The impact of training on stockpersons' behaviour and cows' fear response

In tropical developing regions, such as Brazil, animal welfare (AW) has been gaining increasing attention, while stockperson job satisfaction, which is intimately related to AW, is often neglected. This research evaluated the effects of AW training on stockpersons' attitudes and behaviour towards dairy cows and the impact on cows' fear of humans. Ten dairy farms with pasture-based systems where animal handlers are farm owners or employees were selected from three regions of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The experiment consisted of four stages: 1) Selection of pasture-based dairy farms; 2) First assessment of attitudes, human behaviour, and cows' flight distance (day one ­ D1); 3) Pre-assessment of owners' and employees' AW knowledge, and training (day two ­ D2); and 4) Final assessment of attitudes, human behaviour, cows' flight distance, and owners' and employees' AW knowledge (day three ­ D3), focusing on the training's effects on human attitudes and behaviour, and cows' fear of humans. Among owners and employees, positive attitudes were more often expressed, and negative attitudes were less frequent on day three (D3) after training. Nevertheless, the expression of positive attitudes by farm owners was less common compared to employees. Stockpersons manifested positive behaviour more frequently at D3 than on day one (D1), before training, in contrast to negative behaviour at D1. Taking all cow handling observations together, including those before and after training, the greatest percentage of negative behaviour was at the time of moving the cows from the holding area to the milking stalls (18% of all observed human behaviour), followed by moving cows out of the milking parlour (17%), positioning cows for milking (15%) and placing/removing the milking suction devices (1%). Positive human behaviour usually occurred when moving cows from the holding area to the milking stalls (21%) and during the positioning of cows for milking (19%). After training, cows' flight distances decreased. In conclusion, the training may have promoted positive human behaviour and reduced the number of fearful cows. Therefore, AW training may positively influence human behaviour, technical expertise, the reduction of fear in cows, and stockpersons' attitudes.(AU)

Bestiario latinoamericano: los animales en la historiografía de América Latina / Latin American bestiary: animals in the historiography of Latin America

Resumen La historia de los animales analiza las relaciones entre sociedades humanas y animales no-humanos en el pasado. Como subcampo académico, la historia animal se remonta a la década de 1980, pero tiene sus antecedentes. En América Latina, existe una rica tradición de escritos sobre animales del siglo XVI en adelante. Las últimas décadas han visto un gran número de textos históricos sobre animales en América Latina que cubre temas variados: animales domésticos, animales y conquista militar, animales y ciencia, animales y el intercambio colombino, entre otros. Brasil, México y el Caribe han recibido gran parte de la atención. Este ensayo recapitula esta literatura e identifica patrones, problemáticas, y debates.

Abstract The animal history analyzes the relationships between human societies and non-human animals in the past. As an academic subfield, animal history dates back to the 1980s, but it has its antecedents. In Latin America, there is a rich tradition of writing about animals from the sixteenth century onwards. The last decades have seen a large number of historical texts on animals in Latin America that cover various topics: domestic animals, animals and military conquest, animals and science, animals and the Columbian exchange, among others. Brazil, Mexico, and the Caribbean have received much of the attention. This essay recapitulates this literature and identifies patterns, issues, and debates.

Benefícios da pet terapia: a interação entre os animais e as crianças / Benefits of pet therapy: the interaction between animals and children / Beneficios de la terapia con mascotas: la interacción entre animales y niños

A domesticação dos animais tem registros de longa data. Atualmente sabe-se por meio de dados de pesquisas, testes e empirismo que a interação com um animal traz grandes benefícios ao bem-estar humano. Considerando-se os cães, mundialmente é notório que a relação homem-animal não se limita somente à criação de animais de estimação, mas também significa benefício sem diferentes situações, inclusive em algumas áreas da medicina humana. Os cães atuam como co-terapeutas, auxiliares em diagnósticos, participam como guias de portadores de deficiência e executam diversas tarefas. Devem-se citar também aqueles animais com habilidades específicas, os quais são responsáveis por alertar a eminência de uma crise epiléptica por apneia ou hipoglicemia, capazes de salvar vidas. Foram avaliados durante os anos de 2013 a 2017 por meio de questionários respondido por 3 psicólogas responsáveis por grupos de 3 a 5 crianças, com necessidades especiais, os efeitos da pet terapia durante 4 meses. Conclui-se que houve uma melhoria na qualidade de vida das crianças, com diversas patologias, que participaram do projeto de pet terapia.(AU)

The domestication of animals has long-standing records. Nowadays it is known through research, tests and empiricism data that the interaction with an animal brings great benefits to human well-being. Considering dogs, it is notorious worldwide that the human-animal relationship is not limited only to the creation of pets, but also means benefits in different situations, including in some areas of human medicine. Dogs act as co-therapists, assist in diagnostics, participate as guides for the disabled and perform various tasks. Mention should also be made of animals with specific skills, which are responsible for alerting the imminence of an epileptic seizure by apnea or hypoglycemia, capable of saving lives. During the years 2013 to 2017, through questionnaires answered by 3 psychologists responsible for groups of 3 to 5 children with special needs, the effects of pet therapy for 4 months were evaluated. It is concluded that there was an improvement in the quality of life of the children, with several pathologies, who participated in the pet therapy project.(AU)

La domesticación de animales tiene una larga historia. Hoy en día se sabe mediante de investigaciones, pruebas y datos empíricos que la interacción con un animal aporta grandes beneficios al bienestar humano. Considerando los perros, es notorio en todo el mundo que la relación humano-animal no se limita solo a la creación de mascotas, sino que también significa beneficios en diferentes situaciones, incluso en algunas áreas de la medicina humana. Los perros actúan como coterapeutas, ayudan en el diagnóstico, participan como guías para los discapacitados y realizan diversas tareas. También conviene mencionar los animales con capacidades específicas, que se encargan de alertar de la inminencia de un ataque epiléptico por apnea o hipoglucemia, capaz de salvar vidas. Durante los años 2013 a 2017, através de cuestionarios respondidos por 3 psicólogos responsables de grupos de 3 a 5 niños con necesidades especiales, se evaluaron los efectos de la terapia con mascotas durante 4 meses. Se concluye que hubo una mejora en la calidad de vida de los niños, con varias patologías, que participaron en el proyecto de terapia con mascotas.(AU)

Benefícios da pet terapia: a interação entre os animais e as crianças / Benefits of pet therapy: the interaction between animals and children / Beneficios de la terapia con mascotas: la interacción entre animales y niños

A domesticação dos animais tem registros de longa data. Atualmente sabe-se por meio de dados de pesquisas, testes e empirismo que a interação com um animal traz grandes benefícios ao bem-estar humano. Considerando-se os cães, mundialmente é notório que a relação homem-animal não se limita somente à criação de animais de estimação, mas também significa benefício sem diferentes situações, inclusive em algumas áreas da medicina humana. Os cães atuam como co-terapeutas, auxiliares em diagnósticos, participam como guias de portadores de deficiência e executam diversas tarefas. Devem-se citar também aqueles animais com habilidades específicas, os quais são responsáveis por alertar a eminência de uma crise epiléptica por apneia ou hipoglicemia, capazes de salvar vidas. Foram avaliados durante os anos de 2013 a 2017 por meio de questionários respondido por 3 psicólogas responsáveis por grupos de 3 a 5 crianças, com necessidades especiais, os efeitos da pet terapia durante 4 meses. Conclui-se que houve uma melhoria na qualidade de vida das crianças, com diversas patologias, que participaram do projeto de pet terapia.

The domestication of animals has long-standing records. Nowadays it is known through research, tests and empiricism data that the interaction with an animal brings great benefits to human well-being. Considering dogs, it is notorious worldwide that the human-animal relationship is not limited only to the creation of pets, but also means benefits in different situations, including in some areas of human medicine. Dogs act as co-therapists, assist in diagnostics, participate as guides for the disabled and perform various tasks. Mention should also be made of animals with specific skills, which are responsible for alerting the imminence of an epileptic seizure by apnea or hypoglycemia, capable of saving lives. During the years 2013 to 2017, through questionnaires answered by 3 psychologists responsible for groups of 3 to 5 children with special needs, the effects of pet therapy for 4 months were evaluated. It is concluded that there was an improvement in the quality of life of the children, with several pathologies, who participated in the pet therapy project.

La domesticación de animales tiene una larga historia. Hoy en día se sabe mediante de investigaciones, pruebas y datos empíricos que la interacción con un animal aporta grandes beneficios al bienestar humano. Considerando los perros, es notorio en todo el mundo que la relación humano-animal no se limita solo a la creación de mascotas, sino que también significa beneficios en diferentes situaciones, incluso en algunas áreas de la medicina humana. Los perros actúan como coterapeutas, ayudan en el diagnóstico, participan como guías para los discapacitados y realizan diversas tareas. También conviene mencionar los animales con capacidades específicas, que se encargan de alertar de la inminencia de un ataque epiléptico por apnea o hipoglucemia, capaz de salvar vidas. Durante los años 2013 a 2017, através de cuestionarios respondidos por 3 psicólogos responsables de grupos de 3 a 5 niños con necesidades especiales, se evaluaron los efectos de la terapia con mascotas durante 4 meses. Se concluye que hubo una mejora en la calidad de vida de los niños, con varias patologías, que participaron en el proyecto de terapia con mascotas.

Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare / Alterações sistêmicas causadas pela inseminação artificial em vacas de corte (Bos indicus) e seu impacto no bem-estar animal

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows' welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P <0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o processo de inseminação artificial (IA) caracterizado como imobilização do animal, passagem do aplicador de sêmen pelo colo do útero e deposição do sêmen no útero, afetou o bem-estar de bovinos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 18 vacas de corte paridas, divididas em dois grupos: grupo de animais inseminados (AIG, n = 9) e grupo de animais não inseminados, grupo controle (GC, n = 9). Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal, útero e ovário. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de sincronização de cio e apenas o grupo AIG foi inseminado. Componentes metabólicos como ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterona, albumina e proteína total foram mensurados 30 horas antes da IA e 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA. Diferenças estatísticas foram consideradas quando P <0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os dois grupos, por outro lado, quando o momento da inseminação foi avaliado, diferenças foram observadas para ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, NEFA, BHB, albumina e proteína total. Houve uma variação dos perfis metabólicos em função do tempo e dos procedimentos que os animais foram submetidos, embora pode-se inferir que o processo de IA não foi capaz de alterar esses componentes metabólicos os animais inseminados. Ainda assim, observou-se que o processo de IA não foi categorizado como uma ferramenta negativa de reprodução com relação ao bem-estar animal. Porém, ainda assim, os procedimentos de contenção e manejo da IA podem alterar o perfil metabólico das vacas, principalmente o aumento da CK.(AU)

Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare / Alterações sistêmicas causadas pela inseminação artificial em vacas de corte (Bos indicus) e seu impacto no bem-estar animal

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows' welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P <0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o processo de inseminação artificial (IA) caracterizado como imobilização do animal, passagem do aplicador de sêmen pelo colo do útero e deposição do sêmen no útero, afetou o bem-estar de bovinos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 18 vacas de corte paridas, divididas em dois grupos: grupo de animais inseminados (AIG, n = 9) e grupo de animais não inseminados, grupo controle (GC, n = 9). Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal, útero e ovário. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de sincronização de cio e apenas o grupo AIG foi inseminado. Componentes metabólicos como ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterona, albumina e proteína total foram mensurados 30 horas antes da IA e 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA. Diferenças estatísticas foram consideradas quando P <0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os dois grupos, por outro lado, quando o momento da inseminação foi avaliado, diferenças foram observadas para ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, NEFA, BHB, albumina e proteína total. Houve uma variação dos perfis metabólicos em função do tempo e dos procedimentos que os animais foram submetidos, embora pode-se inferir que o processo de IA não foi capaz de alterar esses componentes metabólicos os animais inseminados. Ainda assim, observou-se que o processo de IA não foi categorizado como uma ferramenta negativa de reprodução com relação ao bem-estar animal. Porém, ainda assim, os procedimentos de contenção e manejo da IA podem alterar o perfil metabólico das vacas, principalmente o aumento da CK.(AU)

Association between Attitude and Empathy with the Quality of Human-Livestock Interactions.

The human-animal interactions are a key component of human and animal welfare. The quality of this interaction can therefore be assessed by measuring the reaction response of the animals to the handler's behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between attitude and empathy towards the animals with the quality of human-livestock interactions. Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether the quality of cattle handling deteriorates as the working day progresses. A total of 18 livestock handlers and 1514 Colombian commercial Zebu steers were evaluated. A questionnaire pack consisting of 50 questions regarding demographic information, attitude and empathy characteristics was applied, using a structured interview. Each handlers' responses to positive and negative attitude and empathy questions were calculated to produce a composite score. Observations of human-animal interactions were made at three times during the day (5:00, 7:00 and 9:00), each observation lasting 30 min. The handlers had an average age of 39.4 ± 3.4 y (range = 18-66 y), with little schooling but a lot of experience in the trade (17.13 ± 14.21 y). During handling, hitting, prodding and hand raising predominated over other actions (p < 0.05), and in response, the cattle behaved by freezing and running. Significant differences were found in the interactions used by handlers depending on the time of day (p < 0.05). The empathy total score ranged from 20 to 100, and the attitude total score between 24 and 120. The average attitude and empathy scores for handlers were 85.05 ± 6.92 (mean ±SD; range, 73-97) and 74.61 ± 4.72 (mean ±SD; range, 65-83), respectively. It has been concluded that there is an association between handlers' attitudes and empathy towards animals and the quality of human-animal interaction during pre-slaughter.

Uncoupling Meat From Animal Slaughter and Its Impacts on Human-Animal Relationships.

Slaughter sets the debate about what is acceptable to do to animals at an extremely low bar. Recently, there has been considerable investment in developing cell-based meat, an alternative meat production process that does not require the raising and slaughtering of animals, instead using muscle cells cultivated in a bioreactor. We discuss the animal ethics impacts of cell-based and plant-based meat on human-animal interactions from animal welfare and rights perspectives, focusing on industrial meat production scenarios. Our hypothesis is that the insertion of cell-based meat in the global meat market may alleviate farm animal suffering and potentially restore resources for wild fauna. We employed a conservative estimation of the cell-based meat contribution to the global meat market in the year 2040 to analyze the consequences for human-animal relationships for both wild animals and farmed domesticated animals. We discuss possible effects of an animal cell domestication process, previously described as the second domestication, on human-animal relationships. We consider its potential to reduce the impact of human demographic changes and land use on animal life, in particular whether there would be increased biomass availability and free land for wild animals. We anticipate a major reduction in animal suffering due to the decrease in the number of individual animals involved in food production, which justifies the adoption of cell-based meat from a utilitarian perspective. For the conventional animal food production that remains, further consideration is needed to understand which systems, either high or low welfare, will be retained and the impact of the innovation on the average farm animal welfare. Additionally, it seems likely that there will be less acceptance of the necessity of animal suffering in farming systems when meat production is uncoupled from animal raising and slaughter, supported by a deontological perspective of animal ethics. Consequent to this is anticipated the mitigation of relevant barriers to animal protection and to the recognition of animals as subjects by legislation. Thus, the development of the alternative meats may be related to a significant change in our relationship with non-human animals, with greater benefits than the prima facie effects on farm animals.

Calf- and herd-level factors associated with dairy calf reactivity.

A positive relationship between handlers and animals in farm systems is essential because the human-animal relationship has implications for welfare and productivity. For this reason, on-farm animal welfare assessment protocols often include the behavioral response of animals to humans to measure the quality of the human-animal relationship. The existing literature has described this relationship as being multifactorial in nature. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the potential influence of farm management and infrastructure characteristics, calf manager traits, and intrinsic features of dairy calves on the human-animal relationship. To this end, an escape test was conducted with 698 calves on 30 dairy farms in Chile. This test measured the calf's response to the active approach of an unfamiliar human (and was scored from 0 [fearful] to 4 [friendly]). The explanatory variables used to predict calves' response in the escape test were grouped according to the following categories: (1) farm management and infrastructure (e.g., calf-dam separation age, space allowance); (2) calf manager (e.g., attitudes, behavior, and background); and (3) calf (e.g., breed, sex, age). We concluded that calf managers with additional jobs on the farm, no training, low job satisfaction, a greater proportion of negative contacts, and more negative attitudes were predictive of fearfulness in the escape test. Holstein breed (compared with Holstein and Jersey crossbreeds) was associated with greater odds of fearful calves. Our study confirms the association between animals' fear and handlers' features, which can potentially be used to select employees on a farm. Understanding the factors that influence fear responses in calves may highlight ways to improve the relationship between animals and humans.

On-farm welfare assessment in meat goat does raised in semi-intensive and extensive systems in semiarid regions of Ceará, Northeast, Brazil / Avaliação do bem-estar em fazendas de cabras de corte criadas em sistemas semi-intensivo e extensivo em regiões semiáridas do Ceará, Nordeste, Brasil

The aim of this study was to apply a protocol based on the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) protocols for small ruminants in Brazilian Northeast farms to evaluate the welfare of meat goat, comparing animals kept on semi-intensive (S) and extensive (E) farms. Fifteen farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Quixadá and Quixeramobim, Ceará, Brazilian Northeast, were recruited. Assessments were performed at group and individual level. Significant differences between S and E farms was set at P 0.05 to all tests. At group level, there was a significant difference between groups, with more goats from E farms affected by heat stress and more animals from S farms presenting oblivion. Resource-based indicators, type of drinkers and access to shelter, differed significantly between S and E systems, with goats on S farms allocated in places with access to water more frequently during night period and protected from wind. Type of facility was more complex for animals on S farms (n=2) than on all E farms due to internal divisions, with S farms presenting feeders, drinking fountains, salt shakers, and slatted or cemented floor. At individual level, abscess and ocular discharge were more frequently observed on S farms and ears lesions were more frequent on E farms, probably due to distinct management of goats. Similarities between results showed that farmers in both production systems faced problems related to heat stress, lack of forage and health issues.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar um protocolo baseado nos protocolos Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) de pequenos ruminantes em fazendas do nordeste brasileiro para avaliar o bem-estar de cabras de corte, comparando animais mantidos em fazendas semi-intensivas (S) e extensivas (E). Quinze fazendas localizadas na Região Metropolitana de Quixadá e Quixeramobim, no Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil, foram recrutadas. As avaliações foram realizadas no nível de grupo e individual. A diferença significativa entre as fazendas S e E foi estabelecida em P 0,05 para todos os testes. No nível de grupo, houve diferença significativa, com mais cabras do grupo E afetadas por estresse térmico e do grupo S apresentando apatia. Indicadores baseados em recursos, tipo de bebedores e acesso a abrigos diferiram significativamente entre os sistemas S e E, com cabras em fazendas S alocadas em locais com acesso à água durante o período noturno mais frequentemente e protegidas do vento. O tipo de instalação era mais complexo para os animais nas fazendas S (n=2) do que nas fazendas E, devido as divisões internas, com a presença de comedouros, bebedouros, saleiros, piso ripado ou cimentado em fazendas S. A nível individual, abscesso e secreção ocular foram observados mais frequentemente nas fazendas S, e lesões nas orelhas, nas fazendas E, provavelmente devido ao manejo distinto das cabras. Semelhanças entre os resultados mostraram que os fazendeiros de ambos os sistemas de produção enfrentam problemas relacionados ao estresse térmico, falta de forragem e problemas de saúde.(AU)

On-farm welfare assessment in meat goat does raised in semi-intensive and extensive systems in semiarid regions of Ceará, Northeast, Brazil / Avaliação do bem-estar em fazendas de cabras de corte criadas em sistemas semi-intensivo e extensivo em regiões semiáridas do Ceará, Nordeste, Brasil

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to apply a protocol based on the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) protocols for small ruminants in Brazilian Northeast farms to evaluate the welfare of meat goat, comparing animals kept on semi-intensive (S) and extensive (E) farms. Fifteen farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Quixadá and Quixeramobim, Ceará, Brazilian Northeast, were recruited. Assessments were performed at group and individual level. Significant differences between S and E farms was set at P<0.05 to all tests. At group level, there was a significant difference between groups, with more goats from E farms affected by heat stress and more animals from S farms presenting oblivion. Resource-based indicators, type of drinkers and access to shelter, differed significantly between S and E systems, with goats on S farms allocated in places with access to water more frequently during night period and protected from wind. Type of facility was more complex for animals on S farms (n=2) than on all E farms due to internal divisions, with S farms presenting feeders, drinking fountains, salt shakers, and slatted or cemented floor. At individual level, abscess and ocular discharge were more frequently observed on S farms and ears lesions were more frequent on E farms, probably due to distinct management of goats. Similarities between results showed that farmers in both production systems faced problems related to heat stress, lack of forage and health issues.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar um protocolo baseado nos protocolos Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) de pequenos ruminantes em fazendas do nordeste brasileiro para avaliar o bem-estar de cabras de corte, comparando animais mantidos em fazendas semi-intensivas (S) e extensivas (E). Quinze fazendas localizadas na Região Metropolitana de Quixadá e Quixeramobim, no Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil, foram recrutadas. As avaliações foram realizadas no nível de grupo e individual. A diferença significativa entre as fazendas S e E foi estabelecida em P<0,05 para todos os testes. No nível de grupo, houve diferença significativa, com mais cabras do grupo E afetadas por estresse térmico e do grupo S apresentando apatia. Indicadores baseados em recursos, tipo de bebedores e acesso a abrigos diferiram significativamente entre os sistemas S e E, com cabras em fazendas S alocadas em locais com acesso à água durante o período noturno mais frequentemente e protegidas do vento. O tipo de instalação era mais complexo para os animais nas fazendas S (n=2) do que nas fazendas E, devido as divisões internas, com a presença de comedouros, bebedouros, saleiros, piso ripado ou cimentado em fazendas S. A nível individual, abscesso e secreção ocular foram observados mais frequentemente nas fazendas S, e lesões nas orelhas, nas fazendas E, provavelmente devido ao manejo distinto das cabras. Semelhanças entre os resultados mostraram que os fazendeiros de ambos os sistemas de produção enfrentam problemas relacionados ao estresse térmico, falta de forragem e problemas de saúde.

Effect of different catching practices during manual upright handling on broiler welfare and behavior.

The aim of this study was to identify the influence of different catching practices during manual upright handling on broiler welfare and behavior. Catching was examined in a total of 4,595 Cobb broilers with average live weight of 3.2 kg and 42 days old. Six catching practices were evaluated: shed curtain position, loading time, catching method, catching team, height of the crates from the floor, and placement of the bird in the crate. Behavioral welfare indicators were defined as follows: 1) broiler agitation in the catcher's hands, measured when the birds flapped their wings, kicked, or wriggled in the hands; 2) broiler striking the crate entrance as it was being placed in the crate, measured when the birds get the head, wings, or legs, hit at the crate entrance; and 3) broiler agitation in the crate, measured when birds flapped the wings or jumped inside the crate for 3 s or more after placement in the crate. A logistic regression model was used to calculate the chance of occurrence of each behavioral welfare indicator due to the handling factors. All catching practices evaluated in the present study influenced the birds' welfare and behavior. Thus, some procedures during broiler catching potentially improved their behavior, making them less prone to accidents, and consequently improved their welfare. The catching process should be performed with the curtains in the closed position, carrying one broiler per catcher in an upright position while containing its wings, carefully placing the birds inside the crates, and with the crates being positioned at a height of at least 21 cm from the ground. Additionally, it was concluded that more attention should be given to the broiler catchers, since the position of the curtain, loading time, and position of the crate during handling can influence the work done by them, affecting the welfare and behavior of both humans and birds.

Perception, knowledge and attitudes of small animal practitioners regarding animal abuse and interpersonal violence in Brazil and Colombia.

Identification and report of animal abuse by veterinarians are fundamental to the promotion of animal welfare and the prosecution of this crime. Likewise, these professionals have an important responsibility to cope with the cycle of violence. This study aims to characterize the perception, knowledge, and attitudes of small animal practitioners regarding animal abuse and interpersonal violence in Brazil and Colombia. An online survey containing 27 questions was distributed to small animal practitioners of both countries. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was employed to construct relationships among categorical variables and the chi-square statistic was used for testing these relationships. An important number of respondents had suspected that their patients could be victims of animal abuse (Brazil 48.1%; Colombia 64.5%). However, only a minority reported this situation to competent authorities (Brazil 32.7%; Colombia 10.8%). To receive training about veterinary forensics and/or animal welfare sciences in veterinary college was associated with identifying and denouncing animal abuse (p < .05). Deficiency in training received by veterinarians on veterinary forensic and animal welfare science in veterinary college was evident. Despite this, small animal practitioners recognize the existence of an association between animal abuse and interpersonal violence (Brazil 94.2%; Colombia 96.8%). The results highlight the need to strengthen education on animal abuse and promote the participation of veterinarians in the prosecution of this crime in Latin America.

Relação humano-animal e leishmaniose: repercussões no cotidiano de indivíduos inseridos em região endêmica / Human-animal relationship and leishmaniasis: repercussions in the daily routine of individuals inserted in an endemic region

Resumo No contexto das zoonoses, a premissa de que o cão é considerado pelos órgãos de saúde pública como um dos componentes da complexa cadeia de transmissão das leishmanioses (sendo recomendada sua eutanásia e, a partir de 2016, o tratamento com medicação específica se os cães forem diagnosticados com essa enfermidade), está permeada de conflitos, especialmente devido ao espaço que tais animais gradativamente ocupam na vida dos seres humanos, sendo até considerados como substitutos de filhos e constituindo o que vem sendo denominado de "família multiespécie". Neste artigo analisamos a relação humano-animal no bairro de maior soroprevalência canina de leishmaniose em município endêmico, bem como as repercussões sociais percebidas pelos humanos envolvidos no processo. Por meio de entrevistas, identificamos os diversos benefícios decorrentes da convivência humano-animal, especialmente ao proporcionarem um alento à solidão e os impasses envolvidos na entrega do animal para eutanásia pelo serviço de controle de zoonoses.

Abstract In the context of zoonosis, the premise according to which the dog is considered by the public health services as a component in the complex chain of proliferation of leishmaniasises (being recommended euthanasia and, from 2016 on, the treatment with specific drugs of dogs diagnosed with this disease), is permeated by conflict, especially due to the space that these animals are gradually occupying in the life of human beings, even being considered substitutes for children and constituting what has been called the "multispecies family." In this article we analyze the human-animal relationship in the neighborhood with the largest canine seroprevalence of leishmaniasis in an endemic municipality, as well as the social impacts perceived by the humans involved in the process. Through interviews, we identified the various benefits derived from human-animal coexistence, especially for easing solitude, as well as the difficulties involved in the surrendering the animal for euthanasia to the service of zoonoses control.

Antropomorfismo: definições, histórico e impacto em cães de companhia / Anthropomorphism: definitions, history and effect on pet-dogs

O antropomorfismo, a atribuição de qualidades mentais humanas a seres não humanos, é um fenômeno típico das relações que as pessoas desenvolvem com animais, objetos e divindades. O antropomorfismo possui grande importância para seres humanos e animais de estimação, devido a alta frequência com que ocorre entre tutores, e por seu impacto em potencial no comportamento e bem-estar dos animais de companhia . Apesar da importância do antropomorfismo e da grande quantidade de pesquisas relacionadas ao tema, não existe um consenso a respeito do seu impacto sobre o relacionamento entre os seres humanos e animais de estimação, e sua influência no desenvolvimento de problemas comportamentais em cães. Este trabalho é uma revisão de literatura sobre antropomorfismo, abordando definições utilizadas atualmente, o histórico do surgimento do termo, e os argumentos que defendem impactos positivos e negativos do antropomorfismo no comportamento e bem-estar de cães de companhia e seu relacionamento com os tutores.

Anthropomorphism, the attribution of human mental qualities to nonhuman beigns, is very common when people relate to animals, objects and divine entities. Anthropomorphism is an almost universal trait among companion animal caretakers, which highlights it's importance regarding animal behavior and welfare. Despite the relevance and wide rage of research about this topic, to this point researchers were not able to reach an agreement about it's impact on the pet-human relationship, and it's influence on the development of behavior problems in dogs. This paper reviews the current definitions, the anthropomorphism concept's development, and different points of view about it's effects on dog behavior, welfare and relationship with tutors.

Antropomorfismo: definições, histórico e impacto em cães de companhia / Anthropomorphism: definitions, history and effect on pet-dogs

O antropomorfismo, a atribuição de qualidades mentais humanas a seres não humanos, é um fenômeno típico das relações que as pessoas desenvolvem com animais, objetos e divindades. O antropomorfismo possui grande importância para seres humanos e animais de estimação, devido a alta frequência com que ocorre entre tutores, e por seu impacto em potencial no comportamento e bem-estar dos animais de companhia . Apesar da importância do antropomorfismo e da grande quantidade de pesquisas relacionadas ao tema, não existe um consenso a respeito do seu impacto sobre o relacionamento entre os seres humanos e animais de estimação, e sua influência no desenvolvimento de problemas comportamentais em cães. Este trabalho é uma revisão de literatura sobre antropomorfismo, abordando definições utilizadas atualmente, o histórico do surgimento do termo, e os argumentos que defendem impactos positivos e negativos do antropomorfismo no comportamento e bem-estar de cães de companhia e seu relacionamento com os tutores.(AU)

Anthropomorphism, the attribution of human mental qualities to nonhuman beigns, is very common when people relate to animals, objects and divine entities. Anthropomorphism is an almost universal trait among companion animal caretakers, which highlights it's importance regarding animal behavior and welfare. Despite the relevance and wide rage of research about this topic, to this point researchers were not able to reach an agreement about it's impact on the pet-human relationship, and it's influence on the development of behavior problems in dogs. This paper reviews the current definitions, the anthropomorphism concept's development, and different points of view about it's effects on dog behavior, welfare and relationship with tutors.(AU)

Animal-assisted interventions: General considerations / Intervenções assistidas por animais: Considerações gerais

The aim of this research is to verify in the literature if the application of animal-assisted interventions (AAI) can be beneficial to those involved. It was verified that these studies are still incipient, but that the area has been growing significantly and more robust studies are being published. There is strong evidence on consulted materials on AAI benefits in the most diverse scenarios, from children to the elderly, without any group distinction. This theoretical essay is characterized by a literature revision. Inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as their descriptors, have been defined and used to ensure the content of the consulted materials. Finally, it is proposed that new studies with more stringent methodological criteria, larger samples, control groups, and longer periods must be performed.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar na literatura se a aplicação das intervenções assistidas por animais (IAA) pode ser benéfica para os envolvidos. Foi constatado que os estudos ainda são incipientes, mas que a área vem crescendo significativamente e observações mais robustas estão sendo publicadas. Nos materiais consultados, há fortes indícios de que as IAA geram inúmeros benefícios em diversos cenários, de crianças até idosos, sem distinção de público. Este ensaio teórico se caracteriza por uma revisão da literatura. Critérios de inclusão e exclusão, bem como descritores, foram definidos e utilizados para assegurar o conteúdo dos materiais consultados. Por fim, é sugerida a realização de estudos com critérios metodológicos mais rigorosos, com amostras maiores, utilizando grupos de controle, e que sejam aplicados por um período mais longo.(AU)

Animal-assisted interventions: General considerations / Intervenções assistidas por animais: Considerações gerais

The aim of this research is to verify in the literature if the application of animal-assisted interventions (AAI) can be beneficial to those involved. It was verified that these studies are still incipient, but that the area has been growing significantly and more robust studies are being published. There is strong evidence on consulted materials on AAI benefits in the most diverse scenarios, from children to the elderly, without any group distinction. This theoretical essay is characterized by a literature revision. Inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as their descriptors, have been defined and used to ensure the content of the consulted materials. Finally, it is proposed that new studies with more stringent methodological criteria, larger samples, control groups, and longer periods must be performed.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar na literatura se a aplicação das intervenções assistidas por animais (IAA) pode ser benéfica para os envolvidos. Foi constatado que os estudos ainda são incipientes, mas que a área vem crescendo significativamente e observações mais robustas estão sendo publicadas. Nos materiais consultados, há fortes indícios de que as IAA geram inúmeros benefícios em diversos cenários, de crianças até idosos, sem distinção de público. Este ensaio teórico se caracteriza por uma revisão da literatura. Critérios de inclusão e exclusão, bem como descritores, foram definidos e utilizados para assegurar o conteúdo dos materiais consultados. Por fim, é sugerida a realização de estudos com critérios metodológicos mais rigorosos, com amostras maiores, utilizando grupos de controle, e que sejam aplicados por um período mais longo.

Welfare Status of Working Horses and Owners' Perceptions of Their Animals.

Appropriate interventions to improve working equine welfare should be proposed according to scientific evidence that arises from different geo-cultural contexts. This study aims to assess and compare the welfare status of working horses in two administrative regions of Chile and to determine how owners perceive their horses. Horses' welfare status was assessed through direct indicators (direct observation and clinical examination) and indirect indicators (an interview with the owner). Owners' perceptions of their horses were determined through a discourse analysis of their statements. In total, 100 horses and 100 owners were assessed. Results showed a low prevalence of health problems and negative behavior responses among horses in the two regions evaluated. Significant associations were found between inadequate body condition and the absence of deworming, and between hoof abnormalities and a low frequency of shoeing. Between regions, significant differences were found in the presence of lesions and the person responsible for horseshoeing. In regards to the owners' appreciations, two differing perceptions of working horses were found: a predominantly affective perception and a perception of the animal as a working instrument. Although the instrumental perception was more frequent in the Araucania region, the affective perception was widely shared by both owner populations. The results reveal a good welfare status in working horses and suggest that both affective and instrumental perceptions of these animals can coexist.

Is stockperson welfare essential for animal welfare? / Bem estar do trabalhador é essencial para o bem estar animal?

Increasingly, animal welfare (AW) is gaining ground worldwide because of pressure from importing countries, as well as the demand from a more conscious society regarding the living conditions of farm animals. Despite the growing concern about AW, there are few studies of stock persons welfare and how it might influence AW. The treatment of animals connects to stockpersons attitudes and behaviour, which in turn are associated with several human factors such as initial experience in the activity, welfare, quality of working conditions and human-animal relationship. Many authors have investigated this relationship and its association with positive attitudes of stock persons towards animals, which consequently influence AW and productivity. However, currently, there is no highlighted concern about the human issue, as the stock person welfare (SW), believed to be a key aspect of a successful implementation of AW programs. The present work suggests a broader view concerning AW, its relation to SW and the importance of improving both aspects in livestock systems.(AU)

Cada vez mais o bem-estar animal (BEA) está ganhando espaço mundialmente, tanto pela pressão dos países importadores, quanto pela demanda por uma sociedade mais consciente em relação às condições de vida dos animais de produção. Apesar da crescente preocupação com o BEA, há poucos estudos sobre o bem-estar dos trabalhadores e como isso pode influenciar no BEA. O tratamento dos animais está ligado às atitudes e aos comportamentos dos trabalhadores, que por sua vez estão associados a vários fatores humanos, como experiência inicial na atividade, bem-estar e qualidade das condições de trabalho e relação homem-animal. Muitos autores têm investigado essa relação e sua associação às atitudes positivas dos trabalhadores em relação aos animais, o que, consequentemente, influencia o BEA e a produtividade. No entanto, atualmente, não há nenhuma preocupação destacada sobre a questão humana, como o bem-estar dos trabalhadores (BT), que se acredita ser aspecto chave para uma implementação bem sucedida dos programas de BEA. O presente trabalho sugere uma visão mais ampla sobre o BEA, sua relação com o BT e a importância de se melhorar ambos os aspectos em sistemas de produção animal.(AU)