Contribution of the abbreviated CAVE-st questionnaire in Spanish: the attitudes toward childbirth experiences.

There are several factors that influence women's childbirth experience, and personal interactions with health professionals are of particular significance. The main objective of this study was to present the validation of an abbreviated form of an existing questionnaire on attitudes about childbirth in medical and nursing students. We used a sample of 512 perinatal medicine and nursing students who received the original 52-item CAVE-st questionnaire to obtain a shorter version with proper psychometric properties. We used Cronbach's alpha coefficient to evaluate the new version's internal consistency. The Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin test and the Barlett sphericity test were performed to assess the suitability of exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using structural equation models in a second sample of 139 medical students. We obtained a 15-item version with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82. The EFA revealed a four-dimensional structure, similar to the full 52-item version. In the CFA the adjustment indexes showed good model fitness, RMSEA= 0.046 [CI 0.00-0.07]; CFI = 0.978. We can conclude that the 15-item version is a valid tool for evaluating the attitude of students toward childbirth, pointing out the matters that should be improved in their training to avoid obstetric trauma by the promotion of a positive experience in women during childbirth.

Humanization and characterization of an anti-ciguatoxin CTX3C monoclonal antibody.

Ciguatera poisoning (CP), caused by ciguatoxins (CTXs), is one of the most common food-borne diseases, affecting more than 50,000 people each year. In most cases, CP are managed with symptomatic and supportive remedies, and no specific treatment has been devised. In this study, toward the development of therapeutic antibodies for CP, we examined to humanize mouse anti-CTX3C antibody 10C9 (m10C9), which exhibited neutralizing activity against ciguatoxin in vitro and in vivo. The complementarity determining regions were grafted onto a human germline sequence with high sequence identity to m10C9, and the backmutations were examined to maintain the binding affinity. The optimized humanized antibody, Opt.h10C9Fab, showed a strong binding affinity to CTX3C with a high affinity (KD = 19.0 nM), and only two backmutations of ArgL46 and CysH94 in the framework regions were involved in determining the antigen binding affinity.

Single-domain antibodies as therapeutics for solid tumor treatment.

Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), initially identified in camelids or sharks and commonly referred to as nanobodies or VNARs, have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional therapeutic antibodies. These sdAbs have many superior physicochemical and pharmacological properties, including small size, good solubility and thermostability, easier accessible epitopes, and strong tissue penetration. However, the inherent challenges associated with the animal origin of sdAbs limit their clinical use. In recent years, various innovative humanization technologies, including complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting or complete engineering of fully human sdAbs, have been developed to mitigate potential immunogenicity issues and enhance their compatibility. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of sdAbs, emphasizing their distinctive features and the progress in humanization methodologies. In addition, we provide an overview of the recent progress in developing drugs and therapeutic strategies based on sdAbs and their potential in solid tumor treatment, such as sdAb-drug conjugates, multispecific sdAbs, sdAb-based delivery systems, and sdAb-based cell therapy.

macroH2A1 drives nucleosome dephasing and genome instability in histone humanized yeast.

In addition to replicative histones, eukaryotic genomes encode a repertoire of non-replicative variant histones, providing additional layers of structural and epigenetic regulation. Here, we systematically replace individual replicative human histones with non-replicative human variant histones using a histone replacement system in yeast. We show that variants H2A.J, TsH2B, and H3.5 complement their respective replicative counterparts. However, macroH2A1 fails to complement, and its overexpression is toxic in yeast, negatively interacting with yeast's native histones and kinetochore genes. To isolate yeast with macroH2A1 chromatin, we uncouple the effects of its macro and histone fold domains, revealing that both domains suffice to override native nucleosome positioning. Furthermore, both uncoupled constructs of macroH2A1 exhibit lower nucleosome occupancy, decreased short-range chromatin interactions (<20 kb), disrupted centromeric clustering, and increased chromosome instability. Our observations demonstrate that lack of a canonical histone H2A dramatically alters chromatin organization in yeast, leading to genome instability and substantial fitness defects.

Implementation of a routine post-shift debriefing program in ICU aiming at quality-of-care improvement: A primary analysis of feasibility and impacts.

OBJECTIVES: This report describes the implementation of a clinical debriefing (CD) program in intensive care units (ICU) and analyses its feasibility and its impact on staff well-being. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: From April to September 2023, post-shift CDs were run once a week in 2 out of 7 units in our department, using an adapted version of the DISCOVER-PHASE tool. CD sessions were performed face-to-face with volunteer members of the multidisciplinary ICU team. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: After 6 months, a survey assessing the satisfaction of the debriefed teams was conducted. The impact of CD on staff well-being was assessed using three validated questionnaires (Maslach Burnout Inventory, Ways of Coping Checklist, Professional Quality of Life Scale) administered in the 7 units before and after the CD period. RESULTS: A total of 44 CDs were performed, lasting 15 (4-35) min. There were 6 (1-9) attendees per CD, mainly nurses (64.6%). Discussions focused mainly on basic problems related to dysfunctional material, communication and organization inside the team. The two debriefed teams were satisfied of the program and gave 9, 8 and 8 out of 10 on a visual analogical scale for the climate of confidence of the DC, their organisation, and their ability to improve working conditions and quality of care, respectively. Subscores at the three questionnaires assessing staff well-being before and after the CD period were similar, whether teams experienced CD or not. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing of post-shift debriefings in our ICU was feasible and well accepted. More prolonged programs are probably needed to demonstrate benefits on staff well-being. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: This report offers elements that other teams can use to successfully conduct post-shift debriefings and to plan future research on longer-term programs.

Humanized oncology nursing care in a person with gastric cancer: A case report.

Cancer impacts the person's physical health, psychosocial and spiritual wellbeing. The humanization of care is an essential element to achieve integral wellbeing of the individual. The aim of this article is to present a clinical case, using the nursing process with the NANDA, NOC and NIC taxonomies, and based on the principles of Watson's theory of humanized care. The participant is a 45-year-old woman with gastric cancer in palliative stage. The assessment was performed using Gordon's functional patterns and the Watson Caritas Patient Score scale to evaluate the care received previously in the health system. Eight nursing diagnoses were identified, prioritizing 3 diagnoses using the clinical reasoning web (decisional conflict, anxiety, and ineffective self-management of health). Expected outcomes and nursing interventions were planned and implemented through moments of care using health education through tele-nursing and the intentional use of Caritas processes of care in the transpersonal relationship. The results were evaluated with the scales of the indicators and anxiety was also evaluated with the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Health education in oncology nursing contributed to improve informed decision making, reducing anxiety and providing emotional support to facilitate self-management of health. The participant perceived as humanized care throughout the sessions, reflected in the final evaluation with the Watson Caritas Patient Score scale.

Eating pigs, not Peppa Pig: The effect of identifiability on children's propensity to humanize, befriend, and consume edible animals.

This research aimed to provide experimental evidence on whether identifying an edible animal by a name and specific preferences encourages children to perceive the animal as more similar to humans, increases their willingness to befriend the animal, and makes them less willing to consume it. In two pre-registered studies involving 208 preschool children, participants were presented with pictures of pigs (Study 1) and chickens (Study 2). In the identifiability condition, one animal was depicted with individual qualities such as a name and personal preferences, while in the non-identifiability condition, animals were portrayed with characteristics representative of the entire species. The children then rated their desire to befriend and consume the animal, while in Study 2, they also rated the animal's similarity to humans. The results revealed that animal identifiability led to higher perceived similarity to humans, increased the desire to befriend it, and reduced inclination to consume the animal. These findings highlight animal identifiability's powerful and robust effect on children's attitudes toward edible animals.

Debates on humanization of human-animal brain chimeras - are we putting the cart before the horses?

Research on human-animal chimeras have elicited alarms and prompted debates. Those involving the generation of chimeric brains, in which human brain cells become anatomically and functionally intertwined with their animal counterparts in varying ratios, either via xenografts or embryonic co-development, have been considered the most problematic. The moral issues stem from a potential for "humanization" of the animal brain, as well as speculative changes to the host animals' consciousness or sentience, with consequential alteration in the animal hosts' moral status. However, critical background knowledge appears to be missing to resolve these debates. Firstly, there is no consensus on animal sentience vis-à-vis that of humans, and no established methodology that would allow a wholesome and objective assessment of changes in animal sentience resulting from the introduction of human brain cells. Knowledge in interspecies comparative neuropsychology that could allow effective demarcation of a state of "humanization" is also lacking. Secondly, moral status as a philosophical construct has no scientific and objective points of reference. Either changes in sentience or humanization effects would remain unclear unless there are some neuroscientific research grounding. For a bioethical stance based on moral status of human-animal brain chimera to make meaningful contributions to regulatory policies, it might first need to be adequately informed by, and with its arguments constructed, in a manner that are factually in line with the science. In may be prudent for approved research projects involving the generation of human-animal brain chimera to have a mandatory component of assessing plausible changes in sentience.

Prospects for the computational humanization of antibodies and nanobodies.

To be viable therapeutics, antibodies must be tolerated by the human immune system. Rational approaches to reduce the risk of unwanted immunogenicity involve maximizing the 'humanness' of the candidate drug. However, despite the emergence of new discovery technologies, many of which start from entirely human gene fragments, most antibody therapeutics continue to be derived from non-human sources with concomitant humanization to increase their human compatibility. Early experimental humanization strategies that focus on CDR loop grafting onto human frameworks have been critical to the dominance of this discovery route but do not consider the context of each antibody sequence, impacting their success rate. Other challenges include the simultaneous optimization of other drug-like properties alongside humanness and the humanization of fundamentally non-human modalities such as nanobodies. Significant efforts have been made to develop in silico methodologies able to address these issues, most recently incorporating machine learning techniques. Here, we outline these recent advancements in antibody and nanobody humanization, focusing on computational strategies that make use of the increasing volume of sequence and structural data available and the validation of these tools. We highlight that structural distinctions between antibodies and nanobodies make the application of antibody-focused in silico tools to nanobody humanization non-trivial. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of humanizing mutations on other essential drug-like properties such as binding affinity and developability, and methods that aim to tackle this multi-parameter optimization problem.

Preclinical development of humanized monoclonal antibodies against CD169 as a broad antiviral therapeutic strategy.

New therapies to treat or prevent viral infections are essential, as recently observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we propose a therapeutic strategy based on monoclonal antibodies that block the specific interaction between the host receptor Siglec-1/CD169 and gangliosides embedded in the viral envelope. Antibodies are an excellent option for treating infectious diseases based on their high specificity, strong targeting affinity, and relatively low toxicity. Through a process of humanization, we optimized monoclonal antibodies to eliminate sequence liabilities and performed biophysical characterization. We demonstrated that they maintain their ability to block viral entry into myeloid cells. These molecular improvements during the discovery stage are key if we are to maximize efforts to develop new therapeutic strategies. Humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting CD169 provide new opportunities in the treatment of infections caused by ganglioside-containing enveloped viruses, which pose a constant threat to human health. In contrast with current neutralizing antibodies that bind antigens on the infectious particle, our antibodies can prevent several types of enveloped viruses interacting with host cells because they target the host CD169 protein, thus becoming a potential pan-antiviral therapy.

Percepção de mães sobre a visitação aberta na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal / Mothers' perception of open visitation in the neonatal intensive care unit / Percepción de las madres sobre las visitas abiertas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales

Objetivo: compreender a percepção de mães sobre a visitação aberta na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Métodos: estudo descritivo, qualitativo, realizado por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e individualizada, em uma maternidade pública situada no interior de São Paulo, Brasil, em 2019. A amostra foi definida pelo método de saturação de dados e constou de 14 mães. Os dados foram submetidos a Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: elencaram-se duas categorias: evidenciando os benefícios da visitação aberta e desafios a serem superados. Os benefícios incluíram a satisfação em permanecer com o filho, participar dos cuidados, fortalecer o vínculo maternal, acompanhar a evolução do bebê, evidenciar a qualidade do cuidado e o envolvimento afetivo, redução de sentimentos negativos e visitação do pai no período noturno. Em contrapartida, os desafios incluíram a impossibilidade de permanecer com o filho, estar presente somente em horários pré-estabelecidos para receber informações de médicos, prioriza-las em relação as fornecidas pela enfermagem, receber informações parciais, ter receio em expressar as dúvidas e vivenciar sentimentos negativos. Conclusão: os achados deste estudo fornecem subsídios para que a equipe de saúde e os gestores promovam a adesão de mães à visitação aberta em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais. (AU)

Objective: understand the perception of mothers about open visitation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: descriptive, qualitative study, carried out through semi-structured and individualized interviews, in a public maternity hospital located in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2019. The sample was defined by the data saturation method and consisted of 14 mothers. Data were submitted to Thematic Content Analysis. Results: two categories were listed: showing the benefits of open visitation and challenges to be overcome. The benefits included the satisfaction of staying with the child, participating in care, strengthening the maternal bond, monitoring the baby's evolution, showing the quality of care and affective involvement, reducing negative feelings and visiting the father at night. On the other hand, the challenges included the impossibility of staying with the child, being present only at preestablished times to receive information from doctors, prioritizing it in relation to that provided by nurses, receiving partial information, being afraid to express doubts and experience negative feelings. Conclusion: the findings of this study provide support for the health team and managers to promote the adherence of mothers to open visitation in neonatal intensive care units. (AU)

Objetivo: comprender la percepción de las madres sobre la visita abierta en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, realizado a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas e individualizadas, en una maternidad pública ubicada en el interior de São Paulo, Brasil, en 2019. La muestra fue definida por el método de saturación de datos y estuvo conformada por 14 madres. Los datos se enviaron a Análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: se enumeraron dos categorías: mostrando los beneficios de la visita abierta y los desafíos a superar. Los beneficios incluyeron la satisfacción de quedarse con el niño, participar en los cuidados, fortalecer el vínculo materno, monitorear la evolución del bebé, mostrar la calidad del cuidado y el involucramiento afectivo, reducir los sentimientos negativos y visitar al padre por la noche. Por otro lado, los desafíos incluían la imposibilidad de quedarse con el niño, estar presente solo en horarios preestablecidos para recibir información de los médicos, priorizarla en relación a la brindada por enfermeras, recibir información parcial, tener miedo a expresar dudas y experimentar sentimientos negativos. Conclusión: los hallazgos de este estudio brindan apoyo al equipo de salud y gerentes para promover la adherencia de las madres a la visita abierta en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales. básico sobre las conductas frente a los accidentes, a pesar de desconocieren el flujo de atención del servicio. (AU)

Humanization of a mouse anti-human complement C6 monoclonal antibody as a potential therapeutic for certain complement-mediated diseases.

The assembly of tissue-damaging membrane attack complexes (MACs; C5b-9) is a major mechanism by which excessive complement activation causes diseases. We previously developed a mouse anti-human C6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1C9 that selectively inhibits the assembly of MACs in human and non-human primates. In this project, we found that 1C9 also cross-reacted with rat and guinea pig C6, and determined its binding domains on C6 using different truncated C6 proteins. We then humanized the anti-C6 mAb by molecular modeling and complementarity-determining region grafting. After screening a library of 276 humanized variants with different combinations of humanized light and heavy chains in biophysical assays, we identified clone 3713 with the best developability profile, and an increased affinity against C6 when compared with the parental 1C9 mAb. This humanized 3713 mAb inhibited human, monkey, and rat complement-mediated hemolysis in vitro, and more importantly, it significantly reduced complement-mediated hemolysis in vivo in rats. These results demonstrated the successful humanization of the anti-C6 mAb and suggested that the humanized 3713 mAb could be further developed as a new therapeutic that selectively targets MAC for certain complement-mediated pathological conditions.

A murine model of DC-SIGN humanization exhibits increased susceptibility against SARS-CoV-2.

To generate a new murine model for virus, DC-SIGN gene in murine was humanized. In this study, we successfully generated a humanized C57BL/6N mouse model expressing human DC-SIGN (hDC-SIGN) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and evaluated its characters and susceptibility to virus. The humanized mice could survival as usual, and with normal physiological index just like the wild-type mice. Whereas, we found significant differences in the intestinal flora and metabolic profiles between wild-type mice and humanized mice. Following intranasal infection with SARS-CoV-2, hDC-SIGN mice exhibited significantly increased viral loads in the lungs and nasal turbinates, along with more severe lung damage. This phenomenon may be associated with differential lipid metabolism and Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis in two mouse models. This study provides a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms of coronavirus infection and potential drug therapies against novel coronavirus.

A Humanized Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is associated with a high mortality rate, and there are still very few effective treatment options. Patient-derived xenografts have proven to be invaluable preclinical disease models to study cancer biology and facilitate testing of novel therapeutics. However, the severely immune-deficient mice used to generate standard models lack any functional immune system, thereby limiting their utility as a tool to investigate the tumor-immune cell interface. This chapter will outline a method for establishment of "humanized" patient-derived xenografts, which are reconstituted with human immune cells to imitate the immune-rich microenvironment of pancreatic cancer.

Cultural adaptation and validation of the caring behaviors assessment tool into Spanish.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the research was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Caring Behaviors Assessment (CBA) tool in Spain, ensuring its appropriateness in the Spanish cultural context. METHODS: Three-phase cross-cultural adaptation and validation study. Phase 1 involved the transculturation process, which included translation of the CBA tool from English to Spanish, back-translation, and refinement of the translated tool based on pilot testing and linguistic and cultural adjustments. Phase 2 involved training research assistants to ensure standardized administration of the instrument. Phase 3 involved administering the transculturally-adapted tool to a non-probabilistic sample of 402 adults who had been hospitalized within the previous 6 months. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the consistency of the item-scale, demographic differences, validity of the tool, and the importance of various caring behaviors within the Spanish cultural context. R statistical software version 4.3.3 and psych package version 2.4.1 were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The overall internal consistency of the CBA tool was high, indicating its reliability for assessing caring behaviors. The subscales within the instrument also demonstrated high internal consistency. Descriptive analysis revealed that Spanish participants prioritized technical and cognitive aspects of care over emotional and existential dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The new version of the tool proved to be valid, reliable and culturally situated, which will facilitate the provision of objective and reliable data on patients beliefs about what is essential in terms of care behaviors in Spain.

Parents' and nurses' affective perception of a pictorial intervention in a pediatric hospital environment: Quasi-experimental design pre-post-testing.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The humanization of the hospital environment of pediatric departments represents an area of research and intervention on improving the quality of life for hospitalized patients, but also that one of relatives and health professionals. The aim of the study was to test, in a sample of nurses and hospitalized children's parents, whether the pictorial intervention impacted the perceptions of affective qualities of hospital environment. METHODS: This quasi-experimental design study investigated the effects of a pictorial humanization intervention which consisted of some naturalistic and colorful illustrations in the corridor of two pediatric wards of an Italian hospital. A total of 425 parents of hospitalized children and 80 nurses were asked to complete the Italian version of the "Scale of measurement of the affective qualities of places" in two different moments: 1) before the pictorial intervention and 2) three months after its implementation. RESULTS: For all participants (parents and nurses), results showed a significant effect of pictorial intervention with the four positive dimensions investigated (Relaxing, Exciting, Pleasant, and Stimulating) reporting higher scores after being performed it, and with the four negative dimensions (Distressing, Gloomy, Unpleasant, Sleepy) showing lower scores. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that the pictorial intervention could be particularly useful to create more welcoming hospital environments, reducing distress levels from hospitalized patients, but also of relatives and healthcare professionals. IMPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE: Pictorial interventions improve the emotional atmosphere in pediatric healthcare settings. Integrating visual elements related to care and healing enhances user experience, creating a more welcoming environment.

Engineering a human P2X2 receptor with altered ligand selectivity in yeast.

P2X receptors are a family of ligand gated ion channels found in a range of eukaryotic species including humans but are not naturally present in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate the first recombinant expression and functional gating of the P2X2 receptor in baker's yeast. We leverage the yeast host for facile genetic screens of mutant P2X2 by performing site saturation mutagenesis at residues of interest, including SNPs implicated in deafness and at residues involved in native binding. Deep mutational analysis and rounds of genetic engineering yield mutant P2X2 F303Y A304W, which has altered ligand selectivity toward the ATP analog AMP-PNP. The F303Y A304W variant shows over 100-fold increased intracellular calcium amplitudes with AMP-PNP compared to the WT receptor and has a much lower desensitization rate. Since AMP-PNP does not naturally activate P2X receptors, the F303Y A304W P2X2 may be a starting point for downstream applications in chemogenetic cellular control. Interestingly, the A304W mutation selectively destabilizes the desensitized state, which may provide a mechanistic basis for receptor opening with suboptimal agonists. The yeast system represents an inexpensive, scalable platform for ion channel characterization and engineering by circumventing the more expensive and time-consuming methodologies involving mammalian hosts.

Encuesta nacional sobre cambios en las políticas de comunicación, visitas y cuidados al final de la vida en las unidades de cuidados intensivos durante las diferentes olas de la pandemia de COVID-19 (estudio COVIFAUCI) / National survey on changes in visitation, communication and end-of-life care policies in intensive care units through the different COVID-19 pandemic's waves (COVIFAUCI study)

Introducción La pandemia derivada de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 propició cambios en los cuidados tanto a familiares como a pacientes de cuidados intensivos durante las diferentes olas de incidencia del virus. La línea de humanización seguida por la mayoría de los hospitales se vio gravemente afectada por las restricciones aplicadas. Como objetivo, planteamos conocer las modificaciones experimentadas durante las diferentes olas de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en España respecto a la política de visitas a los pacientes en UCI, el acompañamiento al final de la vida, y el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación entre familiares, pacientes y profesionales. Métodos Estudio descriptivo transversal multicéntrico mediante encuesta a las UCI españolas desde febrero a abril de 2022. Se realizaron métodos de análisis estadísticos a los resultados según lo apropiado. El estudio fue avalado por la Sociedad Española de Enfermería Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias. Resultados Respondieron un 29% de las unidades contactadas. Los minutos de visita diarios de los familiares se redujeron drásticamente de 135 (87,5-255) a 45 (25-60) en el 21,2% de las unidades que permitían su acceso, mejorando levemente con el paso de las olas. En el caso de duelo, la permisividad fue mayor, aumentando el uso de las nuevas tecnologías para la comunicación paciente-familia en el caso del 96,5% de las unidades. Conclusiones Las familias de los pacientes ingresados en UCI durante las diferentes olas de la pandemia por COVID-19 han experimentado restricciones en las visitas y cambio de la presencialidad por técnicas virtuales de comunicación. Los tiempos de acceso se redujeron a niveles mínimos durante la primera ola, recuperándose con el avance de la pandemia pero sin llegar nunca a los niveles iniciales... (AU)

Introduction The pandemic derived from the SARS-CoV-2 infection led to changes in care for both relatives and intensive care patients during the different waves of incidence of the virus. The line of humanization followed by the majority of the hospitals was seriously affected by the restrictions applied. As an objective, we propose to know the modifications suffered during the different waves of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Spain regarding the policy of visits to patients in the ICU, monitoring at the end of life, and the use of new technologies of communication between family members, patients and professionals. Methods Multicenter cross-sectional descriptive study through a survey of Spanish ICUs from February to April 2022. Statistical analysis methods were performed on the results as appropriate. The study was endorsed by the Spanish Society of Intensive Nursing and Coronary Units. Results Twenty-nine percent of the units contacted responded. The daily visiting minutes of relatives dropped drastically from 135 (87.5-255) to 45 (25-60) in the 21.2% of units that allowed their access, improving slightly with the passing of the waves. In the case of bereavement, the permissiveness was greater, increasing the use of new technologies for patient-family communication in the case of 96.5% of the units. Conclusions The family of patients admitted to the ICU during the different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic have suffered restrictions on visits and a change from face-to-face to virtual communication techniques. Access times were reduced to minimum levels during the first wave, recovering with the advance of the pandemic but never reaching initial levels. Despite the implemented solutions and virtual communication, efforts should be directed towards improving the protocols for the humanization of healthcare that allow caring for families and patients whatever the healthcare context. (AU)

Encuesta nacional sobre cambios en las políticas de comunicación, visitas y cuidados al final de la vida en las unidades de cuidados intensivos durante las diferentes olas de la pandemia de COVID-19 (estudio COVIFAUCI) / National survey on changes in visitation, communication and end-of-life care policies in intensive care units through the different COVID-19 pandemic's waves (COVIFAUCI study)

Introducción La pandemia derivada de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 propició cambios en los cuidados tanto a familiares como a pacientes de cuidados intensivos durante las diferentes olas de incidencia del virus. La línea de humanización seguida por la mayoría de los hospitales se vio gravemente afectada por las restricciones aplicadas. Como objetivo, planteamos conocer las modificaciones experimentadas durante las diferentes olas de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en España respecto a la política de visitas a los pacientes en UCI, el acompañamiento al final de la vida, y el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación entre familiares, pacientes y profesionales. Métodos Estudio descriptivo transversal multicéntrico mediante encuesta a las UCI españolas desde febrero a abril de 2022. Se realizaron métodos de análisis estadísticos a los resultados según lo apropiado. El estudio fue avalado por la Sociedad Española de Enfermería Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias. Resultados Respondieron un 29% de las unidades contactadas. Los minutos de visita diarios de los familiares se redujeron drásticamente de 135 (87,5-255) a 45 (25-60) en el 21,2% de las unidades que permitían su acceso, mejorando levemente con el paso de las olas. En el caso de duelo, la permisividad fue mayor, aumentando el uso de las nuevas tecnologías para la comunicación paciente-familia en el caso del 96,5% de las unidades. Conclusiones Las familias de los pacientes ingresados en UCI durante las diferentes olas de la pandemia por COVID-19 han experimentado restricciones en las visitas y cambio de la presencialidad por técnicas virtuales de comunicación. Los tiempos de acceso se redujeron a niveles mínimos durante la primera ola, recuperándose con el avance de la pandemia pero sin llegar nunca a los niveles iniciales... (AU)

Introduction The pandemic derived from the SARS-CoV-2 infection led to changes in care for both relatives and intensive care patients during the different waves of incidence of the virus. The line of humanization followed by the majority of the hospitals was seriously affected by the restrictions applied. As an objective, we propose to know the modifications suffered during the different waves of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Spain regarding the policy of visits to patients in the ICU, monitoring at the end of life, and the use of new technologies of communication between family members, patients and professionals. Methods Multicenter cross-sectional descriptive study through a survey of Spanish ICUs from February to April 2022. Statistical analysis methods were performed on the results as appropriate. The study was endorsed by the Spanish Society of Intensive Nursing and Coronary Units. Results Twenty-nine percent of the units contacted responded. The daily visiting minutes of relatives dropped drastically from 135 (87.5-255) to 45 (25-60) in the 21.2% of units that allowed their access, improving slightly with the passing of the waves. In the case of bereavement, the permissiveness was greater, increasing the use of new technologies for patient-family communication in the case of 96.5% of the units. Conclusions The family of patients admitted to the ICU during the different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic have suffered restrictions on visits and a change from face-to-face to virtual communication techniques. Access times were reduced to minimum levels during the first wave, recovering with the advance of the pandemic but never reaching initial levels. Despite the implemented solutions and virtual communication, efforts should be directed towards improving the protocols for the humanization of healthcare that allow caring for families and patients whatever the healthcare context. (AU)

Humanized mouse models for anti-cancer therapy.

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are the golden standard for preclinical oncology as they can recapitulate the genotypic and phenotypic complexity of human tumors, thus enabling the development of effective therapeutic strategies. PDX models are typically established in immunocompromised animals that allow efficient growth of the xenografted tumor. Given the recent success of immune therapies in different tumors however, the establishment of humanized PDX models is critical to evaluate immune oncology drugs and/or combinations thereof. Here, we describe the detailed methods to obtain humanized PDX models for anti-cancer therapy testing.