Use of tramadol as analgesic alternative in Harris hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus).

BACKGROUND: The Harris hawk is a bird of prey susceptible to traumatic injuries because it is useful for several purposes such as conservancy, biological control and falconry. Once received in rehabilitation centres or specialized clinics, it is necessary to provide proper analgesia. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the analgesic efficacy of tramadol in Harris hawks (PISADOL 50 PiSA Agropecuaria, S.A. de C.V. Calle 1 Norte, Manzana 2-25 Parque Industrial Tula Atitalaquia, Hgo, México), by the assessment of nociceptive threshold. METHODS: A total of 24 adult Harris hawks were selected from a rehabilitation centre. The birds were randomly divided into four groups: control (saline solution), 5.0, 15.0 and 30.0 mg/kg of intramuscular tramadol. Nociception was produced with electrical stimuli of 9 V, applied in propatagial skin at 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min, assessing the nociceptive threshold and sedative effects produced by each treatment. RESULTS: No difference was observed between control and tramadol group 5 mg/kg. At 15 mg/kg, the pain threshold increased from 20 to 240 min, with minimal sedative effects. At 30 mg/kg, there was a marked increase in pain threshold from 10 to 300 min, and sedative effects like wing and head drooping for a period of 90 min. CONCLUSIONS: Tramadol can be an analgesic alternative for Harris's hawks, as it decreases the response to painful stimuli in this species when administered by intramuscular route.

Enucleação subconjuntival em um gavião / Subconjuntival enucleation in a Hawk

O gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) é uma ave de rapina que possui ampla distribuição em todo o território nacional. As aves de rapina desenvolveram uma visão tão eficiente que as puseram num patamar diferenciado em relação às outras espécies. No entanto, isso as tornou extremamente sensíveis às afecções oftálmicas, como malformações, inflamações, infecções, degenerações, neoplasias, distúrbios nutricionais e lesões traumáticas. Diante disso, este trabalho apresenta um relato de caso que descreve um gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) adulto, fêmea, pesando 0,800kg, cujo a principal queixa é o olho esquerdo buftálmico e com coloração acinzentada. Este quadro clínico suscitou na remoção do olho pela técnica de enucleação subconjuntival lateral, sendo essa manobra a única forma de interromper o estímulo doloroso e a infecção. Por conseguinte, o trabalho demonstrou a importância e a exequibilidade da técnica correta de enucleação em aves de rapina, de modo a permitir a manutenção da espécie e minimizar os riscos de extinção.

The Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) is a bird of prey that has a wide distribution throughout the national territory. Birds of prey have developed such an efficient vision that they are on a different level compared to other species. However, it made them extremely sensitive to ophthalmic conditions, such as malformations, inflammations, infections, degenerations, neoplasms, nutritional disorders, and traumatic injuries. Thus, this work presents a case report that describes an adult female Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), weighing 0.800kg, whose main complaint is the left eye buphthalmic and with a grayish color. This clinical condition led to the removal of the eye by the lateral subconjunctival enucleation technique, which was the only way to interrupt the painful stimulus and the infection. Therefore, the work demonstrated the importance and feasibility of the correct technique of enucleation in birds of prey to allow the maintenance of the species and minimize the risks of extinction.

Trans-sinus fixation for correction of deviation of the gnathotheca in a hawk (Caracara plancus).

INTRODUCTION: For birds of prey, the integrity of the beak is extremely important for defence, hygiene, socialization and especially, feeding. This paper describes successful trans-sinus fixation of a lateral deviation of the mandible in a hawk (Caracara plancus). CASE REPORT: The patient was presented with malnutrition and dehydration due to severe left lateral deviation of gnathotheca, with significant malocclusion. Fixation was performed with a 1.0-mm pin and 0.4-mm cerclage, applying contralateral traction to the deviation. The placement of the cerclage enabled full opening of the beak to allow feeding in the postoperative period. At 21 days after surgery, occlusion was perfect and the patient had recovered normal beak function. When clinical follow-up indicated that the bird would be able to survive in the wild, it was released. CONCLUSION: Trans-sinus fixation was effective in correcting lateral deviation of the gnathotheca in a hawk (C. plancus).

Opportunistic predation of the Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) on alates subterranean termites (Coptotermes testaceus) in southwestern Brazilian Amazon / Depredación oportunista del halcón caminero (Rupornis magnirostris) sobre termitas subterráneas aladas (Coptotermes testaceus) en el suroeste de la Amazonía brasileña

Abstract We report the opportunistic predation of Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris - Accipitridae) on subterranean termite (Coptotermes testaceus - Rhinotermitidae). This predatory behaviour was observed during an avifauna survey in the municipality of Candeias do Jamari, Rondônia, Brazil, in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. There was a great abundance of C. testaceus alates because of heavy rainfall. This is the season when C. testaceus colonies produce alates in large numbers to found new colonies. The Roadside Hawk stayed on its perch and captured winged termites with little energy expenditure. The bird in question appeared to take advantage of the termite mating flight to feed opportunistically on the abundant alates. Although feeding on insects by R. magnirostris is well known, this is the first documentation of feeding on termite alates.

Resumen Informamos de la depredación oportunista de Coptotermes testaceus (Rhinotermitidae) por Rupornis magnirostris (Accipitridae). Este comportamiento depredador fue observado durante un estudio de la avifauna en el municipio de Candeias do Jamari, Rondônia, Brasil, en el suroeste de la Amazonia brasileña. Había una gran abundancia de formas aladas de C. testaceus debido a las fuertes lluvias. Es el momento en que las colonias de C. testaceus producen formas aladas en gran número para fundar nuevas colonias. El aguilucho permaneció en su percha y capturó termitas aladas con poco gasto de energía. El ave en cuestión parecía aprovechar el vuelo de apareamiento de las termitas para alimentarse de forma oportunista de las abundantes termitas aladas durante los vuelos de apareamiento. Aunque la alimentación de insectos por parte de R. magnirostris es bien conocida, ésta es la primera documentación de alimentación de termitas aladas.

Selective consumption of rodents by the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile

Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) is a diurnal raptor widely distributed in South America. Although the trophic ecology of this bird has been more studied in the southern extreme of its range, little information is available on its dietary response to prey supply in desert environments. In the present study, we report on the trophic ecology of G. polyosoma in a sub-urban desert zone in northern Chile, with the following objectives: (1) to quantitatively describe its diet and (2) to determine its dietary selectivity in response to prey supply in the study area. The diet of G. polyosoma consisted mainly of rodents (97.2%). A greater preference (p 0.05) was observed for the following large prey items (> 19.5 g): two native rodent species, Phyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse, 1837) and Eligmodontia puerulus (Philippi, 1896); and two introduced rodent species: Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1769) and R. norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769).

Birds trapped in mist nets killed by opportunistic predators in a forest in Southwestern Amazonia / Aves presas em redes de neblina abatidas por predadores oportunísticos em uma floresta no Sudoeste da Amazônia

O uso de redes de neblina é um método altamente utilizado entre os pesquisadores devido a sua eficiência na captura de aves e morcegos. No entanto, os animais presos ficam vulneráveis à ação de predadores. Durante a realização de três estudos ornitológicos realizados em um fragmento florestal no sudoeste da Amazônia, foram registrados 15 eventos de predação, com taxa de predação de 1,5%. Entre os predadores, 26,7% (n = 4) dos casos foram relacionados com primatas, 13,3% (n = 2) relacionados com formigas de correição, 13,3% (n = 2) relacionados com uma espécie de gavião não identificado e em 46,7% (n = 7) dos casos os predadores não foram identificados. Evitar o acesso de predadores às redes de neblina e diminuir o tempo de monitoramento das redes são algumas das medidas que podem evitar estes eventos.(AU)

The use of mist nets is a highly used method among researchers due to their efficiency in capture birds and bats. However, trapped animals are vulnerable to predator action. During three ornithological studies carried out in a forest fragment from southwest Amazonia, we recorded 15 predation events, with predation rate of 1.5%. Among predators, 26.7% (n = 4) of the cases were related to primates, 13.3% (n = 2) related to army ants, 13.3% (n = 2) related to an unidentified hawk species and in 46.7% (n = 7) of the cases the predators did not identified. Preventing predator access to mist nets and reducing network monitoring time are some of the measures that can prevent these events.(AU)

Selective consumption of rodents by the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile

Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) is a diurnal raptor widely distributed in South America. Although the trophic ecology of this bird has been more studied in the southern extreme of its range, little information is available on its dietary response to prey supply in desert environments. In the present study, we report on the trophic ecology of G. polyosoma in a sub-urban desert zone in northern Chile, with the following objectives: (1) to quantitatively describe its diet and (2) to determine its dietary selectivity in response to prey supply in the study area. The diet of G. polyosoma consisted mainly of rodents (97.2%). A greater preference (p 0.05) was observed for the following large prey items (> 19.5 g): two native rodent species, Phyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse, 1837) and Eligmodontia puerulus (Philippi, 1896); and two introduced rodent species: Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1769) and R. norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769).(AU)

First record of Procyrnea sp. (Nematoda: Habronematidae) in Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in Brazilian Amazon / Primeiro registro de Procyrnea sp. (Nematoda: Habronematidae) em Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) na Amazônia Brasileira

Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) is an endemic bird of prey from the Amazon region, with a declining population according to international conservation agencies. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of a parasitic nematodes in an individual treated at the Ambulatório de Animais Silvestres of Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém campus. The animal was captured on campus and showed no resistance to capture. Fluid therapy and deworming were made, later the bird regurgited ten nematodes identified as belonging to the genus Procyrnea Chabaud (1958). Reviewing the scientific literature, it was found that so far there are no records on the helminth fauna of this bird species, which is therefore the first report of a nematode in B. schistaceus.(AU)

Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) é uma ave de rapina endêmica da região amazônica, com população em diminuição, segundo órgãos de conservação internacional. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de nematódeos parasitos em um indivíduo atendido no Ambulatório de Animais Silvestres, da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, campus Belém. O animal foi capturado nas dependências do campus e não apresentou resistência à captura. Foram então instituídos fluidoterapia e vermifugação, após os quais o animal regurgitou dez nematódeos identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Procyrnea Chabaud (1958). Ao revisar a literatura científica, verificou-se que, até o momento, não existem quaisquer registros sobre a helmintofauna dessa espécie de ave, sendo, portanto, o primeiro relato de um nematódeo em B. schistaceus.(AU)

Birds trapped in mist nets killed by opportunistic predators in a forest in Southwestern Amazonia / Aves presas em redes de neblina abatidas por predadores oportunísticos em uma floresta no Sudoeste da Amazônia

O uso de redes de neblina é um método altamente utilizado entre os pesquisadores devido a sua eficiência na captura de aves e morcegos. No entanto, os animais presos ficam vulneráveis à ação de predadores. Durante a realização de três estudos ornitológicos realizados em um fragmento florestal no sudoeste da Amazônia, foram registrados 15 eventos de predação, com taxa de predação de 1,5%. Entre os predadores, 26,7% (n = 4) dos casos foram relacionados com primatas, 13,3% (n = 2) relacionados com formigas de correição, 13,3% (n = 2) relacionados com uma espécie de gavião não identificado e em 46,7% (n = 7) dos casos os predadores não foram identificados. Evitar o acesso de predadores às redes de neblina e diminuir o tempo de monitoramento das redes são algumas das medidas que podem evitar estes eventos.

The use of mist nets is a highly used method among researchers due to their efficiency in capture birds and bats. However, trapped animals are vulnerable to predator action. During three ornithological studies carried out in a forest fragment from southwest Amazonia, we recorded 15 predation events, with predation rate of 1.5%. Among predators, 26.7% (n = 4) of the cases were related to primates, 13.3% (n = 2) related to army ants, 13.3% (n = 2) related to an unidentified hawk species and in 46.7% (n = 7) of the cases the predators did not identified. Preventing predator access to mist nets and reducing network monitoring time are some of the measures that can prevent these events.

First record of Procyrnea sp. (Nematoda: Habronematidae) in Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in Brazilian Amazon / Primeiro registro de Procyrnea sp. (Nematoda: Habronematidae) em Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) na Amazônia Brasileira

Abstract Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) is an endemic bird of prey from the Amazon region, with a declining population according to international conservation agencies. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of a parasitic nematodes in an individual treated at the Ambulatório de Animais Silvestres of Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém campus. The animal was captured on campus and showed no resistance to capture. Fluid therapy and deworming were made, later the bird regurgited ten nematodes identified as belonging to the genus Procyrnea Chabaud (1958). Reviewing the scientific literature, it was found that so far there are no records on the helminth fauna of this bird species, which is therefore the first report of a nematode in B. schistaceus.

Resumo Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) é uma ave de rapina endêmica da região amazônica, com população em diminuição, segundo órgãos de conservação internacional. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de nematódeos parasitos em um indivíduo atendido no Ambulatório de Animais Silvestres, da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, campus Belém. O animal foi capturado nas dependências do campus e não apresentou resistência à captura. Foram então instituídos fluidoterapia e vermifugação, após os quais o animal regurgitou dez nematódeos identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Procyrnea Chabaud (1958). Ao revisar a literatura científica, verificou-se que, até o momento, não existem quaisquer registros sobre a helmintofauna dessa espécie de ave, sendo, portanto, o primeiro relato de um nematódeo em B. schistaceus.

Improving conservation strategies of raptors through landscape ecology analysis: The case of the endemic Cuban Black Hawk.

Raptor species conservation should consider a landscape perspective in order to include habitat requirements associated to large home ranges around nesting sites. Landscape analysis can help to better understand raptor habitat requirements and the degree of tolerance to habitat changes at different scales.We used a landscape ecology perspective to determine the nesting habitat selection of endemic and endangered Cuban Black Hawk, and using ecological niche modeling, we obtained the potential distribution of nests to evaluate the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) for raptor conservation.Nesting habitat selection was related to breeding success at a landscape scale using data from 27 different nesting sites during 2012-2013 breeding seasons. The potential nesting areas distribution was compared with current officially PAs design in the central region of Cuba.All nests were located in mangrove swamp. Pairs chose nesting sites with low soil-vegetation moisture and low soil reflectance. At the landscape level, they selected low shape complexity of patches and few patches of coastal vegetation around nesting sites which contained similar mangrove patch size and shape. The potential distribution of nests increased close to the coastline. The model predicted a suitable narrow area of 556 km2, and the most favorable nesting area represented 2% of this total. 33% of nests were located within officially natural protected areas while 27% were close to or inside highly threatened areas. A 16% of high to medium suitable nesting habitat overlaps with urban areas. Currently, PAs contain 23% of the nesting area distribution.Our study shows landscape ecology and nest-site selection approach is crucial to evaluate the persistence of Cuban Black Hawk, as environmental variables and human activity can be related to its productivity. This approach can be applied in conservation strategies of island raptors.

Osteossíntese de rádio e ulna em Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis) / Radius and ulna osteosynthesis in a Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis)

Foi atendido um Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis), de vida livre e histórico desconhecido. O paciente apresentava impotência funcional da asa direita e solução de continuidade de aspecto recente envolvendo a região de rádio e ulna direitos caracterizando fratura aberta grau II. Os achados radiológicos foram fratura completa cominutiva de diáfise média de ulna e fratura completa tranversa de diáfise média de rádio. A estabilização da fratura de rádio foi realizada com miniplaca de 1,5mm de 6 orifícios, com 2 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais e, osteossíntese de ulna com placa bloqueada de 2,0mm de 12 orifícios, com 3 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais. Aos 180 dias de pós-operatório, os implantes ortopédicos foram removidos e o paciente recebeu alta. Conclui-se que o emprego de placa bloqueada para tratamento de fraturas abertas em ulna de Gavião Caboclo, pode propiciar adequada consolidação e retorno à função do membro sendo capaz de voar.(AU)

A wild Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis) of unknown history, was seen at the veterinary hospital. The patient presented with a dropped right wing and soft tissue damage that appeared to be a recent wound involving the right radius and ulna region, characterizing an open fracture grade II. The radiological findings were a comminuted complete fracture of the ulnar diaphysis and complete transverse fracture of the radial diaphysis. Stabilization of the radius fracture was performed with a 1.5mm miniplate with 6 holes, with 2 proximal screws and 2 distal screws, and ulna osteosynthesis with a 2.0mm locking plate with 12 holes, with 3 proximal screws and 2 distal screws. At 180 postoperative days, the implants were removed and the patient was discharged. The use of locking plate for the treatment of open fractures in ulna of Savanna Hawks may provide adequate healing and return to limb function being able to fly.(AU)

Osteossíntese de rádio e ulna em Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis) / Radius and ulna osteosynthesis in a Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis)

Foi atendido um Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis), de vida livre e histórico desconhecido. O paciente apresentava impotência funcional da asa direita e solução de continuidade de aspecto recente envolvendo a região de rádio e ulna direitos caracterizando fratura aberta grau II. Os achados radiológicos foram fratura completa cominutiva de diáfise média de ulna e fratura completa tranversa de diáfise média de rádio. A estabilização da fratura de rádio foi realizada com miniplaca de 1,5mm de 6 orifícios, com 2 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais e, osteossíntese de ulna com placa bloqueada de 2,0mm de 12 orifícios, com 3 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais. Aos 180 dias de pós-operatório, os implantes ortopédicos foram removidos e o paciente recebeu alta. Conclui-se que o emprego de placa bloqueada para tratamento de fraturas abertas em ulna de Gavião Caboclo, pode propiciar adequada consolidação e retorno à função do membro sendo capaz de voar.(AU)

A wild Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis) of unknown history, was seen at the veterinary hospital. The patient presented with a dropped right wing and soft tissue damage that appeared to be a recent wound involving the right radius and ulna region, characterizing an open fracture grade II. The radiological findings were a comminuted complete fracture of the ulnar diaphysis and complete transverse fracture of the radial diaphysis. Stabilization of the radius fracture was performed with a 1.5mm miniplate with 6 holes, with 2 proximal screws and 2 distal screws, and ulna osteosynthesis with a 2.0mm locking plate with 12 holes, with 3 proximal screws and 2 distal screws. At 180 postoperative days, the implants were removed and the patient was discharged. The use of locking plate for the treatment of open fractures in ulna of Savanna Hawks may provide adequate healing and return to limb function being able to fly.(AU)

Osteossíntese de rádio e ulna em Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis)

ABSTRACT: A wild Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis) of unknown history, was seen at the veterinary hospital. The patient presented with a dropped right wing and soft tissue damage that appeared to be a recent wound involving the right radius and ulna region, characterizing an open fracture grade II. The radiological findings were a comminuted complete fracture of the ulnar diaphysis and complete transverse fracture of the radial diaphysis. Stabilization of the radius fracture was performed with a 1.5mm miniplate with 6 holes, with 2 proximal screws and 2 distal screws, and ulna osteosynthesis with a 2.0mm locking plate with 12 holes, with 3 proximal screws and 2 distal screws. At 180 postoperative days, the implants were removed and the patient was discharged. The use of locking plate for the treatment of open fractures in ulna of Savanna Hawks may provide adequate healing and return to limb function being able to fly.

RESUMO: Foi atendido um Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis), de vida livre e histórico desconhecido. O paciente apresentava impotência funcional da asa direita e solução de continuidade de aspecto recente envolvendo a região de rádio e ulna direitos caracterizando fratura aberta grau II. Os achados radiológicos foram fratura completa cominutiva de diáfise média de ulna e fratura completa tranversa de diáfise média de rádio. A estabilização da fratura de rádio foi realizada com miniplaca de 1,5mm de 6 orifícios, com 2 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais e, osteossíntese de ulna com placa bloqueada de 2,0mm de 12 orifícios, com 3 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais. Aos 180 dias de pós-operatório, os implantes ortopédicos foram removidos e o paciente recebeu alta. Conclui-se que o emprego de placa bloqueada para tratamento de fraturas abertas em ulna de Gavião Caboclo, pode propiciar adequada consolidação e retorno à função do membro sendo capaz de voar.

Osteossíntese de tibiotarso através de configuração tieinem Gavião Asa-De-Telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) - Relato de Caso / Tibiotarsus osteosynthesis in Harris's hawk using tie-in – a case report

The method of fixation should be well tolerated and its application must be made in theshortest possible surgery and anesthesia times. This report describes the surgicalmanagement of a Harris's hawk who, on orthopedic examination, had functional impotenceof the pelvic limb right. A transverse complete fracture of the tibiotarsus was observed onradiographic examination. Closed fracture reduction was chosen and osteosynthesis withhybrid external fixator with tied-in intramedullary pin. After 30 days it was bone healingwas confirmed.

Osteossíntese de tibiotarso através de configuração tieinem Gavião Asa-De-Telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) - Relato de Caso / Tibiotarsus osteosynthesis in Harris's hawk using tie-in a case report

The method of fixation should be well tolerated and its application must be made in theshortest possible surgery and anesthesia times. This report describes the surgicalmanagement of a Harris's hawk who, on orthopedic examination, had functional impotenceof the pelvic limb right. A transverse complete fracture of the tibiotarsus was observed onradiographic examination. Closed fracture reduction was chosen and osteosynthesis withhybrid external fixator with tied-in intramedullary pin. After 30 days it was bone healingwas confirmed.(AU)

Cloacal enterobacteria isolated from captive roadside hawks (Rupornis magnirostris, GMELIN, 1788) and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile / Enterobactérias isoladas da cloaca de Gaviões-carijós (Rupornis magnirostris, GMELIN, 1788) cativos e seu perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos

Knowledge of the enterobacteria present in the roadside hawk can bring about an understanding of infectious diseases that can affect this bird, as well as other animals and/or humans, while also adding information of great ecological importance. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the enterobacteria present in the cloaca of captive roadside hawks and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Initially, cloacal samples from nine specimens were collected with the aid of swabs. Samples were placed in petri dishes with MacConkey agar, Hektoen agar, EMB agar and Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and incubated for 24 h at 35C. After incubation, the microorganisms were submitted to biochemical testing to confirm the presence of enterobacteria. Thereafter, the susceptibility profile of bacteria to antimicrobial agents was evaluated by a disk diffusion test according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Escherichia coli (77.8%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1%) and Salmonella spp. (55.6%) were isolated from the collected samples. Among the isolates, some bacteria showed resistance to up to three antimicrobial agents. This study has brought greater insight about the enterobacteria present in the roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), exhibiting a significant percentage of enterobacteria important to public health; also, it showed the occurrence of strains with resistance profile to antimicrobial agents(AU)

O conhecimento das enterobactérias presentes em Gavião-carijó pode trazer uma compreensão sobre as doenças infecciosas que podem acometer essa ave, como também outros animais e/ou humanos, além de trazer mais informações sobre essa espécie de grande importância ecológica. Desta forma, o objetivo do estudo foi determinar as enterobactérias presentes na cloaca de Gaviões-carijós cativos e seu perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos. Inicialmente, foram coletadas amostras cloacais de nove espécimes com o auxílio de swabs. As amostras foram plaqueadas em ágar MacConkey, ágar Hektoen, ágar EMB e ágar SS e incubadas por 24 h a 35C. Após incubação, as colônias foram submetidas às provas bioquímicas para confirmação da presença de enterobactérias. Posteriormente, o perfil de susceptibilidade das bactérias frente a agentes antimicrobianos foi avaliado através do teste da difusão em disco de acordo com o Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Escherichia coli (77,8%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11,1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11,1%) e Salmonella spp. (55,6%) foram isoladas das amostras coletadas. Dentre as cepas isoladas, algumas apresentaram resistência a até três antimicrobianos. O presente estudo trouxe um maior conhecimento sobre as enterobactérias presentes no Gavião-carijó (Rupornis magnirostris), mostrando um percentual significativo de enterobactérias de importância na saúde pública, evidenciando também a ocorrência de cepas com perfil de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos(AU)

Cloacal enterobacteria isolated from captive roadside hawks (Rupornis magnirostris, GMELIN, 1788) and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile / Enterobactérias isoladas da cloaca de Gaviões-carijós (Rupornis magnirostris, GMELIN, 1788) cativos e seu perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos

Knowledge of the enterobacteria present in the roadside hawk can bring about an understanding of infectious diseases that can affect this bird, as well as other animals and/or humans, while also adding information of great ecological importance. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the enterobacteria present in the cloaca of captive roadside hawks and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Initially, cloacal samples from nine specimens were collected with the aid of swabs. Samples were placed in petri dishes with MacConkey agar, Hektoen agar, EMB agar and Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and incubated for 24 h at 35C. After incubation, the microorganisms were submitted to biochemical testing to confirm the presence of enterobacteria. Thereafter, the susceptibility profile of bacteria to antimicrobial agents was evaluated by a disk diffusion test according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Escherichia coli (77.8%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1%) and Salmonella spp. (55.6%) were isolated from the collected samples. Among the isolates, some bacteria showed resistance to up to three antimicrobial agents. This study has brought greater insight about the enterobacteria present in the roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), exhibiting a significant percentage of enterobacteria important to public health; also, it showed the occurrence of strains with resistance profile to antimicrobial agents...

O conhecimento das enterobactérias presentes em Gavião-carijó pode trazer uma compreensão sobre as doenças infecciosas que podem acometer essa ave, como também outros animais e/ou humanos, além de trazer mais informações sobre essa espécie de grande importância ecológica. Desta forma, o objetivo do estudo foi determinar as enterobactérias presentes na cloaca de Gaviões-carijós cativos e seu perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos. Inicialmente, foram coletadas amostras cloacais de nove espécimes com o auxílio de swabs. As amostras foram plaqueadas em ágar MacConkey, ágar Hektoen, ágar EMB e ágar SS e incubadas por 24 h a 35C. Após incubação, as colônias foram submetidas às provas bioquímicas para confirmação da presença de enterobactérias. Posteriormente, o perfil de susceptibilidade das bactérias frente a agentes antimicrobianos foi avaliado através do teste da difusão em disco de acordo com o Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Escherichia coli (77,8%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11,1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11,1%) e Salmonella spp. (55,6%) foram isoladas das amostras coletadas. Dentre as cepas isoladas, algumas apresentaram resistência a até três antimicrobianos. O presente estudo trouxe um maior conhecimento sobre as enterobactérias presentes no Gavião-carijó (Rupornis magnirostris), mostrando um percentual significativo de enterobactérias de importância na saúde pública, evidenciando também a ocorrência de cepas com perfil de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos...

Health assessment of raptors in triage in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Falconiformes (n=82), Strigiformes (n=84) and Cathartiformes (n=14) at a triage center (CETAS-Belo Horizonte, IBAMA, Brazil) were examined between 2008 and 2010 . No bird was reactive at hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) for antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg). Two Caracara plancus (2/68) had HI titers (16-32) against Newcastle disease virus. No Chlamydophila psittaci DNA was detected in the liver (PCR; n=95). Blood smears (Giemsa; n=89) and spleen fragments (PCR; n=82) were 13.5% and 8.5% positive, respectively, for Haemoproteus only. Necropsy of Cathartiformes (n=10), Falconiformes (n=42) and Strigiformes (n=57) showed that trauma injuries were the main cause (63.3%) of admission and death, being fractures (38.5%) of the thoracic limbs (57.1%) the most frequent. Nematode (12.8%), cestode (1.8%), trematode (0.9%), and acanthocephalan (2.7%) parasite infections were relevant. Mites (Acari) were the most frequent (17.4%) external parasites, particularly Ornithonyssus sylviarum in Asio clamator and Amblyomma cajennense in Tyto alba. Chewing lice (10.1%) and Pseudolynchia spp. (9.2%) were also found. Histomonas spp. (6.4%) was found in the ceca of Bubo virginianus, Athene cunicularia, Tyto alba, and Asio clamator, but not in Falconiformes or Cathartiformes. Trichomonas spp. (oral cavity, pharynx and upper esophagus; 9.1%) was detected in Falconiformes and Strigiformes, but not in Cathartiformes. Trichomonas spp. were found in A. cunicularia, Asio clamator, Glaucidium brasilianum and Tyto alba (Strigiformes), and in Rupornis magnirostris, Milvago chimachima, Falco femoralis, Falco sparverius and Caracara plancus (Falconiformes). Coccidia (9.1%) (Sarcocystis spp., 6.4%) and mycosis were observed in most Tyto alba (70%). The evaluated Orders may not pose risks for commercial poultry production. Habitat loss and urban adaptation may be increasingly affecting raptors.(AU)

Health assessment of raptors in triage in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Falconiformes (n=82), Strigiformes (n=84) and Cathartiformes (n=14) at a triage center (CETAS-Belo Horizonte, IBAMA, Brazil) were examined between 2008 and 2010 . No bird was reactive at hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) for antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg). Two Caracara plancus (2/68) had HI titers (16-32) against Newcastle disease virus. No Chlamydophila psittaci DNA was detected in the liver (PCR; n=95). Blood smears (Giemsa; n=89) and spleen fragments (PCR; n=82) were 13.5% and 8.5% positive, respectively, for Haemoproteus only. Necropsy of Cathartiformes (n=10), Falconiformes (n=42) and Strigiformes (n=57) showed that trauma injuries were the main cause (63.3%) of admission and death, being fractures (38.5%) of the thoracic limbs (57.1%) the most frequent. Nematode (12.8%), cestode (1.8%), trematode (0.9%), and acanthocephalan (2.7%) parasite infections were relevant. Mites (Acari) were the most frequent (17.4%) external parasites, particularly Ornithonyssus sylviarum in Asio clamator and Amblyomma cajennense in Tyto alba. Chewing lice (10.1%) and Pseudolynchia spp. (9.2%) were also found. Histomonas spp. (6.4%) was found in the ceca of Bubo virginianus, Athene cunicularia, Tyto alba, and Asio clamator, but not in Falconiformes or Cathartiformes. Trichomonas spp. (oral cavity, pharynx and upper esophagus; 9.1%) was detected in Falconiformes and Strigiformes, but not in Cathartiformes. Trichomonas spp. were found in A. cunicularia, Asio clamator, Glaucidium brasilianum and Tyto alba (Strigiformes), and in Rupornis magnirostris, Milvago chimachima, Falco femoralis, Falco sparverius and Caracara plancus (Falconiformes). Coccidia (9.1%) (Sarcocystis spp., 6.4%) and mycosis were observed in most Tyto alba (70%). The evaluated Orders may not pose risks for commercial poultry production. Habitat loss and urban adaptation may be increasingly affecting raptors.