A Review of the Action of Magnesium on Several Processes Involved in the Modulation of Hematopoiesis.

Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral for the functioning and maintenance of the body. Disturbances in Mg2+ intracellular homeostasis result in cell-membrane modification, an increase in oxidative stress, alteration in the proliferation mechanism, differentiation, and apoptosis. Mg2+ deficiency often results in inflammation, with activation of inflammatory pathways and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by immune cells. Immune cells and others that make up the blood system are from hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow. The hematopoietic tissue is a tissue with high indices of renovation, and Mg2+ has a pivotal role in the cell replication process, as well as DNA and RNA synthesis. However, the impact of the intra- and extracellular disturbance of Mg2+ homeostasis on the hematopoietic tissue is little explored. This review deals specifically with the physiological requirements of Mg2+ on hematopoiesis, showing various studies related to the physiological requirements and the effects of deficiency or excess of this mineral on the hematopoiesis regulation, as well as on the specific process of erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis. The literature selected includes studies in vitro, in animal models, and in humans, giving details about the impact that alterations of Mg2+ homeostasis can have on hematopoietic cells and hematopoietic tissue.

Immunohistological Biomarkers of Toxicity by a Pharmaceutical Antidepressant in the Freshwater Cichlid Fish Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Cichliformes).

Melano-macrophage centers (MMCs) are nodular clusters of pigmented macrophages, implicated in homeostasis and destruction and recycling of endogenous and exogenous material. They can increase in size and/or frequency under environmental stress resulting in immunohistological biomarkers of water quality. Fluoxetine (FLX), a commonly prescribed antidepressant, can cause neuroendocrine, behavioral and reproductive alterations in teleost fish. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of a 2-week 50 µg/L FLX exposure on MMCs in histological sections of spleen and head-kidney (HK) of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus. In the spleen, FLX caused an increase in the area and a decrease in the number of MMCs. An increase in the proportion of the HK occupied by MMCs was observed in FLX-exposed fish, due to an increase in their number but not their area. The deposition rate of MMCs varies according to the hemolymphopoietic organ and would be the result of a differential response to FLX on homeostatic functions (elimination of cellular debris, iron processing and immune response).

Mielolipoma, una lesión quirúrgica poco frecuente de la glándula adrenal / Myelolipoma, a rare surgical lesion of the adrenal gland

El mielolipoma adrenal es un tumor benigno poco frecuente, compuesto de tejido adiposo maduro y elementos hematopoyéticos diversos. Estos tumores pueden localizarse en las glándulas adrenales aunque también pueden encontrarse en sitios extradrenales. Las manifestaciones clínicas son variadas tales como sangramientos digestivos, dolor abdominal en los flancos, masa abdominal palpable, hematuria, hemorragia retroperitoneal y pérdida de peso. Entre los métodos diagnósticos figuran el ultrasonido, la tomografía axial computarizada y la resonancia magnética. La resección quirúrgica es el tratamiento de elección, sobre todo cuando haya sintomatología o en tumores mayores de 4 cm, por el riesgo de ruptura espontánea con hemorragia retroperitoneal. Presentamos la historia clínica de una paciente de 42 años de edad con antecedentes de dolores en hipocondrio derecho de aproximadamente un año de evolución, la cual sufrió un cólico nefrítico que cedió con tratamiento médico. Posteriormente en la consulta externa, en el examen fisico, se constata una masa tumoral en hipocondrio derecho, la cual fue diagnosticada por ultrasonido y tomografía axial computarizada como un tumor adrenal. Se intervino la paciente y se confirma el diagnóstico. La evolución posoperatoria fue buena y la paciente continúa asintomática. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un nuevo caso de esta enfermedad, poco frecuente, la cual fue diagnosticada en una paciente de 42 años de edad y realizar una breve revisión de la literatura(AU)

Mielolipoma is a rare benign tumor of the adrenal gland, which is formed by mature adipose tissue and several hematopoietic elements. They are generally located in the adrenal glands, although they can occur in other sites. The clinical manifestations are varied such as gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain in the flanks, abdominal mass, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, hematuria and loss of weight. Among the diagnosing methods are ultrasound, computerized axial tomography and magnetic imaging resonance. The surgical excision is the treatment of choice, mainly when symptoms are present or in case of over 4 cm tumors, because of the spontaneous rupture risk with retroperitoneal hemorrhage. The objective of this paper was to present a new case of this rare disease together with a brief literature review. A 42 years-old female with a history of abdominal pain located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, who suffered nephritic colic that was successfully treated. The physical exam at the outpatient service revealed a tumorous mass diagnosed as adrenal tumor by means of ultrasound and axial computerized tomography. She was operated on and the diagnosis was confirmed. Her postoperative recovery was good and the patient is still asymptomatic(AU)