Obtenção e conservação do material genético do gato doméstico macho / Obtaining and preserving the genetic material of the male domestic cat

As biotécnicas reprodutivas aplicadas ao gato doméstico desenvolveram-se consideravelmente nasúltimas décadas, propiciando a conservação do material genético de animais com alto valor zootécnico, assimcomo avanços nos programas de conservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Apesar dessa evolução, muitosaspectos relacionados à reprodução de gatos ainda não foram elucidados e os resultados apresentados naliteratura ainda são conflitantes, o que impulsiona a busca de novas técnicas para obtenção, conservação eutilização das células germinativas provenientes desses animais. Dentre as técnicas de obtenção das célulasgerminativas felinas têm-se a coleta por: eletroejaculação, vagina artificial, cateterismo uretral, recuperaçãoepididimária e do tecido testicular. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta revisão foi descrever as principais técnicasde obtenção e conservação de material genético em gatos domésticos.(AU)

The reproductive biotechniques applied to the domestic cat have developed considerably in the lastdecades, promoting the conservation of biological material of animals with high zootechnical value, as well asadvances in the conservation programs of endangered species. Despite this evolution, many aspects related tothe reproduction of cats have not yet been elucidated and the results presented in the literature are stillconflicting, which drives the search for new techniques for obtaining, conserving and using germ cells fromthese animals. Among the techniques for obtaining feline germ cells there are collection by: electroejaculation,artificial vagina, urethral catheterization, epididymal and testicular tissue recovery. In this context, the aim ofthis review was to describe the main techniques for obtaining and conserving genetic material in domestic cats.(AU)

Obtenção e conservação do material genético do gato doméstico macho / Obtaining and preserving the genetic material of the male domestic cat

As biotécnicas reprodutivas aplicadas ao gato doméstico desenvolveram-se consideravelmente nasúltimas décadas, propiciando a conservação do material genético de animais com alto valor zootécnico, assimcomo avanços nos programas de conservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Apesar dessa evolução, muitosaspectos relacionados à reprodução de gatos ainda não foram elucidados e os resultados apresentados naliteratura ainda são conflitantes, o que impulsiona a busca de novas técnicas para obtenção, conservação eutilização das células germinativas provenientes desses animais. Dentre as técnicas de obtenção das célulasgerminativas felinas têm-se a coleta por: eletroejaculação, vagina artificial, cateterismo uretral, recuperaçãoepididimária e do tecido testicular. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta revisão foi descrever as principais técnicasde obtenção e conservação de material genético em gatos domésticos.

The reproductive biotechniques applied to the domestic cat have developed considerably in the lastdecades, promoting the conservation of biological material of animals with high zootechnical value, as well asadvances in the conservation programs of endangered species. Despite this evolution, many aspects related tothe reproduction of cats have not yet been elucidated and the results presented in the literature are stillconflicting, which drives the search for new techniques for obtaining, conserving and using germ cells fromthese animals. Among the techniques for obtaining feline germ cells there are collection by: electroejaculation,artificial vagina, urethral catheterization, epididymal and testicular tissue recovery. In this context, the aim ofthis review was to describe the main techniques for obtaining and conserving genetic material in domestic cats.

Sperm biotechnologies in domestic species: state of the art

Modern livestock breeding is basically dependent on the proper use of semen for artificial insemination (AU) of femeles and of other reproductive biotechnologies such as the production of embryos in vitro for embryo transfer (IVP). Both these techniques have made possible not only the wide dissemmation of genetic material onto breeding populations but also anhanced the selection of best sires, owing to the development of better diagnostic techniques for sperm function and of preservation of seminal material over time. Although use ofliquid semen cooled to room temperature, to intermediate temperatures (+16-20ºC) or chilled (+5ºC) dominates in different species cryopreservation is preferred in bovine A1 and it is advancing in other species by the design of new containers, freezing methods and the use of better insemination strategies. Techniques to separate the aliquot of most robust spermatozoa from an ejaculate have shown a renascent particularly for sires with low sperm quality, and technological advances in separating spermatozoa for c hromosomal sex make the technique suitable for commercial use, following applicat ion of novel findings in sperm and seminal plasma (SP) diagnostics and function. Alongside, knowledge of the epigenome and signalling c apabilities of the semen (sperm and SP) call s for further studies regarding transgene production via ICSI for IVP or AI.(AU)

Sperm biotechnologies in domestic species: state of the art

Modern livestock breeding is basically dependent on the proper use of semen for artificial insemination of femeles and of other reproductive biotechnologies such as the production of embryos in vitro for embryo transfer (IVP). Both these techniques have made possible not only the wide dissemmation of genetic material onto breeding populations but also anhanced the selection of best sires, owing to the development of better diagnostic techniques for sperm function and of preservation of seminal material over time. Although use ofliquid semen cooled to room temperature, to intermediate temperatures (+16-20ºC) or chilled (+5ºC) dominates in different species cryopreservation is preferred in bovine A1 and it is advancing in other species by the design of new containers, freezing methods and the use of better insemination strategies. Techniques to separate the aliquot of most robust spermatozoa from an ejaculate have shown a renascent particularly for sires with low sperm quality, and technological advances in separating spermatozoa for c hromosomal sex make the technique suitable for commercial use, following applicat ion of novel findings in sperm and seminal plasma (SP) diagnostics and function. Alongside, knowledge of the epigenome and signalling c apabilities of the semen (sperm and SP) call s for further studies regarding transgene production via ICSI for IVP or AI.

Caste differences in Pseudopolybia compressa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae)

Studies of morphological caste syndromes in the tribe Epiponini help us to understand the evolution of social behavior in insects. Few studies have integrated morphological syndromes of various species from the same or distinct genera. We studied morphological differences between castes from three colonies of Pseudopolybia compressa de Saussure, 1854, in order to relate their caste syndrome with those of other species in the genus. We took eight morphometric measures and females were classified in relation to ovarian development and spermathecal contents. Females of Colony 1 (C1) present a higher distinction between castes than females of Colonies 2 and 3 (C2 and C3), and, in general, queens of the three colonies are larger than workers in some measures but smaller in others. In Pseudopolybia Dalla Torre, 1894, shape rather than size is a more important trait in caste divergence.

Caste differences in Pseudopolybia compressa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae)

Studies of morphological caste syndromes in the tribe Epiponini help us to understand the evolution of social behavior in insects. Few studies have integrated morphological syndromes of various species from the same or distinct genera. We studied morphological differences between castes from three colonies of Pseudopolybia compressa de Saussure, 1854, in order to relate their caste syndrome with those of other species in the genus. We took eight morphometric measures and females were classified in relation to ovarian development and spermathecal contents. Females of Colony 1 (C1) present a higher distinction between castes than females of Colonies 2 and 3 (C2 and C3), and, in general, queens of the three colonies are larger than workers in some measures but smaller in others. In Pseudopolybia Dalla Torre, 1894, shape rather than size is a more important trait in caste divergence.

Caste differences in Pseudopolybia compressa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae)

Studies of morphological caste syndromes in the tribe Epiponini help us to understand the evolution of social behavior in insects. Few studies have integrated morphological syndromes of various species from the same or distinct genera. We studied morphological differences between castes from three colonies of Pseudopolybia compressa de Saussure, 1854, in order to relate their caste syndrome with those of other species in the genus. We took eight morphometric measures and females were classified in relation to ovarian development and spermathecal contents. Females of Colony 1 (C1) present a higher distinction between castes than females of Colonies 2 and 3 (C2 and C3), and, in general, queens of the three colonies are larger than workers in some measures but smaller in others. In Pseudopolybia Dalla Torre, 1894, shape rather than size is a more important trait in caste divergence.