Social cognition, socioeconomic status and subjective well-being of Chinese migrant workers.

Subjective well-being is based on the unity of internal and external needs, as well as material and non-material needs. However, existing research lacks consideration of the impact of both objective material conditions and subjective psychological cognition on the subjective well-being of migrant workers. Thus, based on data from the 2017 China General Social Survey, this paper applies ordered logit models and OLS models to investigate the impact of social cognition and socioeconomic status on the subjective well-being of migrant workers and their intergenerational differences. The results indicate that: (1) Social cognition has a significant impact, and the impact of fairness perception is more pronounced than depression perception and class change perception; (2) among socioeconomic status, personal income did not have a significant effect as education level, car ownership and house property ownership; (3) there are intergenerational differences. The emotional state of the older generation is the most critical factor influencing their subjective well-being. In contrast, the new generation is more concerned with their feelings about future expectations. The older generation is more concerned with their house property ownership, while the increase in income, education and car ownership can significantly increase the subjective well-being of the new generation. For this reason, we believe that the Chinese government should gradually change the existing urban and rural management system to create a fair and just social environment; make migrant workers receive the same protection as urban residents and improve the income distribution mechanism; pay attention to the social security of the older generation of migrant workers and the development opportunities of the new generation of migrant workers and their ability to integrate into the city to improve their subjective well-being.

Intergenerational differences in healthy eating beliefs among British Pakistanis with type 2 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: There are growing concerns on how to prevent, slow down and induce remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent evidence has found diet and lifestyle interventions can cause remission of T2DM, however, there are challenges for diverse groups such as British Pakistanis who are four times more at risk of T2DM. There is a need to understand the food behaviours of different generational groups to develop culturally appropriate strategies to support diabetes prevention programmes. AIMS: This study explores beliefs about healthy eating and food practices related to T2DM among British Pakistanis to understand the challenges they face in implementing healthy diets. METHOD: We carried out 26 semi-structured qualitative interviews via telephone and face-to-face. The sample included T2DM British Pakistanis living in Bradford (UK), aged between 18 and 71 with a mean age of 50 (SD = 17.04). Among the participants, 14 were women (54%) and 12 were men (46%), with interviews conducted in both English (76%) and Urdu (24%). Participants were grouped under three generation groups based on age (first generation 65+; second generation 40-64; younger generation 18-39 years). There was no biological link between the generational groups, and they were not part of the same family. Data were analysed using qualitative reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Findings were categorised into three themes: knowledge and awareness of diabetes symptoms; social and family context of food practices and making sense of healthy eating. The family was the fundamental unit of understanding food-related health behaviours. Eating traditional food was perceived as healthy and deemed practical for first generations who were the initial members of their family to settle in the UK as well as the second generations who had parents born in Pakistan. Younger British Pakistanis were born in the UK and reported that they struggled to eat alternative foods within the home and manage their T2DM. CONCLUSION: These findings improve our understanding of how three generations of British Pakistanis with T2DM negotiate healthy diets. There is a need for culturally tailored diet modifications and interventions, where different generational needs can be specifically targeted to adopt healthier diets which should be shared and encouraged.

Anxiety, Depression, Quality of Life, and Family Support Among Family Caregivers of Children with Disabilities.

Purpose: To investigate the family support, anxiety, depression, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and their associations among parents and grandparents of children with disabilities. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study and a total of 327 family caregivers were included. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and two independent t-test were used to identify the intergenerational differences in sociodemographic characteristics, received family support, anxiety, depression, and HRQoL. Eight generalized linear models were developed to examine the associations in both generations. Results: Parents and grandparents were most in need of rehabilitation and financial support, but both populations received the least amount of financial support. 33.6% and 36.1% of family caregivers had the risk of anxiety and depression and found no significant intergenerational differences. As for HRQoL, intergenerational differences were found in the physical component score, but not found in the mental component score. Among parents, childcare support of respite care and household tasks assistance was negatively associated with their depression (p<0.05), professional support of appropriate surgery for children (p<0.05) and psychological support from professional psychologists (p<0.01) were negatively associated with their anxiety and depression, psychological support from relatives and friends was negatively associated with their depression (p<0.05) whereas was positively associated with their mental HRQoL (p<0.01). As for grandparents, financial support for daily living expenses was negatively associated with depression (p<0.05), and psychological support from families was negatively associated with depression (p<0.05) whereas was positively associated with mental HRQoL (p<0.05). However, no relationship was found between family support and anxiety among grandparents. Notably, no association was found between family support and physical HRQoL among both populations. Conclusion: Both parents and grandparents had high risks of anxiety, depression and low levels of mental HRQoL. To efficiently improve psychological health, care providers and policymakers may consider intergenerational differences and provide targeted family support.

The role of family communication patterns in intergenerational COVID-19 discussions and preventive behaviors: a social cognitive approach.

BACKGROUND: This study explores and compares the influences of family communication patterns (conversation orientation and conformity orientation) on family discussion and preventive behaviors for older parents and their adult children in the context of the early COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: A total of 248 participants, including 117 parents and 131 adult children, participated in an online survey in February 2020. Participants reported family communication patterns, family discussions related to COVID-19, and their preventive behaviors. RESULTS: Conversation orientation was positively associated with information sharing and scientific discussion for older parents and adult children. Our results revealed the differential influences of conformity orientation on older parents and adult children. Conformity orientation was positively associated with scientific discussion for older parents but was not significantly associated with any form of family discussion reported by adult children. There was a significant interaction effect of conversation orientation and conformity orientation on disputed communication within the family, suggesting that conflicts may arise in COVID-related discussions when parents and adult children value conversation and conformity. Scientific discussion was found to mediate the relationships between family communication patterns and preventive behaviors. The effects of scientific discussions were stronger for older parents than for adult children. CONCLUSIONS: Family communication patterns can be associated with preventive behaviors through different forms of family discussion about COVID-19. Conversation orientation is a strong facilitator for positive behavioral effects and scientific discussion is the most benign form of family health discussion. Health communication efforts should enhance the agency role of the family and motivate scientific discussion in health practices.

Intergenerational differences in the urban vibrancy of TOD: Impacts of the built environment on the activities of different age groups.

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been regarded as an effective way to improve urban vibrancy and facilitate affordable, equitable, and livable communities in metro station areas (MSAs). Previous studies placed great attention on the interplay between the MSA-level built environment and overall human activities while neglecting the heterogeneity among different age groups. To address this gap, we leverage the mobile phone signaling data to quantify the spatio-temporal distribution of the MSA-level human activities among different age groups as measured by the vibrancy index (VI). Furthermore, we investigate the impact of the MSA-level built environment on the VI and its intergenerational differences by employing multiple linear regressions based on multi-sourced data. To this end, Chengdu-a TOD-thriving megacity in China-is chosen as a case study. The results indicate that: (1) Residential and bus stop density are positively associated with the VI. And the magnitudes of the correlation coefficients are similar among different age groups. (2) Distance to CBD is negatively associated with the VI of teenagers (12-18 years), middle-aged adults (40-59 years), and older adults (above 60 years) but unrelated to the VI of young adults (19-39 years). (3) Employment density is positively associated with the VI of young and middle-aged adults but insignificantly associated with the VI of teenagers and older adults. (4) The correlations between the floor area ratio and the VI are positive for all age groups. As age increases, the significance of such correlations becomes more pronounced. (5) Streetscape greenery shows a more significant positive correlation with the VI of teenagers and older adults as compared to those of young and middle-aged adults. (6) Significant negative correlations exist between housing price and the VI of different age groups. The findings can inform the development and design of vibrant TOD communities.

External Supervision, Face Consciousness, and Pesticide Safety Use: Evidence from Sichuan Province, China.

Clarifying the factors influencing the safe use of pesticide is essential for scientific decision making to effectively manage pesticide use and promote sustainable agroecological development. The study aims to explore the factors influencing farmers' safe use of pesticides from the perspectives of external supervision and face consciousness. Using survey data covering 534 farm households in Sichuan province, this study empirically analyzes the influence mechanisms of external supervision, face consciousness, and their interaction terms on farmers' safe use of pesticides by employing the binary logit and IV-2SLS model, and further reveals their intergenerational differences on this basis. The results show that external supervision and positive face consciousness have significantly positive effects on pesticide safety use by farmers; market supervision and ability-type face, respectively, play the biggest role among them. Furthermore, there is an interaction effect between external supervision and face consciousness with respect to pesticide safety use. Farmers with different generation farms are influenced differently by external supervision and face consciousness. The behaviors of the new generation farmers to safely use pesticide are principally influenced by government supervision, market supervision, and ability-type face; in contrast, the ones of the older generation farmers are mainly influenced by market supervision, organization supervision, and relationship-type face.

Modifiable personal and environmental factors associated with anxiety in family caregivers of children with disabilities: A comparison between parents and grandparents.

BACKGROUND: Caregivers of children with disabilities might face high risk of anxiety, but the specific influencing factors may be different between parents and grandparents. This study is to explore the influencing modifiable factors from personal and environmental dimensions, so as to provide practical reference for effectively preventing and alleviating anxiety of this population. METHODS: A total of 504 primary caregivers were investigated in Shanghai, China, of which 496 parents and grandparents were included in the analysis. Risk of anxiety was measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) Scale. Descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, and multivariable logistic regression were performed to describe the personal and environmental characteristics of parents and grandparents, risk of anxiety, and identify the significant factors. RESULTS: 35.1% of the total caregivers had the risk of anxiety, parents (35.8%) were slightly more anxious than grandparents (33.1%). Among parents, children's stable emotion (AOR=0.263, 95% CI=0.113, 0.611), higher household income (AOR=0.664; 95% CI=0.519, 0.850), owning a house (AOR=0.326; 95% CI=0.174, 0.610), and better barrier-free construction (AOR=0.400; 95% CI=0.170, 0.941) were associated with lower odds of anxiety. As for grandparents, significant association was merely found in caregiving time (AOR=2.936; 95% CI=1.064, 8.107). LIMITATIONS: Given the cross-sectional design, we would not infer causal relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety among family caregivers of children with disabilities was not encouraging and need to be urgently concerned. To reach optimal efficiency, intergenerational differences should be considered when health care providers and policy makers taking measures to facilitate the mental health of this population.

Intergenerational differences and influential factors of basic public health service utilization for floating population. / æµåŠ¨äººå£åŸºæœ¬å ¬å ±å«ç”Ÿè®¡ç”ŸæœåŠ¡åˆ©ç”¨çš„ä»£é™ å·®å¼‚åŠå ¶å½±å“å› ç´ .

OBJECTIVES: The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put forward the idea of "promoting the equalization of basic public services". The utilization of basic public health services by the floating population is an important indicator to measure the equalization of basic public health services. This study aims to understand the intergenerational differences in the utilization of basic public health services between the older generation and the new generation of floating population, and to analyze the influential factors. METHODS: We employed the personal questionnaire (A) of the national health and family planning dynamic monitoring survey on floating population in 2017. Pearson Chi-square test, bi-grouping logistic regression, and Poisson regression were applied to analyze the basic situation of the floating population and the intergenerational differences in the use of basic public health services between the new and old generations. RESULTS: The proportions of the new generation and the old generation who had established the residents' health records in the inflow area were 36.42% and 34.96%, respectively, with the significant difference (P<0.01). In the new generation, 74.07% of the floating population received at least one health education, 5.33 percentage higher than that in the old generation. The proportion of the old generation in the health education of chronic disease prevention and control was significantly higher than that of the new generation (P<0.01). The proportions of the other eight kinds of health education were significantly lower than those of the new generation (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although the coverage of basic public health services for the two generations of floating population is obviously different, the utilization of basic public health services of the floating population is still at a low level both in the new generation and in the old generation. There is an urgent need to improve the utilization of public health services for the whole floating population according to the characteristics of generations.

Intergenerational differences and influential factors of basic public health service utilization for floating population / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put forward the idea of "promoting the equalization of basic public services". The utilization of basic public health services by the floating population is an important indicator to measure the equalization of basic public health services. This study aims to understand the intergenerational differences in the utilization of basic public health services between the older generation and the new generation of floating population, and to analyze the influential factors.@*METHODS@#We employed the personal questionnaire (A) of the national health and family planning dynamic monitoring survey on floating population in 2017. Pearson Chi-square test, bi-grouping logistic regression, and Poisson regression were applied to analyze the basic situation of the floating population and the intergenerational differences in the use of basic public health services between the new and old generations.@*RESULTS@#The proportions of the new generation and the old generation who had established the residents' health records in the inflow area were 36.42% and 34.96%, respectively, with the significant difference (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Although the coverage of basic public health services for the two generations of floating population is obviously different, the utilization of basic public health services of the floating population is still at a low level both in the new generation and in the old generation. There is an urgent need to improve the utilization of public health services for the whole floating population according to the characteristics of generations.

Beyond the Intention: Individual-Level Determinants and Intergenerational Differences of Floating Populations' Actual Settlement Choices in Dongguan, China.

The migration process and patterns of floating populations have received continuing attention from scholars and policymakers. In China, however, studies have been focused on the settlement intention of floating populations based on sampling surveys and yielded inconsistent findings. Drawing upon 18,178,167 authentic individual samples of floating populations in Dongguan city, this study contributes to the literature by examining the effect of individual characteristics on the actual resident actions of floating populations, and revealing both the heterogeneity and continuity of their urban residence among four generations (i.e., during the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s). The results show that the proportion of actual resident actions is lower than that reported by previous studies on settlement intentions, and that male, married, middle-aged, more educated, and long-residing members are more likely to choose to stay in Dongguan. Compared to their predecessors, the 1990 cohort reveals significant heterogeneities in their actual settlement choices. The study draws broad implications from the analysis, calling for the equalization of public welfare in Chinese cities and the encouragement of floating populations to sustain long-term residence in the destination cities.

Psychometric validation of the Multidimensional Nursing Generations Questionnaire (MNGQ).

AIMS: To perform a psychometric test of the factor structure of the Multidimensional Nursing Generation Questionnaire, an instrument developed to measure nursing generational characteristics in the workplace and investigate the relations among its factors and background variables. BACKGROUND: Nurses today include members of the Baby Boomer and X and Y generations, whose characteristics in the work environment have not been studied thoroughly. DESIGN: Instrument and construct cross-sectional study for psychometric testing/validation. METHODS: Questionnaire components and constructs were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modelling and Cronbach's alpha. For this purpose, a survey was conducted in November 2016 on a sample of Finnish and Italian nurses working in public hospitals (N = 3,218). RESULTS: Eight hundred twenty-two nurses completed the questionnaire, where CFA identified 48 items and six factors with acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha range: 0.73-0.88): (a) Conflicts between generations; (b) Patient safety view; (c) Relationships issues between generations; (d) Working as a multigenerational team; (e) Orientation to change; and (f) Work propensity and availability. Various relations were identified among the background variables and factors that related largely to generational belonging, educational level and country. CONCLUSION: The final version of the questionnaire demonstrates a more robust factor structure than did the preliminary. Further tests should be conducted on nurses in different countries/cultures and work environments. IMPACT: The complete validation of the Multidimensional Nursing Generation Questionnaire will provide research evidence useful to create an inclusive work environment for each generation.