions. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to identify, analyze and synthesize the literature on the QBP. We conducted a systematic literature review engaging bibliometrics and content analysis. Our results highlight the current state of the art of the QBP literature and introduce a new integrative framework that shows the interplay between the triggers, traits and consequences of the QBP. We contribute to the field by integrating previous research in the field into a framework that synthesizes and connects the scattered literature. Our results are helpful for designing new organizational policies that reduce the impacts of the QBP in the workplace. The research agenda propose avenues for advancing our understanding of the phenomenon.

Inequalities by sex on remaining teeth in adults: A decomposition analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify which social determinants of health explain the gap in the remaining teeth between men and women. METHODS: A secondary analysis of data from the Chilean National Health Survey (CNHS) 2016-2017 was performed on the number of remaining teeth in adults. The explanatory variables were organized into structural and intermediate social determinants of health according to the WHO framework. The contribution of both groups and the contribution of each individual explanatory variable to the remaining teeth gap was estimated using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis. RESULTS: The predicted average number of remaining teeth for men was 23.4 and 21.0 for women, thus a mean difference of 2.4 teeth. 49.8% of the inequality between men and women was due to the different distribution (endowments) of the predictors in the model. Among them, structural determinants of health, namely education level (15.8%) and employment status (17.8%), contributed the most. Intermediate determinants had no relevant contribution to explain the gap. CONCLUSIONS: Results revealed that the difference in the mean number of remaining teeth between men and women was mainly explained by two structural determinants: education level and employment status. The lack of explanatory power of intermediate determinants and the large explanatory power of structural determinants means that tackling oral health inequity in Chile requires strong political commitment. The role of intersectoral and intersectional public policies to address gender inequalities in oral health in Chile is discussed.

Gender inequalities in violence victimization and depression in Brazil: results from the 2019 national health survey.

BACKGROUND: Violence is a worldwide public health challenge and has been linked to depression in many settings. Depression is higher in women and differential exposure to violence is a potential risk factor - especially in countries with high-levels of violence. This paper provides a comprehensive characterization of the association between violence victimization and depression in Brazil, focusing on sex/gender inequalities. METHODS: We used data from the 2019 wave of the National Health Survey (PNS) in Brazil to assess whether respondents had depression (using PHQ-9) and if they were victims of violence, differentiating by the type of violence, the frequency of victimization, and the primary aggressor. We used logit models to assess the association between victimization and the likelihood of having depression. We predicted probabilities of being depressed, considering the interaction between violence victimization and sex/gender, to analyze the differences between men and women. RESULTS: Rates of violence victimization and depression were higher among women than among men. The odds of being depressed were 3.8 (95%CI: 3.5-4.2) times higher among victims of violence than among non-victims, and 2.3 (95%CI: 2.1-2.6) times higher among women than among men, adjusting for socioeconomic factors. For any given income level, racial/ethnic or age group, victims of violence who were women had the highest predicted probabilities of being depressed - e.g., 29.4% (95%CI: 26.1-32.8) for lower-income women, 28.9% (95%CI: 24.4-33.2) for black women, and 30.4% (95%CI: 25.4-35.4) for younger women that suffered violence. Over one in three women that suffered multiple types of violence, experienced violence more frequently, or where the aggressor was an intimate partner or another family member were predicted to have depression. CONCLUSIONS: Being a victim of violence was strongly associated with higher risk of depression in Brazil, with women more likely to be both victims of violence and develop depression. Frequent, sexual, physical or psychological violence, and intimate partners or family member perpetrators were major risk factors for depression and should be a public health priority.

Cross-National Associations between Age at Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence among Young Women: An Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys from 48 Countries.

We estimated the associations between age at first marriage and recent intimate partner violence (IPV) among women young women aged 20-24 years using data from demographic and health surveys (DHS) conducted at 48 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We fitted a multilevel logistic regression model controlling for sociodemographic covariates. Our pooled analyses revealed that age at marriage is strongly associated with past year IPV in a non-linear way, with steep reductions in violence when young women marry after age 15 and a continued decline in IPV for every year marriage is delayed up to age 24. The risk of physical IPV was 3.3 times higher among women married at age 15 (24.4%, 95% CI 19.7; 29.2%) compared to young women married at age 24 (7.5%, 95% CI 5.8; 9.2%). For sexual IPV, girls married at 15 had 2.2 times higher risk compared to those married at 24 (7.5%, 95% CI 5.6; 9.5% vs. 3.4%, 95% CI 2.7; 4.2%, respectively). For psychological IPV, the relative risk was 3.4 for the same comparison (married at 15: 20.1%, 95% CI 14.6; married at 24: 25.5% vs. 6.0%, 95% CI 3.4; 8.6%). Country specific analyses showed that, age at marriage was negatively associated with physical and psychological IPV in nearly half of the countries (n/48) and with sexual IPV in ten countries. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating violence prevention and response interventions into efforts to prevent child marriage, as well as the health, educations and social services young women access.

Children's age matters: Parental burnout in Chilean families during the COVID-19 pandemic.

For families all over the world, going through a pandemic has presented a number of challenges. In particular, social distancing measures involving the closure of schools and day care centers, as well as increasing work hours at home, made parents face very demanding situations. However, we know little about whether parents' burnout levels are influenced by the age of their children. This study sought to determine whether levels of parental burnout (PB) are higher in families with at least one child under the age of four than in families with older children (5 to 18 years). The second goal was to explore whether having children under 4 years of age moderates the relationship between parental cooperation and PB. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 651 participants (525 mothers and 126 fathers) since May 18th until August 27th, 2020. The main results showed that child age is a predictor of PB. Besides, having a child aged 0-4 years old moderates the relationship between parental cooperation and PB. Finally, it was found that in cases where there was at least one child under 4 years of age in the family, with one of the partners who worked remotely, the respondent's PB rose by 7.9 points. The implications of these results with respect to the consideration of children's ages in the different parental scenarios were discussed.

Psicólogas(os) na ciência: como estamos em 60 anos de profissão no Brasil / Psychologists in science: where we stand in 60 years of the profession in Brazil / Las(os) psicólogas(os) en la ciencia: dónde estamos en 60 años de la profesión en Brasil

Analisou-se a participação da Psicologia no Sistema Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (SNCTI), situando-a entre as Grandes áreas do conhecimento. Para tanto, tomou-se como referência o panorama atual de distribuição das bolsas de produtividade em pesquisa (PQ) no Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Ademais, apresentou-se a distribuição das bolsas PQ por modalidade e sexo a fim de discutir as desigualdades de gênero, seja no âmbito geral da Ciência, seja internamente à Psicologia. Metodologicamente, trabalhou-se a partir do banco de pesquisadoras(es) ativas(os) disponibilizado pelo CNPq em 2019, constituído por 12.917 bolsistas PQ, incluindo todas as áreas. Observou-se a existência de desigualdades entre as grandes áreas do conhecimento no acesso aos recursos de fomento à pesquisa, particularmente no que tange à distribuição de cotas PQ. Há também desigualdades regionais e assimetrias de gênero na carreira acadêmica e de pesquisa entre homens e mulheres refletidas no quantitativo e na modalidade de bolsa PQ em todas as áreas do conhecimento e na Psicologia, em particular. A Psicologia, no conjunto de cotas disponibilizadas pelo CNPq, ao longo dos seus 60 anos de existência, detém ainda percentual pouco expressivo. Considera-se que, em alguma medida, esse cenário tem relação com o fato de a área ser historicamente marcada como profissão predominantemente feminina, como disciplina aplicada e com pouca tradição no campo científico e de produção de conhecimento.(AU)

This study analyzes the participation of Psychology in the National System of Science, Technology and Innovation (SNCTI), placing it among the major areas of knowledge. For this purpose, it took the current panorama of research productivity fellowship (PQ) distribution at the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) as reference. It presents the distribution of PQ grants by modality and gender to discuss gender inequalities, both in the general sphere of science and within Psychology. Data was collected from the bank of active researcher(s) made available by CNPq in 2019, consisting of 12,917 PQ fellows, including all areas. All major areas of knowledge showed inequalities in access to resources for research promotion, particularly in terms of PQ quota distribution. The results also point to regional inequalities and gender asymmetries in the academic and research career reflected in the quantity and modality of the FP grant in all areas of knowledge, especially Psychology. In the set of quotas made available by CNPq, Psychology, throughout its 60 years of existence, still holds an insignificant percentage. To some extent, this scenario stems from the fact that Psychology is historically marked as a predominantly female profession, as an applied discipline and with little tradition in the scientific field and knowledge production.(AU)

Se analizó la participación de la Psicología en el Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNCTI), ubicándola entre las principales áreas del conocimiento. Para ello, se tomó como referencia el panorama actual de distribución de las becas de productividad en investigación (PQ) en el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (CNPq). Además, se buscó presentar la distribución de las becas PQ por modalidad y sexo para discutir las desigualdades de género, tanto en el ámbito general de la ciencia como dentro de la Psicología. Metodológicamente, se trabajó con base en el banco de investigadoras(es) activas(os) puesto a disposición por el CNPq en 2019, compuesto por 12.917 becarios PQ, incluyendo todas las áreas. Se observó la existencia de desigualdades entre las grandes áreas de conocimiento en el acceso a los recursos para el fomento de la investigación, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la distribución de cuotas de investigación. También existen desigualdades regionales y asimetrías de género en la carrera académica entre hombres y mujeres que se reflejan en la cantidad y modalidad de la beca PQ en todas las áreas de conocimiento y, en particular, en Psicología. En el conjunto de las cuotas puestas a disposición por el CNPq, a lo largo de los 60 años de existencia de la psicología como profesión se sigue teniendo un porcentaje poco expresivo. Se considera que, en cierta medida, este escenario está relacionado con el hecho de que el área está marcada históricamente como una profesión predominantemente femenina, como una disciplina aplicada y con poca tradición en el campo científico y de producción de conocimiento.(AU)

Perfil dos egressos do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Cearáe suas percepções acerca do mercado de trabalho / Alumni profiling of dentists who graduated from the Federal University of Ceará and their perceptions on the labor market

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar o perfil dos egressos de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Cearáe suas percepções acerca do mercado de trabalho. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com aplicação de questionário onlineaos egressos de 2010/1 a 2018/1. Foram abordadas questões referentes ao perfil sociodemográfico, campo de atuação e percepção do mercado de trabalho e das suas limitações de formação. Realizou-se análise descritiva das variáveis e utilizou-se o teste t de Student e qui-quadrado, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Dos 435 egressos, 169 (38,8%) participaram da pesquisa. A maioria(83%) se inseriu no mercado de trabalho em até um mês de formado e possuía alguma titulação acadêmicade pós-graduação(87,6%). A cargahorária de trabalho de 44,3% dos egressos é maior que 40 horassemanais, com remuneração média de 5,4 salários-mínimos,verificando-se uma desigualdade salarial e de cargahorária de trabalho entre gêneros. Ainda, 15,7% atuavam na docência aliada a outra atividade, 15% no consultório particular e 25,3% possuíam vínculo com serviço público. A maioria dos egressos sentiram-se parcialmente preparados para o mercado de trabalho (53,8%), sendo este avaliado majoritariamente como "regular" (51,5%). Quanto ao nível desatisfação com a Odontologia, 76,8% afirmaram ser bom ou excelente. Ademais, foram apontadas deficiências na formação nos conteúdos de gestão privada e pública. Conclui-se que os egressos apresentaram rápida inserção no mercado de trabalho, alta carga horária semanal de trabalho, boa satisfação com a profissão, apesar de considerarem o mercado de trabalho regular. Além disso, esse estudo sinaliza uma desigualdade de gênero no mercado de trabalho odontológico (AU).

This study aimed to identify the alumni profile of dentists who graduated from the Federal University of Ceara and to explore their perceptions ofthe labor market. A cross-sectional study was carried out with the application of a questionnaire to graduates from 2010/1 to 2018/1, via google forms.The data wereanalyzed through descriptive statistics and by the Student's and Chi-squared tests with the significance level set at 5%. One hundred and sixty-nine (38.8%) out of 435 alumni dentists participated in the research.The majority of them (83%)started working up to one month after graduation and had also completed a graduate course (87.6%)by the time of the data collection. The working hours of 44.3%of the participants exceed 40 hours per week. The mean salary of the participants is 5.4 minimum wages,and an imbalance between worked hours and salary was found when comparing different genders.Additionally, while 15.7%of the participants worked as professors, associating this occupation with other professional activities, 15% of the alumnidentists worked in private dental offices and 25.3% worked in the public service. After graduating, most ofthe dentists felt partially prepared forthe job market(53.8%),which was evaluated as "regular" (51.5%). Regarding the level of satisfaction with thefield of dentistry, 76.8% of the participants perceived the dental profession as good and excellent. However, the alumni dentists pointed deficiencies regarding their education on the topics of private and public management. Therefore, it can be concluded that the alumni dentists were promptly absorbed by the job market, have a high weekly workload, are satisfied with the profession, but consider the job market only as regular. Moreover, this investigation brings light to gender inequalities in the labor market of dentistry (AU).

Facing Racism and Sexism in Science by Fighting Against Social Implicit Bias: A Latina and Black Woman's Perspective.

The editors of several major journals have recently asserted the importance of combating racism and sexism in science. This is especially relevant now, as the COVID-19 pandemic may have led to a widening of the gender and racial/ethnicity gaps. Implicit bias is a crucial component in this fight. Negative stereotypes that are socially constructed in a given culture are frequently associated with implicit bias (which is unconscious or not perceived). In the present article, we point to scientific evidence that shows the presence of implicit bias in the academic community, contributing to strongly damaging unconscious evaluations and judgments of individuals or groups. Additionally, we suggest several actions aimed at (1) editors and reviewers of scientific journals (2) people in positions of power within funding agencies and research institutions, and (3) members of selection committees to mitigate this effect. These recommendations are based on the experience of a group of Latinx American scientists comprising Black and Latina women, teachers, and undergraduate students who participate in women in science working group at universities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. With this article, we hope to contribute to reflections, actions, and the development of institutional policies that enable and consolidate diversity in science and reduce disparities based on gender and race/ethnicity.

Transferência de renda condicionada e o trabalho do cuidado: uma análise do Programa Bolsa Família em 2019 / Conditional cash transfers and care work: an analysis of Bolsa Familia Program in 2019 / Transferencia de renta condicional y trabajo de cuidado: un análisis del programa Bolsa Familia en 2019

Os programas de transferência de renda condicionada têm como público-alvo famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade e são pagos preferivelmente às mulheres. A crítica feminista em relação a tais programas argumenta que, ao se direcionarem os benefícios às mulheres, papéis sociais baseados na divisão sexual do trabalho são reforçados, o que gera uma sobrecarga feminina com o trabalho doméstico e do cuidado. Este artigo investiga a relação entre a titularidade feminina e o uso do tempo com o trabalho do cuidado, comparando mulheres e homens que recebem e que não recebem o benefício do Programa Bolsa Família. Para isso, foram analisados os dados disponíveis na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua de 2019. Os resultados mostram que as mulheres beneficiárias que cuidam de crianças de até cinco anos despendem mais horas do que todos os outros grupos. Contudo, os homens beneficiários que cuidam de crianças nessa faixa etária gastam menos horas do que os beneficiários que não cuidam.

Conditional cash transfer programs target vulnerable families and are preferentially paid to women. Feminist criticism regarding such programs argues that directing financial transfers to women reinforces social roles based on the Sexual Division of Labor, which places a burden on women regarding domestic and care work. This paper investigates the relationship between female ownership and the time spent doing care work, comparing women and men who receive and not receive benefits from Bolsa Família Program. To do so, available data from Continuous - PNAD from 2019 were analyzed. The results show that female beneficiaries who care for children up to 5 years old spend more hours doing domestic work than all other groups. However, male beneficiaries who care for children in this age group spend less hours in those activities than beneficiaries who do not.

Los programas de transferencia de renta condicional tienen como público objetivo familias en situación de vulnerabilidad y dan preferencia a la titularidad femenina. La crítica feminista en relación con tales programas argumenta que, al direccionar los beneficios hacia las mujeres, los roles sociales basados en la división sexual del trabajo se refuerzan, lo cual genera una sobrecarga femenina en relación con el trabajo doméstico y de cuidado. Este artículo investiga la relación entre la titularidad femenina y el uso del tiempo en el trabajo de cuidado, comparando mujeres y hombres que reciben y que no reciben prestaciones del programa Bolsa Familia. Para esto, fueron analizados los datos disponibles en la Encuesta Nacional Anual de Muestreo Residencial. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres beneficiadas que cuidan niños de hasta cinco años gastan más horas que todos los otros grupos, aunque los hombres beneficiados que cuidan niños en este rango de edad gastan menos horas que los que no los cuidan.

Burden and Gender inequalities around Informal Care.

OBJECTIVES: This work comes from the interest and need to understand the problems arising from the activity of caring for dependent people, in the world and particularly in the European region. Altogether, it seeks to understand the consequences of informal care on the caregiver adding to the debate a gender perspective. Through a multidisciplinary bibliographic review, the current care crisis becomes clear. The demographic and socio-cultural changes in recent years are causing dependency to increase dramatically, while putting at risk the availability of informal caregivers. Several studies have shown that women are the ones on whom the burden of care mainly falls. Therefore, under the gender perspective, it becomes clear that the consequences of caregiver burden increase gender inequalities worldwide. The study analyzes the current situation and underlines the need to promote alternatives and opportunities so that care is shared and does not fall only on the female gender. Solutions need to be included in public and community health interventions and policies, and to this respect, nurses play an important role in changing the care paradigm.