Processos de inclusão/exclusão social: como os usuários de crack enxergam suas trajetórias de vida / Processes of social inclusion/exclusion: how the crack users see story of their lives

Este artigo parte de uma pesquisa de iniciação científica que esteve envolvida com o tema das políticas públicas de enfrentamento ao crack e tem como objetivo compreender como os usuários do interior do estado de São Paulo entendem suas trajetórias de vida e as experiências de marginalização que foram submetidos. Tomamos contato com os participantes do estudo (dois usuários de crack) no contexto das ações municipais de atenção às drogas, buscando entender, a partir de entrevistas em profundidade, o que pensam sobre a própria vida e o contexto que o cercam. Assim, agrupamos alguns temas comuns entre os dois participantes, que não refletem apenas aspectos similares dos discursos, mas também elementos que se aproximam, distanciando-se ao mesmo tempo, como propõe o materialismo histórico-dialético (Martins, 2006), de modo que pudemos formar três categorias síntese de análise das duas entrevistas, concluindo que os sujeitos apresentam atualmente condições de vida similares marcadas pela desigualdade social, isolamento e humilhação, embora não possamos afirmar, pela falta de dados mais aprofundados, que essa similaridade sempre existiu. Assim, é possível dizer que ao longo da trajetória de vida na rua vão internalizando os juízos depreciativos sobre si mesmos e os manifestam por meio do sentimento de vergonha.

This article is part of a research made from the scientific initiation that was involved with the topic of the public policies of coping with crack and has the objective to understand how the users located in a city in the state of São Paulo understand their life trajectories and the experiences of marginalization that were submitted. We contacted the study participants (two crack users) in the context of municipal action attention drugs, seeking to understand, from deep interviews, what they think about their own life and the context that surrounds them. Thus, we group some common themes between the two participants, which do not only reflect similar aspects of the discourses, but also elements that approach, distancing themselves at the same time, as well as proposes historical-dialectical materialism (Martins, 2006), So that we could form three categories synthesis of analysis of the two interviews, being able to conclude that the subjects currently present similar conditions of life marked by social inequality, isolation, and humiliation, although we can't affirm, for not having deeper data, that this similarity has always existed. Thus, along their lives on the street they internalize the derogatory judgments about themselves and manifest them through the feeling of shame.

Inclusion and exclusion in the globalisation of genomics; the case of rare genetic disease in Brazil.

Within the context of a globalising agenda for genetic research where 'global health' is increasingly seen as necessarily informed by and having to account for genomics, the focus on rare genetic diseases is becoming prominent. Drawing from ethnographic research carried out separately by both authors in Brazil, this paper examines how an emerging focus on two different arenas of rare genetic disease, cancer genetics and a class of degenerative neurological diseases known as Ataxias, is subject to and a product of the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion as this concerns participation in research and access to health care. It examines how in these different cases 'rarenesss' has been diversely situated and differently politicised and how clinicians, patients and their families grapple with the slippery boundaries between research, rights to health and the limits of care, therapy or prevention. It illustrates how attention to rare genetic disease in Brazil emerges at the intersection of a particular history of genetic research and public health infrastructure, densely complicated feedback loops between clinical care and research, patient mobilisation around the 'judicialisation' of health and recent state legislation regarding rare disease in Brazil. It highlights the relevance of local configurations in the way rare genetic disease is being made relevant for and by different communities.

Trauma social em idade avançada / Social trauma during old age

O paradoxo vivido na contemporaneidade permite simultaneamente o convívio entre diferentes gerações, e a potenciação de processos de estigmatização promotores de discriminação. As circunstâncias de violência e exclusão de grande subtileza, a que as pessoas de idade avançada são expostas, têm impactos físicos e psicológicos no seu bem-estar e na sua longevidade. A intensidade da desumanidade neste grupo etário manifesta-se de forma estrutural pela desigualdade social, pela naturalização da pobreza, originando discriminação, de forma interpessoal pela alteração das interações, nas relações sociais quotidianas de forma institucional, na aplicação e ou omissão das políticas sociais. A consignação das pessoas de idade avançada a uma perda significativa de estatuto social e familiar é potenciadora de traumas psicológicos de cariz moral e afetivo, com proporções muito profundas nas vidas deste grupo etário. Ao longo deste artigo serão evidenciadas e discutidas as questões potenciadoras do trauma social nas pessoas de idade avançada, relacionando-as com os processos de economia de mercado provocada pela globalização, que alteraram o modo como estes sujeitos são incluídos e/ou excluídos da sociedade de produção.

Living with different generations of people and the capacity of stigma processes which promote discrimination form a paradox. Violence and subtle exclusion meted to elderly people have physical and psychological impacts on their welfare and their old age. The dehumanization intensity experienced by people within this age bracket is structurally manifested by social inequality, the naturalization of poverty leading towards discrimination, the changing of interactions within daily social relationships, in the application or omission of social policies. The drifting of elderly people towards significant losses of social and family status establishes psychological traumas of a moral and affective nature, with great depth in the lives of these people. The debate evidences and discusses the potential issues of the social trauma in the elderly and relates them to market economy processes caused by globalization that changed the way these people are included and/or excluded within productive society.

Colonial scientific-medical documentary films and the legitimization of an ideal state in post-war Spain / Documentários médico-científicos coloniais e a legitimação de um estado ideal na Espanha pós-guerra

Abstract This paper explores the role of film and medical-health practices and discourses in the building and legitimating strategies of Franco’s fascist regime in Spain. The analysis of five medical-colonial documentary films produced during the 1940s explores the relationship between mass media communication practices and techno-scientific knowledge production, circulation and management processes. These films portray a non-problematic colonial space where social order is articulated through scientific-medical practices and discourses that match the regime’s need to consolidate and legitimize itself while asserting the inclusion-exclusion dynamics involved in the definition of social prototypes through processes of medicalization.

Resumo O artigo explora o papel de práticas e discursos em saúde e cinema na construção e legitimação das estratégias do regime fascista de Franco na Espanha. A análise de cinco documentários médicos coloniais produzidos na década de 1940 explora a relação entre as práticas de comunicação de massa e os processos de produção, circulação e administração do conhecimento técnico-científico. Tais filmes retratam um espaço colonial não problemático onde a ordem social é articulada por meio de práticas e discursos médico-científicos que atendem à necessidade de consolidar e legitimar o regime, validando a dinâmica de inclusão-exclusão envolvida na representação de protótipos sociais por meio de processos de medicalização.

The categorisation of brands: The case of P&G™ branding strategy.

In 2 studies, we tested what we considered to be the core of Procter and Gamble™ (P&G™) latest branding strategy: making the association between its corporate brand and its product brands explicit. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the conditions: explicit association between P&G™ and one of its product brands and a control condition. Results from Study 1 showed a positive influence of the corporate brand on judgements of brand quality for Crest™. Similarly, results from Study 2 showed a positive influence of the corporate brand on judgements of brand quality and trust for Oral-B™. From a multidisciplinary perspective, we discussed the theoretical and applied implications of our results.

Populations and outcome measures used in ongoing research in sarcopenia.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia research may be hampered by the heterogeneity of populations and outcome measures used in clinical studies. AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the inclusion/exclusion criteria and outcome measures used in ongoing research in sarcopenia. METHODS: All active intervention studies registered in the World Health Organization with the keyword sarcopenia were included. Study design, type of intervention, inclusion/exclusion criteria and outcome measures were registered and classified. RESULTS: In April 2014, 151 studies on sarcopenia were registered in the WHO database. One hundred twenty-three were intervention studies. Most trials (94.3 %) were single centre and randomized (93.5 %), 51.2 % were double blind. Nutritional interventions (36.6 %), physical exercise (12.2 %) or both (19.5 %) were the most common interventions tested. Only 54.4 % included subjects of both genders, and 46.3 % had an upper age limit. Definition of the target populations was heterogeneous, with 57.7 % including healthy subjects and none using recent definitions of sarcopenia. Lifestyle and the degree of physical activity of subjects were not described or considered in most cases (79.7 %). Subjects with cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric or metabolic disorders and those with physical disability were usually excluded. Muscle mass and muscle strength were the primary outcome variables in 28.5 and 29.5 % of studies and physical performance in 19.5 %, but only 4.1 % used the three variables used the three of them. An additional 26.8 % used biological outcome variables. Little information and agreement existed in the way muscle and physical performance parameters were measured. CONCLUSIONS: We found a large heterogeneity in trial design, definition of populations and outcome measures in present research.

Is it better to be an English little pea than a Mexican little pea?: The role of the categorization process on the evaluation of football players.

Two studies investigated the effects of manipulating team membership on the evaluation of a football player. We hypothesized that the evaluations of the same football player, Javier "Chicharito" Hernandez, would vary as a function of the categorization process. For study 1, participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Manchester United, Mexican National team or control. Results showed that "Chicharito" obtained better evaluations when his membership to Manchester United was made salient. In study 2, participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: Manchester United and Mexican National team condition. We found support for the mediating role of team evaluation on the relationship between team membership and the evaluations of Chicharito. The theoretical and applied implications were discussed.

Assimilation and contrast effects: the role of self-construal and regulatory focus as moderators in collectivistic cultures of honour.

Human judgments are context dependent. When answering a question about one's overall satisfaction with life, a previous question about one's romantic life might pose redundancy problems influencing one's judgment of life satisfaction, something known as item order effects. However, in order to detect such redundancy, one needs to pay attention to the context of the conversation. Any variable that influences the amount of attention given the context of the conversation can determine whether the presumed redundancy is detected or not. In three studies, two experiments and one correlational study, we tested the influence of induced self-construal (study 1) and self-regulatory focus (study 2) and self-regulatory focus measured as an individual difference variable (study 3) as moderators of context effects among college students from Mexico. In study 1, participants induced to have an independent mindset were less likely to detect the redundancy posed by two questions, resulting, as predicted, in a contrast effect. In study 3, participants with lower levels of prevention focus were less likely to detect the redundancy posed by the same two questions as study 1, resulting, as predicted, in an assimilation effect. The implications of the results were discussed within the framework of the inclusion/exclusion model.

El divino niño: coordenadas para la comprensión de la Infancia en la contemporaneidad / The divine infant: coordinates for the understanding of childhood in contemporaneity / Le divin enfant: repères pour la comprehénsion del’enfance dans la contemporanéité

Las leyes sobre la infancia avanzan hacia un escenario en el que el niño no solo se convierte en centro de la sociedad, sino que además se hace intocable. Se trata de una condición de inclusión-excluyente. Aparece un tabú sobre el niño: no se le puede tocar, no se le puede regañar, no se le puede educar. La escuela es uno de los lugares en donde con mayor frecuencia evidenciamos estas problemáticas. ¿En qué momento se convierte el niño en el epicentro de la sociedad? ¿Tiene esto algún impacto sobre el lazo social y la cultura?

The laws on children move toward a scenario in which the child not only becomes the center of society, but also becomes untouchable. It’s an inclusion-exclusion condition. A taboo appears: the child cannot be touched, nor scolded, nor educated. School is one of the places where these problems most often take place. When does the child become the epicenter of society? Does this have any impact on social bonds and culture?

Les lois pour la protection de l’enfance se développent de telle manière que l’enfant devient non seulement le centre de la société mais aussi intouchable. Il s’agit donc d’une inclusion-excluante. Un tabou à propos de l’enfant apparaît alors : on ne peut pas le toucher, on ne peut pas le fâcher, on ne peut pas l’éduquer. L’école est l’un des lieux où l’on peut constater ces problématiques le plus fréquemment. Quand l’enfant devient-il épicentre de la société? Cela a-t-il un impact sur le lien social et la culture ?

Os sentidos da infância: um estudo sobre processos subjetivos na instituição escolar / The childhood meanings: a study on the subjective processes at school

Este estudo teórico investiga os sentidos atribuídos ao desenvolvimento da criança ao longo do processo de escolarização na modernidade, relacionando-os às formas de inclusão/exclusão geradas ao longo do letramento. Analisa, por meio da teoria crítica da cultura e da análise do discurso, os fundamentos do processo de teorização da infância em sua relação com o iluminismo, e seus efeitos de sentido sobre a trajetória escolar da criança. Relaciona estes sentidos à prática institucional homogeneizadora, acenando a possibilidade de pensarmos que a teorização da infância em seus modelos mais avançados constitui dispositivos de normalização que fortalecem a barra entre o normal e o patológico na escola. Identifica nas práticas discursivas pedagógicas as formas possíveis de melhor preparar a criança para o amanhã, representando um verdadeiro mito da evolução, no qual consolidase uma forte crença em uma subjetividade nuclear, centrada e presente a si mesma, que se desenvolve independente das práticas pedagógicas. Conclui afirmando que os efeitos dos discursos pedagógicos são constitutivos dos modos de subjetivação infantil, considerando outra possibilidade de pensar a criança e a educação a partir da ressignificação dos sentidos da experiência escolar.

The present theoretical study investigates the interrelation between child development meanings and forms of inclusion/exclusion in the modern school education process. It analyses the childhoodtheorization process interrelation with Iluminism and the effects of such meanings on the child school history through the theory of cultural criticism and discourse analysis. The study establishes a relation between those meanings and the homogenizing institutional practice and suggests the possibility that the most advanced childhood theorization models constitute the normalization tools that strengthen the limit between normal and pathologic at school. It also identifies the best possible ways to preparechildren for the future within the pedagogic discourse practices, thus being a true evolution myth which consolidates a strong belief in a nuclear subjectivity that is self-centered, presented and developed independently from the pedagogic practices. Finally, it states that the pedagogic discourse effects compose the child subjectivity forms . The study also suggests that another way to understand children and education is to give a new meaning to school experiences.