Comparing full immunisation status of children (0-23 months) between slums of Kampala City and the rural setting of Iganga District in Uganda: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Immunisation remains the most cost-effective public health intervention in preventing morbidity and mortality due to Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPDs). The study aims to compare the differences in immunisation coverage amongst children aged 0 to 23 months living in slums of Kampala city and Iganga as rural districts in Uganda. METHODS: This study utilises data from a cross-sectional survey done in 2019 in the slums of Kampala City and the rural district of Iganga within the Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS). It included 1016 children aged 0-23 months and their parents. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the relationship between multiple independent variables and the binary dependent variables (fully immunised) using Stata statistical software. The measures of association were odds ratios reported with a corresponding 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Out of the 1016 participants, 544 participants live in the rural area and 472 participants in the slums. Slums had 48.9% (n = 231) of fully immunised children whilst rural areas had 43.20% (n = 235). The multivariate analysis showed that children living in slums are more likely to be fully immunised as compared to their counterparts in rural areas (Odds ratio:1.456; p = 0.033; CI:1.030-2.058). Immunisation coverage for BCG (98.9%), Polio 0 (88.2%), Penta1 (92.7%), and Pneumo1 (89.8%) were high in both settlements. However, the dropout rate for subsequent vaccines was high 17%, 20% and 41% for Penta, pneumococcal and rota vaccines respectively. There was poor uptake of the new vaccines with slums having 73.4% and 47.9% coverage for pneumococcal and rota vaccines respectively and rural areas had 72.1% and 7.5% for pneumococcal and rota vaccines respectively. CONCLUSION: The low full immunisation status in this study was attributed to the child's residence and the occupation of the parents. Lack of education and poor access to messages on immunisation (inadequate access to mass media) are other contributing factors. Educational messages on the importance of immunisation targeting these underserved populations will improve full immunisation coverage.

Analysis of individual dose monitoring results for radiation workers in Shandong province from 2016 to 2020 / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To summarize the levels of individual dose to radiation workers in Shandong province from 2016 to 2020, and to analyze the trends in their change in order to provide scientific basis for radiation workers′ health management.Methods:The experimental detection and quality control were carried out in compliance with the national standards Specifications for individual monitoring of occupational external exposure (GBZ 128-2019) and the Testing criteria of personnel dosimetry performance for external exposure (GBZ 207-2016). The result of the personal dose monitoring of occupational external exposure of all radiation workers monitored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 16 cities of Shandong province were retrospectively analyzed by using SPSS 23.0 software.Results:The total number of monitored workers were 25 523 with an average annual individual effective dose of 0.28 mSv. There were statistically significant differences among radiation workers in different years ( H= 2 815.91, P<0. 001). The average annual individual effective dose showed an upward trend followed by a downward trend. The average annual effective dose of 0.55 mSv for nuclear medicine radiation workers in medical applications was the highest, with statistically significant differences among different occupational radiation workers ( H=310.37, P<0.001). The average annual effective dose of 0.37 mSv for radioactivity logging workers in industrial applications was the highest, with statistically significant differences among different occupational radiation workers ( H=448.07, P<0. 001). The average annual effective dose to radiation workers in medical applications was higher than in industrial applications ( Z = -14.93, P<0.001). Conclusions:The average annual effective dose to nuclear medicine radiation workers in medical applications and logging radiation workers in industrial applications are relatively high. There would be a push to furthe improve workplace protection measures and strengthen the management and supervision of radiological workers.

Analysis of individual dose monitoring results for medical radiation workers from occupational external exposure in Chongqing City, 2016-2020 / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To retrospectively analyze the individual dose monitoring of radiation workers in Chongqing City from 2016 to 2020, so as to provide scientific reference for occupational health monitoring and radiation protection. Methods　Radiation workers who performed individual dose monitoring in Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 2016 to 2020 were selected as the research objects, and the monitoring data were collected and analyzed. Results　A total of 40 926 individuals were included in this study, with a total of 135 622 person-years. The average annual individual effective dose of radiation workers over the five-year period was 0.56 mSv. NR1 and NR5, the ratio of the number of works receiving annual individual does exceeding 1 and 5 mSv to the to the total monitor workers were 13.019% and 0.335%. The annual effective dose per capita in Chongqing City showed a trend of first decreasing, then increasing and then decreasing again over the study period, with significant differences between different years (F=971.754, P<0.001). Although there were some differences in the variation trend of annual effective dose among different occupational categories, the overall trend was decreasing year by year. The average annual effective dose of nuclear medicine and interventional radiology was relatively high, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The average annual effective dose of industrial flaw detection and accelerator operator in industrial application was relatively higher, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the per capita effective doses of different occupational categories of medical application in different years (F=8.892-682.852, P<0.001). Among them, the per capita annual effective doses of five occupational categories of medical application were the highest in 2016, and the per capita annual effective doses of interventional radiology were the highest in 2018 and 2019. Conclusions　The per capita annual effective dose of radiation staff in Chongqing has decreased year by year from 2016 to 2020, and remained at a relatively low level that meets national standards. The monitoring results suggest that the radiation staff of nuclear medicine, interventional radiology, industrial non-destructive testing and accelerator operator should give special attention to protect their occupational health and safety.

A preliminary analysis of individual neutron dose monitoring with 6LiF-7LiF and CR39 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To preliminarily compare 6LiF-7LiF and CR39 in individual neutron dose monitoring, and to provide a reference for improving individual neutron dose monitoring. Methods According to the GBZ 128-2019, 26 radiation workers from 7 institutions received individual neutron dose monitoring with 6LiF-7LiF and CR39 at the same time. The monitoring results were analyzed. Results For most of the workers, the personal neutron dose equivalent Hp(10) was less than the minimum detectable level. The results with the two monitoring methods differed in 6 of 26 workers. Conclusion Both 6LiF-7LiF and CR39 monitoring methods can be used for individual neutron dose monitoring for radiation workers, but the difference between 6LiF-7LiF and CR39 (in threshold energy, energy response, etc.) should be considered so that different types of radiation workers receive appropriate individual neutron dose monitoring.

Individualized Patient Care Through Model-Informed Precision Dosing: Reflections on Training Future Practitioners.

Prior to his passing, Dr. Roger Jelliffe, expressed the need for educating future physicians and clinical pharmacists on the availability of computer-based tools to support dose optimization in patients in stable or unstable physiological states. His perspectives were to be captured in a commentary for the AAPS J with a focus on incorporating population pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) models that are designed to hit the therapeutic target with maximal precision. Unfortunately, knowing that he would be unable to complete this project, Dr. Jelliffe requested that a manuscript conveying his concerns be completed upon his passing. With this in mind, this final installment of the AAPS J theme issue titled "Alternative Perspectives for Evaluating Drug Exposure Characteristics in a Population - Avoiding Analysis Pitfalls and Pigeonholes" is an effort to honor Dr. Jelliffe's request, conveying his concerns and the need to incorporate modeling and simulation into the training of physicians and clinical pharmacists. Accordingly, Dr. Jelliffe's perspectives have been integrated with those of the other three co-authors on the following topics: the clinical utility of population PK models; the role of multiple model (MM) dosage regimens to identify an optimal dose for an individual; tools for determining dosing regimens in renal dialysis patients (or undergoing other therapies that modulate renal clearance); methods to analyze and track drug PK in acutely ill patients presenting with high inter-occasion variability; implementation of a 2-cycle approach to minimize the duration between blood samples taken to estimate the changing PK in an acutely ill patient and for the generation of therapeutic decisions in advance for each dosing cycle based on an analysis of the previous cycle; and the importance of expressing therapeutic drug monitoring results as 1/variance rather than as the coefficient of variation. Examples showcase why, irrespective of the overall approach, the combination of therapeutic drug monitoring and computer-informed precision dosing is indispensable for maximizing the likelihood of achieving the target drug concentrations in the individual patient.

[Analysis on individual dosage monitoring of some interventional radiology staffs in Tianjin City from 2016 to 2020].

Objective: To investigate the individual external dose level of some interventional radiology staffs from 2016 to 2020 in Tianjin City. Methods: All 2068 interventional radiology staffs who were included in the work of the Radiation Monitoring Project from 2016 to 2020 were selected as study subjects in March 2021. The individual dose monitoring results of interventional radiology staffs of different ages, working years, time and medical institutions were analyzed. Results: Among 2068 interventional radiology workers, 1406 (67.99%) were male and 662 (32.01%) were female. The age was 44.6 (39.2, 50.3) years, and the working years was 10.5 (4.3, 14.6) years. The annual effective doses per capita of 40-49 age group and ≥50 age group were higher than that of 30-39 age group (P<0.05) . The annual effective dose per capita of 5-9 working years was higher than that of <5 working years, and the annual effective dose per capita of 10-29 working years was higher than that of 5-9 working years (P<0.05) . The median per capita annual effective dose of the interventional radiology staffs was 0.164 mSv. There were 1976 interventional radiology staffs with an annual effective dose of <0.50 mSv/a (95.6%) . The collective dose distribution ration SR(0.5) was 41.1%. The difference of effective dose per capita in each year was statistically significant (H=19.23, P<0.05) . The per capita annual effective dose of interventional radiology staffs in tertiary medical institutions was higher than that in secondary medical institutions, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . Conclusion: The personal dose of interventional radiology staffs in Tianjin City is at a low level. It is necessary to emphasize the radiation hazard protection of interventional radiology staffs in tertiary medical institutions, 40-49 years old, ≥50 years old age groups and 5-9, 10-29 working years groups.

Exposure-response analyses of erdafitinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Exposure-response analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between selected efficacy and safety endpoints and serum phosphate (PO4) concentrations, a potential biomarker of efficacy and safety, in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients with FGFR alterations treated with erdafitinib. METHODS: Data from two dosing regimens of erdafitinib in a phase 2 study (NCT02365597), 6 and 8-mg/day with provision for pharmacodynamically guided titration per serum PO4 levels, were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard or logistic regression models. Efficacy endpoints were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR). Safety endpoints were adverse events typical for FGFR inhibitors. RESULTS: Exposure-efficacy analyses on 156 patients (6-mg = 68; 8-mg = 88) showed that patients with higher serum PO4 levels within the first 6 weeks showed better OS (hazard ratio 0.57 [95% CI 0.46-0.72] per mg/dL of PO4; p = 0.01), PFS (hazard ratio 0.80 [0.67-0.94] per mg/dL of PO4; p = 0.01), and ORR (odds ratio 1.38 [1.02-1.86] per mg/dL of PO4; p = 0.04). Exposure-safety analyses on 177 patients (6-mg = 78; 8-mg = 99) showed that the incidence of selected adverse events associated with on-target off-tumor effects significantly rose with higher PO4. CONCLUSIONS: The exploratory relationship between serum PO4 levels and efficacy/safety outcomes supported the use of pharmacodynamically guided dose titration to optimize erdafitinib's therapeutic benefit/risk ratio. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02365597.

An analysis of Yunnan results in national individual dose monitoring ability assessment for external exposure in 2017—2019 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To analyze and compare the data of Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Preventionin national individual dose monitoring ability assessment for external exposure in 2017—2019 and summarize the assessment experience, and to improve monitoring ability and quality. Methods Ability assessment preparation was carried out according to the requirements of The National Comparison Scheme for Individual Dose Monitoring Ability, and blind samples of individual dosimeters were sent. After the blind samples were measured in the laboratory, the results were judged according to the judgment methods in the Testing Criteria of Personnel Dosimetry Performance for External Exposure (GBZ 207—2016) and the requirements of the assessment scheme. Results In 2017, there was a single-group performance of 0.02-0.08 and a comprehensive performance of 0.06, and the results were judged to be qualified. In 2018, there was asingle-group performance of −0.01 to 0.08 and a comprehensive performance of 0.05, and the results were judged to be excellent. In 2019, there was asingle-group performance of −0.13 to −0.04 and a comprehensive performance of 0.08, and the results were judged to be qualified. Conclusion The individual dose monitoring system in our laboratory runs stably, and the monitoring results are accurate and reliable. The quality control measures are effective and feasible.

Research progress in estimation and monitoring of individual exposure dose based on mobile phones / 中国辐射卫生

In case of accidental exposure, a rapid assessment of radiation dose is of great significance for taking timely countermeasures. Finding an alternative portable emergency dosimeter is crucial for people who have been exposed to accidental radiation but are not equipped with a personal dosimeter. In addition, the real-time monitoring of radiation dose level in the normal environment can meet the needs of the public to know their health status in time. Thus, the portability and intelligence of mobile phones attract researchers to carry out related work. This article reviews the research progress in individual exposure dose estimation and monitoring based on mobile phones.

An analysis of the abnormal results of individual dose monitoring for radiation workers in Tongzhou District, Beijing, China, 2015-2019 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To analyze the abnormal results of individual dose monitoring for radiation workers in Tongzhou District, Beijing, China, and to propose corresponding improvement measures. Methods Questionnaires were used to investigate the radiation workers who had abnormal dose monitoring results. Results In 2015—2019, among the 12 595 individual dose monitoring results for radiation workers in Tongzhou District, 23 were abnormal. The main type of work with abnormal monitoring results was medical diagnostic radiographer (69.60%). A total of 17 (73.90%) radiation workers had an exposure dose ranging from 1.25 mSv to 5 mSv. Conclusion The abnormal dose results were all from non-occupational exposure, mainly due to the dosimeter left in the workplace. The key to solving the problem is to further strengthen the education and training for radiation workers, to improve the institutional radiation protection management, and to supervise and inspect the relevant work strictly.

Monitoring on individual dose among radiation workers in medical institutions in Shanghai from 2015 to 2019 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo determine the individual dose level and changing trend in the occupational external exposure of radiation workers in Shanghai， and provide scientific evidence for health risk assessment for radiation workers. MethodsIn the Occupational Health Management System for Radiation Workers of the National Health Commission-External Exposure Personal Monitoring and Management Subsystem， we retrieved the monitoring data of 38 077 external exposure individual dose of all medical radiation workers in Shanghai from 2015 to 2019. Using clustered sampling method， a total of 11 370 radiation workers in medical institutions （including tertiary， secondary， and primary hospitals） were selected in the study. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 22.0. ResultsThe collective annual effective dose of 11 370 radiation workers was determined to be 4.340 person Sv， including 2.270 man·mSv in diagnostic radiology， 1.112 man·mSv in interventional radiology， and <0.5 man·mSv in other categories. The average annual effective dose was 0.382 mSv， which was 0.482 mSv in nuclear medicine， 0.431 mSv in radiotherapy， and <0.5 mSv in other categories. Moreover， the average annual effective dose of 6 workers （0.05%） was higher than 5 mSv， whereas that of 10 453 workers （92%） were less than 1 mSv； in addition， the annual dose of 911 workers （8.0%） was between 1‒5 mSv. All workers had average annual effctive dose lower than 20 mSv. The annual effective dose differed significantly by years （F=161.1， P<0.01）， by occupational groups （F=13.5， P<0.01）， and by hospital levels （F=264.5， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe average annual effective dose of radiation workers in medical institutions in Shanghai is lower than the national standard limit， suggesting proper and adequate radiation protection system and measures in medical institutions.

[Analysis on the status of occupational health of medical radiation workers in China in 2019].

Objective: To grasp the occupational health monitoring of radiation workers in medical institutions across the country, and to discover weak links in the prevention and treatment of occupational radiation diseases. Methods: In 2020 January, according to the monitoring data of the "National Radiation Health Information Platform" (Occupational Radiation Disease and Occupational Health Monitoring Subsystem and Occupational Radiation Disease Reporting Subsystem) , the national occupational health monitoring data from January 1 to December 31, 2019, including the number of radiation workers in medical institutions, occupational health examinations, personal dose monitoring and occupational radiation disease diagnosis, were descriptive analyzed. Results: There were a total of 394436 radiation workers in medical institutions across the country. The number of radiation workers in various provinces was quite different, with a median of 10206, which was positively correlated with the number of permanent residents in each province (r=0.947) . There were 376 personal dose monitoring institutions nationwide, and the personal dose monitoring rate of radiation workers in medical institutions was 96.61% (381045/394436) . There were 419 occupational health inspection institutions for radiation workers across the country, and 269 (64.20%) used software to print physical examination forms. A total of 334455 radiation workers in medical institutions had been subjected to occupational health examinations. The rate of occupational health examinations for radiation workers in medical institutions was 84.79% (334455/394436) . The abnormal rate of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of radiation workers in medical institutions was 0.33% (776/233571) , the detection rate of posterior posterior subcapsular turbidity was 0.63% (2093/334455) , and the abnormality rate of thyroid color ultrasound was 28.49% (14946/52464) . In 2019, a total of 16 cases of occupational radiation diseases were reported. Conclusion: The personal dose monitoring rate and occupational health examination rate of medical radiation workers nationwide are relatively high, but the quality of lymphocyte chromosome aberration analysis, eye lens examination and thyroid color photograph examination needs to be further improved.

Analysis of dose monitoring for external exposure to radiology in hospital workers from 2010 to 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the individual level of radiation exposure in hospital workers from 2010 to 2018. METHODS: Oral radiology workers in our hospital including medical imaging technicians and radiation therapists from 2010 to 2018 were selected as the subjects of investigation. The oral radiological workers were monitored quarterly according to the level of external exposure via individual dose monitoring standards. The monitoring data were aggregated, analyzed and evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 531 hospital radiology workers were monitored from 2010 to 2018. The rate of effective monitoring per year for medical imaging technicians and radiation therapists was 97.35% and 97.47%, respectively. The average collective effective dose was 8.511 mSv, and annual effective dose per capita was 0.148 mSv. The highest collective effective dose was in 2017, while the highest annual effective dose per capita was in 2010. The annual effective dose per capita for medical imaging technicians was lower than that for radiation therapists. The abnormal rate of personal doses of radiation therapists was higher than that for medical imaging technicians. The collective effective dose changes in the two types of radiation workers were monitored from 2010 to 2018, showing an increased trend. The fluctuations of annual effective dosing per capita monitored from 2010 to 2018 in radiation therapists was more significant than that in medical imaging technicians. CONCLUSIONS: Oral radiation workers monitored were all far below the dose limit of 20 mSv, which indicated that the working environment of oral radiation workers in our hospital was safe with good radiation condition and protection.

Analysis of abnormal dose values from individual dose monitoring for radiation workers in medical institutions in China in 2020 / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To analyze distributions of dose range, occupational category, and causes of abnormal dose values from individual dose monitoring of radiation workers and to provide recommendations for improving the quality of individual monitoring data and occupational health management in medical institutions.Methods:The data of individual dose monitoring result exceeding 1.25 mSv in a single monitoring cycle, collected by Occupational Health System for Radiology Facilities’ on National Radiological Health Information Platform, was analyzed.Results:A total of 1 113 abnormal dose values were detected in 31 provinces in 2020, with an abnormal rate of 2.48‰, of which workers of diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology accounted for 68.01% and 18.78%, respectively. The dose distribution of abnormal dose values was mainly between 1.25 and 5 mSv. The abnormal dose values were mainly caused by improperly wearing or using personal dosimeters, accounting for 63.88%. Workers for whom the dose values was abnormal due to increased workload accounted for 12.32%, with an average annual individual dose of 5.14 mSv. There was no statistically significant difference in annual individual dose among radiation workers between different occupational groups( P>0.05). Conclusions:Education and training on radiation protection for radiation workers should be strengthened, and a specific and feasible system for radiation protection management, as well as a reward and punishment system, should be established in order to reduce the occurance of the improper wearing of personal dosimeters. Great attention should be paid to occupational exposure of workers in diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology, and a work shift system should be conducted to reduce individual dose levels. It is recommended that standard verification procedures for abnormal dose values from individual dose monitoring should be developed to improve the quality of individual monitoring data.

Result analysis of the 2019 national assessment of individual dose monitoring capability in Chongming District, Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective In 2019, Laboratory of Shanghai Chongming Center for Disease Control and Prevention participated in national assessment of individual dose monitoring capability. By analyzing the results, this report summarizes the experience and shortcomings that will help improve the individual dose monitoring capability of the laboratory. Methods According to the requirements of the national assessment scheme for individual dose monitoring capacity in 2019, the assessment process and results were sorted out and analyzed one by one. Results The single group performance deviations(Pi values)between the measured values and references of the five groups were -0.04, -0.07, -0.05, -0.04 and -0.06, respectively. The overall bias(B value)of all groups was 0.003. According to the judgment standards, both the single group performance and overall performance were all qualified. Conclusion The individual dose monitoring system of the laboratory meets the requirements of the relevant national standards. The individual dose monitoring capability can be further improved by strengthening the quality control of the relevant procedures of the assessment.

Investigation and analysis of abnormal results in personal dose monitoring / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To investigate and analyze the cause of the abnormal results in the individual dose monitoring conducted by this laboratory from 2014 to 2017. Methods Radiologic workers wear personal thermoluminescent dosimeters to monitor the individual dose equivalent HP(10). A statistical analysis is conducted on the results above the investigation level. Results During the time when our individual dose monitoring was conducted from 2014 to 2017, this laboratory had detected 69 person-time abnormal results in 40 workplaces, of which 83% occurred in the profession of diagnostic roentgenology. 54% of the dose level range from 1.25 to 5.00 mSv. The main causes of the abnormal results include improper wearing of personal dosimeters (67%), unknown causes (20%), increased workload (10%) and equipment maintenance (3.0%)etc. Conclusion Radiation workplaces should enhance the management of radiologic workers, improve their trainings on radiation protection and raise their protection awareness.

Analysis of individual dose monitoring results of occupational external exposure in medical institutions in Yangpu District from 2018 to 2020 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To ascertain the levels and distributions of individual dose of radiologic workers arising from external exposure in medical institutions in Yangpu District during 2018—2020, so as to provide basic data for the prevention of occupational radiation diseases. Methods Based on the individual dose monitoring specifications for occupational external exposure, the individual dose of radiologic workers was monitored by the thermoluminescence dosimetry systems, and the data were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 2082 people were monitored from 2018 to 2020, and the average annual effective dose per capital was 0.20 mSv·a−1. The average annual effective dose per capital in 2020 was lower than that in 2018 and 2019, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The average annual effective dose of 4 radiologic workers exceeded 5 mSv·a−1 per capital. The average annual effective dose of diagnostic radiology was 0.20 mSv·a−1, which was higher than that of dental radiology and other medical applications, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The average annual effective dose per capital of nuclear medicine was 0.34 mSv·a−1, which was higher than that of other medical categories, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The average annual effective dose per capital in unrated hospitals was 0.14 mSv·a−1, which was lower than that in tertiary hospitals and secondary hospitals, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The average annual effective dose per capital of radiologic workers in medical institutions in Yangpu District is generally kept at a low level. The radiation protection of radiologic workers in nuclear medicine, secondary and tertiary hospitals should be strengthened to reduce the occupational external exposure doses to the lowest level as possible.

Analysis on the abnormal results in individual dose monitoring of some radiation workers in Chengdu area from 2016 to 2018 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To analyze the abnormal results of individual dose monitoring of some radiation workers in Chengdu from 2016 to 2018, so as to take corresponding measures to avoid similar abnormal situations. Methods The individual dose was monitored by thermoluminescence method, and the monitoring results were analyzed by spss19.0 statistical software. Results From 2016 to 2018, the number of people with abnormal dose was basically the same, and there was no significant difference in the number of people with abnormal dose in different years (P > 0.05); the number of people engaged in diagnostic radiology with abnormal personal dose accounted for 75.96%; the first reason for the abnormal personal dose was that "the personal dosimeter had been left in the radiation workplace", accounting for 92.55%. Conclusion The main reason for the abnormal results is that the dosimeter is not worn properly, so the management should be further strengthened.

[Individual irradiation dose trend and correlation analysis of nuclear medicine workers in a hospital].

Objective: To understand the personal dose level of nuclear medical workers in a hospital, and to provide basis for health management of nuclear medicine occupational population. Methods: From January 2014 to December 2018, 147 radiation workers in a hospital were selected as the monitoring objects, and the individual dose monitoring data were analyzed. The correlation between individual dose and clinical workload was analyzed. Results: The average annual personal dose of 147 staff members was below the national dose limit. Compared with the radiation department, the average annual personal dose of nuclear medical staff was higher, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . There was a positive correlation between the annual average personal dose and the corresponding injection workload (Rs=0.69, P<0.05) . Conclusion: The occupational exposure risk of nuclear medical technicians and nurses is high, and reasonable protective measures should be taken to reduce the radiation exposure dose. Conclusion The occupational exposure risk of nuclear medical technicians and nurses is high, and reasonable protective measures should be taken to reduce the radiation exposure dose.

Dicentric Chromosome Assay (DCA) and Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus (CBMN) Assay in the Field of Biological Dosimetry.

Biological dosimetry is an essential tool for estimating radiation doses received from individuals when the physical dosimetry is not available or inadequate. Early knowledge about the absorbed dose levels in radiation accidents is of paramount importance for selecting the unaffected subjects from those individuals requiring medical evaluation and intervention. A lesson learned from many radiological incidents is the importance to identify the "worried well."Several assays are useful for biological dosimetry approaches, since no one single assay is sufficiently robust for all potential radiation scenarios including early-phase acute exposures, partial-body exposures, and biosampling years after exposure or in case of suspected mixed exposures (radiological and chemicals).The most commonly used biodosimetry methods are based on the evaluation of the radiation-specific dicentric chromosomes (Dic) and micronuclei (MN) in exposed individuals' peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).The present chapter does not claim to make an exhaustive and complete picture on the complex world of biodosimetry, to which a large number of specific guidelines for performing laboratory services by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) are dedicated, but it aims to support the reader in understanding the application of two cytogenetic methods in the individual ionizing radiation dose assessment, suggesting some appropriate scientific sources to consult for each case.