Barriers and facilitators for the sexual and reproductive health and rights of displaced Venezuelan adolescent girls in Brazil.

Background: The crisis in Venezuela has forced almost eight million people to flee to mainly neighbouring countries, including Brazil. Half of the displaced Venezuelans are women and girls, with adolescent girls facing distinctive challenges to their sexual and reproductive health during displacement and settlement. The aim of this study is to understand the barriers and facilitators for the sexual and reproductive health of adolescent Venezuelan girls residing in Brazil. Methods: The study used qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews with 19 Venezuelan migrant adolescent girls conducted in Boa Vista and Manaus. We analysed transcripts using thematic analysis, and mapped findings to a theoretical framework based on the Bronfenbrenner Socio-ecological Model, which we adapted to explore how intersectional vulnerabilities at the individual level interact with contextual factors creating barriers and facilitators for health and rights of migrant adolescent girls. Results: Venezuelan adolescent migrants in Brazil face practical and structural barriers in realising their sexual and reproductive health and rights in four areas: menstruation; family planning, contraception and sexually transmitted infection; prenatal, childbirth and postnatal care; and preventing gender-based violence. The reported barriers were lack of knowledge around sexual and reproductive health rights, exposure to violence and lack of access to age-appropriate healthcare services. Mitigating factors included education (both in the family setting and at school); prevention activities undertaken by health services; care provision from non-governmental organisations and international agencies; and best practices in local health services. Conclusions: Host states must take action to enhance the right to sexual and reproductive health for adolescent migrants to allow them to make autonomous, independent and informed choices. A socioecological perspective on sexual and reproductive health and rights can help formulate intersectional policies that interconnect different levels of adolescent migrants' experience.

Adequate housing as a social determinant of the health of international migrants and locals in Chile between 2013 and 2022.

BACKGROUND: Adequate housing is a fundamental right and a social determinant of health. It also represents a historically contentious topic in Latin America. Migratory flows to Chile have become increasingly precarious in the past few years, limiting opportunities for adequate housing, with potential repercussions on the health of international migrants and the general population. This study aims to analyse adequate housing as a social determinant of health among international migrants and locals between 2013 and 2022 in Chile. METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study based on repeated versions of the nationally representative Socioeconomic Characterization Survey in Chile. Adequate housing indicators adapted from the United Nations Housing Rights Programme guidelines were analyzed with relation to individual health, distinguishing between the local and international migrant populations. Logistic regression models were fitted for housing indicators with migration as the main independent variable and for short-term and long-term healthcare needs in locals and immigrants with housing as the main dependent variables. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables and considered the complex sample design. RESULTS: Descriptive findings indicated higher availability of services and infrastructure among international migrants, and a disadvantage for habitability, location, and affordability by quintiles compared to locals. Logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic variables, revealed significant associations between migration status and overcrowding (OR 6.14, 2022), poor housing materiality (OR 5.65, 2022) and proximity to healthcare centres (OR 1.4, 2022) compared to locals. Experiencing hazardous situations consistently predicted short-term healthcare needs in both migrants (OR = 1.4, 2022) and locals (OR = 2.8, 2022). Overcrowding predicted both long and short-term healthcare needs among locals across the years and long term needs among migrants in 2013 and 2015. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant inequities in adequate housing between migrant populations and locals in Chile, and some inequities among both populations based on structural socioeconomic deprivation. Experiencing hazardous situations emerged as a social determinant of health among international migrants in 2022, potentially suggesting growing challenges related to social exclusion in urban areas. However, limitations such as exclusion criteria of the survey and sample sizes for data on the migrant population potentially suggest that housing challenges and their impact on health are underestimated.

International migration, food insecurity, and mental health: a scoping review protocol / Migración internacional, inseguridad alimentaria y salud mental: protocolo de una revisión de alcance

INTRODUCCIÓN: La inseguridad alimentaria es una prioridad mundial que, según se ha constatado, repercute negativamente en la salud mental, aumentando los riesgos de padecer trastornos mentales comunes y enfermedades mentales graves. Los migrantes internacionales pueden enfrentarse a la inseguridad alimentaria a lo largo del ciclo migratorio, debido a una serie de factores de riesgo como las precarias condiciones de tránsito, la precariedad laboral, la presión financiera, la discriminación y la falta de disponibilidad y acceso a alimentos culturalmente relevantes, entre otros. Aunque existen varias revisiones sobre migración, inseguridad alimentaria y salud en general, no se ha realizado ninguna revisión de alcance sobre la inseguridad alimentaria entre los migrantes internacionales con especial atención a la salud mental. OBJETIVO: Investigar la evidencia sobre inseguridad alimentaria y salud mental entre los migrantes internacionales. MÉTODOS: Se realizará una búsqueda de literatura científica en inglés, español, francés, italiano y portugués publicada desde 2013 en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, APA PsycArticles, Cinahl, y ASSIA, y de literatura gris en Google Scholar. Dos autores revisarán de forma independiente los títulos, resúmenes y textos completos, antes de extraer los datos de las publicaciones que cumplan los criterios de elegibilidad. Los datos extraídos se mapearán descriptivamente según categorías temáticas generales emergentes. RESULTADOS: esperados La revisión contribuirá a identificar lo que se sabe sobre la migración internacional, la inseguridad alimentaria y la salud mental, las lagunas en la literatura sobre el tema, las oportunidades para subtemas específicos de investigación, y explorar cómo la inseguridad alimentaria y la salud mental pueden estar vinculadas en la literatura existente.

INTRODUCTION: Food insecurity is a global priority that has been found to negatively impact mental health, increasing the risk of mental disorders and severe mental illness. International migrants may face food insecurity throughout their migratory cycle due to a range of risk factors, such as poor transit conditions, precarious employment, financial pressure, discrimination, and lack of availability and access to culturally relevant food, among others. Although there are multiple reviews on migration, food insecurity, and health in general, no scoping review has been conducted on food insecurity among international migrants focusing on mental health. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the available evidence on food insecurity and mental health among international migrants. METHODS: A search of scientific literature in English, Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese published since 2013 will be performed in the Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, APA PsycArticles, Cinahl, and ASSIA databases, including grey literature available in Google Scholar. Two authors will independently review titles, abstracts, and full texts before extracting data from publications complying with the eligibility criteria. Extracted data will be descriptively mapped according to emerging thematic categories. EXPECTED RESULTS: The review will contribute to identifying what is known about international migration, food insecurity, and mental health, gaps in the literature, opportunities for specific research subtopics, and how food insecurity and mental health can be linked in the existing literature.

International migration, food insecurity, and mental health: A scoping review protocol.

Introduction: Food insecurity is a global priority that has been found to negatively impact mental health, increasing the risk of mental disorders and severe mental illness. International migrants may face food insecurity throughout their migratory cycle due to a range of risk factors, such as poor transit conditions, precarious employment, financial pressure, discrimination, and lack of availability and access to culturally relevant food, among others. Although there are multiple reviews on migration, food insecurity, and health in general, no scoping review has been conducted on food insecurity among international migrants focusing on mental health. Objective: To investigate the available evidence on food insecurity and mental health among international migrants. Methods: A search of scientific literature in English, Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese published since 2013 will be performed in the Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, APA PsycArticles, Cinahl, and ASSIA databases, including grey literature available in Google Scholar. Two authors will independently review titles, abstracts, and full texts before extracting data from publications complying with the eligibility criteria. Extracted data will be descriptively mapped according to emerging thematic categories. Expected results: The review will contribute to identifying what is known about international migration, food insecurity, and mental health, gaps in the literature, opportunities for specific research subtopics, and how food insecurity and mental health can be linked in the existing literature.

Introducción: La inseguridad alimentaria es una prioridad mundial que, según se ha constatado, repercute negativamente en la salud mental, aumentando los riesgos de padecer trastornos mentales comunes y enfermedades mentales graves. Los migrantes internacionales pueden enfrentarse a la inseguridad alimentaria a lo largo del ciclo migratorio, debido a una serie de factores de riesgo como las precarias condiciones de tránsito, la precariedad laboral, la presión financiera, la discriminación y la falta de disponibilidad y acceso a alimentos culturalmente relevantes, entre otros. Aunque existen varias revisiones sobre migración, inseguridad alimentaria y salud en general, no se ha realizado ninguna revisión de alcance sobre la inseguridad alimentaria entre los migrantes internacionales con especial atención a la salud mental. Objetivo: Investigar la evidencia sobre inseguridad alimentaria y salud mental entre los migrantes internacionales. Métodos: Se realizará una búsqueda de literatura científica en inglés, español, francés, italiano y portugués publicada desde 2013 en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, APA PsycArticles, Cinahl, y ASSIA, y de literatura gris en Google Scholar. Dos autores revisarán de forma independiente los títulos, resúmenes y textos completos, antes de extraer los datos de las publicaciones que cumplan los criterios de elegibilidad. Los datos extraídos se mapearán descriptivamente según categorías temáticas generales emergentes. Resultados esperados: La revisión contribuirá a identificar lo que se sabe sobre la migración internacional, la inseguridad alimentaria y la salud mental, las lagunas en la literatura sobre el tema, las oportunidades para subtemas específicos de investigación, y explorar cómo la inseguridad alimentaria y la salud mental pueden estar vinculadas en la literatura existente.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis among Brazilian men who have sex with men: a comparative study between migrants and non-migrants.

Introduction: Investigating the use and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in MSM is a global health priority in the fight against HIV. Strategies must be capable of increasing usage and reaching not only the population living in the country but also those who immigrate, who face additional vulnerabilities. Based on this, in this observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study, our aim is to analyze the use of PrEP among Brazilian men who have sex with men, whether they are migrants or not. We aim to highlight preventive opportunities and strategies for the global health scenario. Methods: We utilized a sample of Brazilians living in the country and Brazilian immigrants residing in Portugal, one of the main destinations for Brazilians in recent years. To estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) of PrEP use, we employed the Poisson regression model with robust variance estimation using a covariance matrix. Results: A total of 1,117 Brazilian MSM PrEP users participated in this study, with 788 residing in Brazil and 328 in Portugal. Multivariate analysis was conducted in three stages: overall, and for subgroups of residents in Brazil and immigrants in Portugal. We identified four convergent factors that increased the prevalence of PrEP use in Brazilians regardless of migration status: having two or more casual sexual partners per month, engaging in challenging sexual practices as the receptive partner, disclosing serological status on apps, and being single. Among native Brazilians, four unique factors stood out: being in a polyamorous relationship, having sexual relations with unknown casual partners, and having higher levels of education. Discussion: This study highlights the need to implement strategies to strengthen PrEP adherence in Brazil and create international programs that facilitate its usage among populations migrating between these two countries.

Mexicans vs Central Americans: Violented Migrants Crossing Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization considers that migrants who pass through the Mexico-US walkway suffer high levels of violence, compared to other regions of the world, mainly women. This study aims to identify the factors associated with the types of violence suffered by migrants in transit through Mexico to the USA. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, exploratory, retrospective, and observational study was conducted. A questionnaire of 46 variables was applied, divided into four sections: sociodemographic background, leaving the home, transit, and stay at the border. Questions about different types of direct violence were included. The survey was applied to 612 Mexican and Central American migrants who were in the Chaparral customs office and in five shelters in Tijuana City, on the U.S.-Mexico border. The results were analyzed using descriptive techniques and multivariate analysis of main and inferential components, using the statistical program R. RESULTS: The higher vulnerability of Central American migrants compared to Mexicans was documented, specially of women that proportionally were the most negatively affected victims including all types of violence, making it evident that one of each four was violented sexually and among them, only 50% asked for medical assistance. The multivariate analysis determined that the duration of the trip, and the type of transport can generate greater violence. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the greater vulnerability of Central American migrants in their transit through Mexico, mainly women and, likewise, the lack of effective public policies that guarantee the protection of the health, safety, and human rights of migrants.

Caracterización de la migración de Venezuela hacia Colombia y su influencia en la reunificación familiar / Caracterization of migration from Venezuela to Colombia and its influence on family reunification

Resumen En esta investigación se caracteriza la migración venezolana hacia Colombia, según sexo, nivel educativo, actividad laboral y por área geográfica de los migrantes y los tiempos de reunificación de los hogares. A partir de los resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda de Colombia 2018 (CNPV-2018) se analiza el perfil demográfico de los migrantes y se examinan las formas características de reagrupación de los hogares de venezolanos en Colombia en función de los tiempos de migración mediante estimadores de Kaplan-Meier y se utilizan modelos de Cox, los cuales permiten identificar que factores como la edad, el nivel educativo, el año de llegada y la actividad económica son determinantes de dichos tiempos de reunificación. En la investigación se identicó que el aumento de la migración desde Venezuela ha sido determinante en la transición reciente de la estructura de la población colombiana según edad y sexo, al estar concentrado en edades intermedias y con un perfil diferenciado en las principales ciudades. Asimismo, fue posible identificar que el patrón de migración venezolana reciente se puede clasificar como de tipo familiar, con énfasis en edades productivas y reproductivas, y alta presencia de menores de edad y que los vínculos todavía activos con conyuges, hijos y en general parientes que fueron pioneros en el proceso migratorio corresponden a un factor fundamental en las diferencias en las propensiones a migrar por parte de los hogares y sus integrantes.

Abstract This research characterizes Venezuelan migration to Colombia, according to sex, educational level, work activity and by geographical area of the migrants and the times of household reunification. Based on the results of the Colombian Population and Housing Census 2018 (CNPV-2018), the demographic profile of migrants is analyzed, and the characteristic forms of household reunification of Venezuelans in Colombia are examined based on migration times using estimators. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models are used, which allow us to identify that factor such as age, educational level, year of arrival and economic activity are determinants of said reunification times. The research identified that the increase in migration from Venezuela has been decisive in the recent transition of the structure of the Colombian population according to age and sex, as it is concentrated in intermediate ages and with a differentiated profile in the main cities. Likewise, it was possible to identify that the recent Venezuelan migration pattern can be classified as family-type, with emphasis on productive and reproductive ages, and a high presence of minors, and that the still active ties with spouses, children and, in general, relatives who were pioneers in the migratory process is a factor that plays a fundamental role in the differences in the propensities to migrate by households and their members.

Food Insecurity Among Haitian Migrants Living In Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the situation of food insecurity among Haitians living in Midwest of Brazil, based on questions of the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity (BSFI). METHODS: A survey was carried out with a probabilistic sampling proportional to sex of Haitians aged over 18 years who lived in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso. Haitian migrants were interviewed by bilingual (Haitian Creole/Portuguese) individuals, and for the analysis of the BSFI questions. Because the BSFI is not validated for Haitians, the first eight questions of the scale were assessed separately, according to sex, debts incurred for the migration project and time of residence in Brazil. Chi-square was calculated to test the differences between groups. RESULTS: A total of 404 Haitians were evaluated, 81.9% male individuals, 60.9% aged between 18 and 36 years. Among the respondents, 64.4% were worried about running out of food before having money to buy more food, and 62.6% answered that they ran out of food before having money to buy it. Higher proportions of positive answers were observed for women and those who reported having debts to finance the migration costs to Brazil. CONCLUSION: The high proportion of positive answers to the BSFS questions by Haitians seems to indicate a situation of social vulnerability and food insecurity, especially among Haitian women, as well as among those who had debts to migrate to Brazil and those who have lived in the country for more than a year.

Condições de saúde autorrelatadas por solicitantes de refúgio no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de 2010 a 2017 / Asylum seekers' self-reported health conditions in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2010 to 2017 / Condiciones de salud autoinformadas por solicitantes de refugio en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, del 2010 al 2017

No Brasil, entre 2011 e 2022, 348.067 pessoas solicitaram o reconhecimento da condição de refugiado no país. Os motivos que resultaram na migração, os riscos durante o trajeto e a transição cultural ao chegar podem estar associados a diferentes problemas de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as condições de saúde autorrelatadas por solicitantes de refúgio no Município do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2010 a 2017. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de dados secundários. Foram coletadas informações preenchidas nos formulários de solicitação de refúgio do Comitê Nacional para os Refugiados (Conare) de 2010 a 2017 e da entrevista social da Cáritas Arquidiocesana do Rio de Janeiro (Cáritas/RJ). Calcularam-se as taxas de prevalência de condições de saúde e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) e a razão de chances (RC) e IC95% em um modelo de regressão logística simples segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e de migração. O estudo incluiu 1.509 indivíduos. Na chegada ao Brasil, 620 (41%) relataram ter uma ou mais condições de saúde. As chances de apresentar problemas de saúde foram maiores em pessoas oriundas do Congo (RC = 18,7) e República Democrática do Congo (RC = 9,5), nos indocumentados (RC = 4,4), nas mulheres (RC = 2,1), em pessoas com Ensino Fundamental (RC = 1,9), com idade ≥ 45 anos (RC = 1,8) e entre os que vivem/viveram maritalmente (RC = 1,8 e 2,5, respectivamente). Entre as pessoas que relataram alguma condição de saúde, mais da metade informaram sentir dores (52%). É possível que as dores físicas tenham relação com estresse pós-traumático e outros sofrimentos em saúde mental, que podem se manifestar por meio de sintomas de dores somáticas.

From 2011 to 2022, 348,067 people applied for a refugee status in Brazil. The reasons that resulted in their migration, the risks during their journey, and the cultural transition upon arrival may be associated with different health problems. This study aimed to analyze the self-reported health conditions of asylum seekers in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro from 2010 to 2017. This is a cross-sectional study with secondary data. Data were collected from asylum application forms at the Brazilian National Committee for Refugees (Conare) from 2010 to 2017 and from social interviews in the Archdiocesan Caritas of Rio de Janeiro (Cáritas/RJ). The prevalence rates of health conditions, their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated in a simple logistic regression model according to sociodemographic and migration variables. This study included 1,509 individuals. Upon arrival in Brazil, 620 (41%) reported having one or more health conditions. The chances of showing health problems were higher in people from the Congo (OR = 18.7) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (OR = 9.5), in undocumented individuals (OR = 4.4), women (OR = 2.1), in people with elementary education (OR = 1.9), aged ≥ 45 years (OR = 1.8), and among those who live/lived maritally (OR = 1.8 and 2.5, respectively). Of those who reported a health condition, more than half claimed experiencing pain (52%). Physical pain may be related to post-traumatic stress and other mental health distress, manifesting itself by somatic pain symptoms.

En Brasil, entre el 2011 y el 2022, 348.067 personas solicitaron el reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado en el país. Los motivos que dieron lugar a la migración, los riesgos durante el trayecto y la transición cultural al llegar pueden estar asociados a diferentes problemas de salud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las condiciones de salud autoinformadas de los solicitantes de refugio en el municipio de Río de Janeiro en el período del 2010 al 2017. Se trata de un estudio transversal de datos secundarios. Los datos se recopilaron de los formularios de solicitud de asilo del Comité Nacional para Refugiados de Brasil (Conare) del 2010 al 2017 y de la entrevista social de Caritas Arquidiocesana de Río de Janeiro (Cáritas/RJ). Se calcularon las tasas de prevalencia de las condiciones de salud y sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%) y la razón de posibilidades (RP) y el IC95% en un modelo de regresión logística simple según variables sociodemográficas y de migración. El estudio incluyó a 1.509 sujetos. A su llegada a Brasil, 620 (41%) informaron tener una o más condiciones de salud. Las posibilidades de presentar problemas de salud fueron mayores en personas procedentes de Congo (RP = 18,7) y República Democrática del Congo (RP = 9,5), en personas indocumentadas (RP = 4,4), mujeres (RP = 2,1), en personas con educación primaria (RP = 1,9), en ≥ 45 años (RP = 1,8), y entre los que viven/han vivido en una relación estable (RP = 1,8 y 2,5, respectivamente). Entre las personas que reportaron alguna condición de salud, más de la mitad relató sentir dolores (52%). Los dolores físicos pueden estar relacionados con el estrés postraumático y otros sufrimientos en salud mental que pueden presentarse mediante síntomas de dolores somáticos.

Construcción de redes sociales en el lugar de destino: las experiencias de venezolanos, colombianos y españoles en una ciudad intermedia de Chile / Construção de redes sociais no país de destino: as experiências de venezuelanos, colombianos e espanhóis em uma cidade intermediária no Chile / Building social networks in the destination country: experiences of Venezuelans, Colombians and Spaniards in a medium-sized city in Chile

Resumen Se analiza la construcción, por parte de inmigrantes internacionales, de redes sociales en el país de destino, y las características de estas redes según el país de origen. Se estudia el caso de tres colectivos residentes en Chile, utilizando metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas, que se analizan mediante análisis narrativo. Los resultados muestran que quienes tienden a incorporarse con mayor rapidez en el lugar de destino, suelen establecer redes de vínculos débiles. Por el contrario, quienes tienen más dificultades para incorporarse en el lugar de destino, o lo hacen solo parcialmente, establecen redes densas más cerradas en lo cultural.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a construção, por imigrantes internacionais, de redes sociais no país de destino e as características dessas redes de acordo com o país de origem. O caso de três grupos residentes no Chile é estudado por meio de um desenho metodológico qualitativo baseado em entrevistas semiestruturadas, que são abordadas a partir da análise sociológica do discurso. Os resultados mostram que aqueles que se incorporam com mais facilidade e rapidez no local de destino tendem a estabelecer redes de vínculos fracos. Ao contrário, aqueles que têm mais dificuldade em se incorporar ao local de destino, ou o fazem apenas parcialmente, tendem a estabelecer redes culturalmente fechadas e coesas.

Abstract This article analyzes international immigrants' construction of social networks in the country of destination, and the characteristics of these networks according to the country of origin. The case of three groups residing in Chile is studied through a qualitative methodological design based on semi-structured interviews, examined by means of narrative analysis. Results show that those who adapt more easily and quickly to the place of destination tend to establish networks with weak ties. Conversely, those who have more difficulties in adapting to the place of destination, or do so only partially, tend to establish closed, tightly-knit cultural networks.

Migração em tempos de covid-19: impactos e estratégias de enfrentamento / Migration in times of covid-19: effects and coping strategies / Migración en tiempos del covid-19: impactos y estrategias de afrontamiento

Em 2020, o mundo enfrentou uma grave emergência de saúde pública devido à pandemia de COVID-19, que impactou significativamente a mobilidade humana e a vida cotidiana de milhares de imigrantes ao redor do mundo. Este artigo fez uso de entrevistas online e por telefone com imigrantes que chegaram ao Brasil a partir de 2016, para identificar as estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas durante a pandemia. Foi realizada uma análise transversal das entrevistas com o auxílio do software Atlas.ti 9, usando a técnica sistemática de categorização iterativa. Com base em uma perspectiva sociocultural em psicologia, o artigo introduz os impactos iniciais da pandemia em diferentes esferas da vida cotidiana desses imigrantes e apresenta as estratégias mobilizadas para restaurar continuidades funcionais e relacionais em um momento no qual as rupturas provocadas pela migração e pela pandemia se sobrepõem. Entre outros, podese identificar como os entrevistados ativaram rapidamente as redes sociais locais e transnacionais virtualmente, mobilizando competências e habilidades aprendidas durante a migração.(AU)

In 2020, the world faced a serious public health emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has significantly impacted human mobility and the daily lives of thousands of immigrants around the world. This article uses online and telephone interviews conducted with migrants who arrived in Brazil in 2016, to identify coping strategies employed during the pandemic. A transversal analysis of all interviews was conducted with the aid of the software Atlas.ti 9, using a systematic approach of iterative categorization. From a sociocultural perspective in psychology, the article introduces the initial impacts of the pandemic in different spheres of everyday life of these immigrants. With this everyday context, we present the strategies mobilized by immigrants to restore functional and relational continuities at a moment in which the ruptures caused by migration and the pandemic overlap. In particular, we identify how interviewees rapidly activated local and transnational social networks virtually, mobilizing skills learnt during migration.(AU)

En 2020, el mundo se enfrentó a un grave estado de emergencia en salud pública debido a la pandemia del COVID-19, que impactó significativamente la movilidad humana y la vida cotidiana de miles de inmigrantes en todo el mundo. Este artículo realizó entrevistas en línea y por teléfono con inmigrantes quienes llegaron a Brasil a partir de 2016, con el fin de identificar sus estrategias de afrontamiento adoptadas durante la pandemia. Se realizó un análisis transversal de las entrevistas con la ayuda del software Atlas.ti 9, utilizando la técnica sistemática de categorización iterativa. Desde una perspectiva sociocultural en Psicología, este artículo expone los impactos iniciales de la pandemia en diferentes ámbitos de la vida cotidiana de estos inmigrantes y presenta las estrategias movilizadas para restaurar las continuidades funcionales y relacionales en un momento en que se superponen las rupturas causadas por la migración y la pandemia. Entre otros aspectos, se puede identificar cómo los entrevistados activaron virtualmente las redes sociales locales y transnacionales movilizando habilidades y destrezas aprendidas durante la migración.(AU)

Criminalización y juvenicidio de culturas juveniles asociadas a organizaciones delincuenciales: caso colombianos / Criminalization and youthcide of youth cultures associated with criminal organizations: the case of the Cholombianos / Criminalização e juvenicídio de culturas juvenis associadas a organizações criminosas: o caso Cholombianos

Resumen (analítico) El artículo propone caracterizar y comprender los procesos de inserción de jóvenes en las organizaciones delincuenciales, tomando el caso de una cultura juvenil del noreste mexicano: los cholombianos. Plantea un marco de referencia construido por la articulación de categorías como violencia posestructural, desciudadanización, construcción de pánicos morales, estigmatización territorial, criminalización y sujeción criminal, para debatir y ampliar la conceptualización sobre el juvenicidio en México. Para ello, se analizan casos documentados por antropólogos y periodistas de jóvenes de distintas clases sociales que participan o son vinculados con la delincuencia organizada. A partir de un análisis teórico conceptual, se realizan observaciones sobre cómo los grupos delincuenciales forjan fuentes de pertenencia, respeto e identidad, y cómo estos y los poderes públicos llevan a cabo acciones de desciudadanización que destruyen culturas juveniles como la de los cholombianos.

Abstract (analytical) This article aims to characterize and comprehend the processes of young people joining criminal organizations by using a case study of a youth culture in the northeastern region of Mexico, the Cholombianos. The authors propose a reference framework based on the articulation of categories such as post-structural violence, de-citizenization, fabrication of moral panic, territorial stigmatization, criminalization and criminal subjection to discuss and expand the conceptualization of youthcide in Mexico. To achieve this process, the authors analyze cases documented by anthropologists and journalists of young people from different social classes who participate in or are linked to organized crime. Using a conceptual theoretical analysis, the authors discuss how criminal groups fabricate senses of belonging, respect and identity and how they and public authorities carry out de-citizenization actions that destroy youth cultures like the Cholombianos.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo se propõe a caracterizar e compreender os processos de inserção de jovens em organizações criminosas, tomando o caso de uma cultura juvenil do nordeste mexicano, os cholombianos, propõe um quadro de referência construído pela articulação de categorias como violência pós-estrutural, descidadania, construção de pânicos morais, estigmatização territorial, criminalização e sujeição criminal, para debater e ampliar a conceituação do assassinato juvenil no México. Para isso, são analisados casos, documentados por antropólogos e jornalistas, de jovens de diferentes classes sociais que participam ou estão ligados ao crime organizado. A partir de uma análise teórica conceitual, são feitas observações sobre como grupos criminosos forjam fontes de pertencimento, respeito e identidade, como eles e o poder público realizam ações de descidadania que destroem culturas juvenis como a dos cholombianos.

Perceptions of Health Needs among Venezuelan Women Crossing the Border in Northern Chile during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In parallel to the COVID-19 pandemic, Chile has experienced a significant influx of international migrants, many of whom are Venezuelan women who have entered the country through unauthorized crossing points. In this context, gender and migration intersect as the social determinants of health, leading to their experiencing a range of adverse events. This poses important challenges in terms of short- and long-term health outcomes, the social determinants of health, and access to healthcare. This study aims at describing Venezuelan women's perceptions of their health needs as they migrate to Chile via an unauthorized crossing point, with a focus on adverse events throughout the migration cycle, self-reported health needs, and responses. A qualitative case study was carried out with 22 participants in the Antofagasta region of Chile, including Venezuelan migrant women, healthcare professionals, and social workers from the public healthcare system, stakeholders from non-governmental and international organizations, and local government officials. The semi-structured, individual interviews were analyzed thematically. The results show that Venezuelan women face a range of adverse events throughout the migration cycle. The perceived health needs that are reported are sometimes linked to these adverse events or existed prior to migration and were exacerbated throughout the migratory cycle. Addressing these physical and mental health needs is essential for short- and long-term individual and public health; however, despite substantial efforts to ameliorate the situation, persisting gaps in access to care are reported.

A comparative analysis of health status of international migrants and local population in Chile: a population-based, cross-sectional analysis from a social determinants of health perspective.

BACKGROUND: During recent decades intraregional migration has increased in Latin America. Chile became one of the main receiving countries and hosted diverse international migrant groups. Evidence have suggested a healthy migrant effect (HME) on health status, but it remains scarce, controversial and needs to be updated. This study performed a comprehensive analysis verifying the existence of HME and its association with social determinants of health (SDH). METHODS: We analyzed data from the Chilean National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN, version 2017). Unadjusted prevalence of health status indicators such as negative self-perceived health, chronic morbidity, disability, and activity limitations were described in both international migrants and local population. Adjusted associations between these outcomes and sets of demographics, socioeconomic, access to healthcare, psychosocial and migration-related SDH were tested using multivariate logistic regression in each population. The HME for each health outcome was also tested using multivariate logistic regression and sequentially adjusting for each set of SDH (ref = Chilean). RESULTS: International migrants had lower unadjusted prevalence of all health indicators compared to Chileans. That is, unadjusted analysis revealed an apparent HME in all health outcomes. Age, unemployment, and health care system affiliation were associated with health outcomes in both populations. Psychosocial determinants were both risk and protective for the analysed health outcomes. After adjustment for each set of SDH, the immigrant health advantage was only significant for chronic morbidity. Being migrant was associated with 39% lower odds of having chronic diseases compared to locals (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.44-0.84; P = 0.0003). For all other outcomes, HME disappeared after adjusting by SDH, particularly unemployment, type of health system and psychosocial factors. CONCLUSIONS: Testing the HME in Chile revealed an advantage for chronic morbidities that remained significant after adjustment for SDH. This analysis shed light on health disparities between international migrants and local population in the Latin American region, with special relevance of unemployment, type of health system and psychosocial SDH. It also informed about differential exposures faced during migration process that could dissolve the HME over time. Evidence from this analytical approach is useful for informing health planning and intersectoral solutions from a SDH perspective.

Hacia un cuidado ético en residencias sanitarias durante la pandemia de COVID-19: estudio cualitativo con migrantes internacionales en Chile / Towards ethical care in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study with international migrants in Chile / Rumo ao cuidado ético em residências de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19: um estudo qualitativo com migrantes internacionais no Chile

Migrantes internacionales han sido reconocidos como población de riesgo en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. A nivel mundial se han desplegado diversas estrategias para la protección de esta población, como la habilitación de centros de recepción y cuarentena o aislamiento. El artículo da cuenta de los resultados de un estudio que exploró las experiencias de migrantes internacionales en residencias sanitarias dispuestas en Chile para la realización de cuarentenas seguras en el marco de la pandemia COVID-19, desde un enfoque de condiciones éticas para el cuidado. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo entre los años 2020-2021. Se efectuaron 30 entrevistas individuales semi-estructuradas en línea en las ciudades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta y Santiago a migrantes internacionales con experiencia de uso de residencias sanitarias; equipos de salud de residencias sanitarias; mánagers de dichos recintos; autoridades locales; y expertos nacionales. Se realizó análisis temático de la información. El estudio concluye que para migrantes internacionales, si bien la experiencia en residencias sanitarias ha significado un apoyo sanitario significativo, es imprescindible que el cuidado proporcionado, además de la exigencia que se enmarque en un enfoque de derechos y de respeto a la dignidad de cada persona, incorpore la perspectiva de la interculturalidad en su quehacer, es decir, asegurando el derecho a servicios de salud culturalmente pertinentes, respetuosos de la cultura de las personas, las minorías, los pueblos y las comunidades.

International migrants have been recognized as a population at risk in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldwide, various strategies have been deployed for the protection of this population, such as the establishment of reception and quarantine or isolation centers. This article reports the results of a study that explored the experiences of international migrants in nursing homes in Chile created to ensure a safe quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic, from an approach of ethical conditions for care. A qualitative study was carried out in 2020-2021. Thirty individual semi-structured online interviews were conducted in the cities of Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta and Santiago with international migrants with experience of using nursing homes; health teams of nursing homes; managers of nursing homes; local authorities; and national experts. Thematic analysis of the information was carried out. The study concludes that for international migrants, although the experience in nursing homes has meant significant health support, it is essential that the care provided, in addition to the requirement that it be framed in an approach of rights and respect for the dignity of each person, incorporate the perspective of interculturality in its work, that is, ensuring the right to culturally relevant health services, respectful of the culture of individuals, minorities, peoples and communities.

Migrantes internacionais foram reconhecidos como uma população de risco no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Em todo o mundo, várias estratégias têm sido implantadas para a proteção dessa população, como o estabelecimento de centros de acolhimento e quarentena ou isolamento. Este artigo relata os resultados de um estudo que explorou as experiências de migrantes internacionais em residências de saúde organizadas no Chile para quarentena segura no âmbito da pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de uma abordagem de condições éticas para o atendimento. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo entre os anos de 2020-2021. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas online nas cidades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta e Santiago com migrantes internacionais com experiência de uso de residências de saúde; equipes de saúde das residências de saúde; gestores dos referidos locais; autoridades locais; e especialistas nacionais. Foi realizada análise temática das informações. O estudo conclui que para os migrantes internacionais, embora a experiência em residências de saúde tenha significado significativo apoio à saúde, é imprescindível que os cuidados prestados, além da exigência de que sejam enquadrados em uma abordagem de direitos e respeito à dignidade de cada pessoa, incorporar a perspectiva da interculturalidade em seu trabalho, ou seja, garantir o direito a serviços de saúde culturalmente relevantes, que respeitem a cultura dos indivíduos, minorias, povos e comunidades.

Migration and refuge: necessary topics for Nursing teaching in COVID-19 times / Migración y refugio: cuestiones necesarias para la enseñanza de la enfermería en tiempos del COVID-19 / Migração e refúgio: temas necessários para o ensino na Enfermagem em tempos de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objectives: to present an overview of migratory processes and access to health care for immigrants in Brazil and reflect on the importance of training in Nursing from an interdisciplinary perspective, focused on the care of this population in the context of a pandemic. Methods: this is a theoretical-reflective study based on the authors' experiences and anchored in the literature. Results: some particularities in the access to health services by migrants and refugees show how the pandemic's advancement and continuity impacted them in different ways. Interdisciplinary research and teaching are essential to study and better understand the health needs of the migrant population in Brazil, especially in the context of a pandemic. Final Considerations: the training of health professionals, especially in Nursing, must include these people's specificities so that future interventions are more sensitive and closer to their reality.

RESUMEN Objetivos: presentar el panorama de los procesos migratorios junto al acceso a los cuidados de salud de los inmigrantes en Brasil y reflexionar sobre la importancia de la formación en Enfermería dirigida a la atención de esta población desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria en el contexto de la pandemia. Métodos: se trata de un estudio teórico-reflexivo, pautado en las experiencias de los autores y también basado en la literatura. Resultados: algunas particularidades en el acceso a los servicios de salud de los migrantes y las personas refugiadas evidencian que éstas han sido impactadas de diferentes maneras con el avance y la continuidad de la pandemia. La investigación y la enseñanza con un enfoque interdisciplinario son importantes para estudiar y comprender mejor las necesidades sanitarias de la población migrante en el país, especialmente en el contexto de la pandemia. Consideraciones Finales: la formación de los profesionales sanitarios, especialmente en Enfermería, debe comprender las especificidades de estas personas para que las futuras intervenciones sean más sensibles y cercanas a la realidad que viven.

RESUMO Objetivos: apresentar o panorama dos processos migratórios e de acesso à saúde de imigrante no Brasil e refletir sobre a importância da formação em Enfermagem, numa perspectiva interdisciplinar, voltada ao cuidado dessa população, no contexto de pandemia. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo teórico-reflexivo, pautado nas experiências dos autores e ancorado na literatura. Resultados: algumas particularidades no acesso a serviços de saúde de migrantes e pessoas refugiadas evidenciam como elas têm sido impactadas de diferentes maneiras com o avanço e continuidade da pandemia. A pesquisa e ensino de abordagem interdisciplinar são importantes para estudar e melhor compreender as necessidades de saúde da população migrante no país, especialmente no contexto de pandemia. Considerações Finais: a formação de profissionais de saúde, especialmente em Enfermagem, deve compreender as especificidades destas pessoas para que futuras intervenções sejam mais sensíveis e próximas da realidade que vivem.

Mental Health of Immigrants in a Shelter in Tabasco, Mexico During the COVID-19 Epidemic / Salud mental de personas migrantes en un refugio de Tabasco, México durante la epidemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Introduction: Migration is a global phenomenon that must be recognized as a social determinant of health. In 2020, there were 280 million international migrants in the world. Undoubtedly, Mexico plays a fundamental role in transnational migration due to the large flow of migrants who transit through its borders. Research on mental health and migration suggests a high prevalence of mental disorders due to the conditions of the migration process; this scenario may be aggravated as result of the health contingency caused by COVID-19. Methodology: This research is intended to identify the relationship between the mental health of migrants, the migratory process, and the COVID-19 epidemic. Therefore, it is a qualitative study with a deductive approach. A sample evaluation of Central American migrants living in a shelter in Tabasco, Mexico in December 2020 was used. Results: Some factors impact the mental health of migrants in the place of origin and during transit (forced migration, persecution, and the lack of possibilities to achieve a decent standard of living...). Moreover, positive, and negative manifestations were reported in the dimensions of mental health, because of the migratory process and COVID-19. Conclusions: Migration has become an option for survival and well-being given the limited opportunities that exist in the regions of origin. Efforts must be made to develop migration and health policies that benefit this group. Unfortunately, some limitations of data collection emerged due to Covid 19. Finally, it is suggested to replicate the study among other areas of the southern border of Mexico with a high flow of migrants.

RESUMEN La migración es un fenómeno mundial que se debe reconocer como un factor social determinante de la salud. En 2020 había en el mundo 280 millones de migrantes internacionales y México juega un papel fundamental para la migración transnacional debido al gran flujo de personas migrantes que transitan por sus fronteras. Las investigaciones sobre salud mental y migración sugieren una alta prevalencia de trastornos mentales, este es un escenario que puede empeorar debido a la contingencia por la COVID-19. Metodología: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la relación entre la salud mental de las personas migrantes, con el proceso migratorio y la epidemia de COVID-19. Estudio cualitativo con enfoque deductivo. Se utilizó una muestra opinática de migrantes centroamericanas que habitaban en un refugio de Tabasco, México en diciembre de 2020. Resultados: Se reportaron manifestaciones positivas y negativas en las dimensiones de la salud mental debido al proceso migratorio y COVID-19. Conclusiones: Hay factores que impactan en la salud mental de los migrantes en el lugar de origen y durante su tránsito (migración forzada, persecución, falta de posibilidades para una vida digna...). La migración se ha convertido en una opción de supervivencia dadas las limitadas oportunidades que existen en las regiones de origen. Se deben realizar esfuerzos para desarrollar políticas migratorias y de salud que beneficien a este grupo. Debido a la epidemia surgieron limitaciones para la recolección de datos pero se sugiere replicar el estudio en otras zonas de la frontera sur de México con alto flujo de migrantes.

Does Parental Migration During Childhood Affect Children's Lifetime Educational Attainment? Evidence From Mexico.

Existing scholarship reveals important and competing influences of parental migration on children's educational trajectories. On the one hand, in the short term, left-behind children commonly take on additional housework and sometimes place less emphasis on education if they aspire to follow in their parents' migratory footsteps. On the other hand, parental migration often leads to monetary transfers (remittances), which reduces financial pressure on sending households and can strengthen educational aspirations among children left behind. Because previous studies examined these effects on children still completing their educations, the cumulative impact of parental migration on children's educational attainment remains uncertain. In this study, we use retrospective life history data from the Mexican Migration Project to link parental migrations occurring during childhood with children's educational attainment measured in adulthood. Using a novel counterfactual approach, we find that parental migration during childhood is associated with increased years of schooling and higher probabilities of completing lower-secondary school, entering upper-secondary school, and completing upper-secondary school. These associations were strongest among children whose parents did not complete primary school and those living in rural areas. Results from a placebo test suggest that these positive associations cannot be attributed to unobserved household characteristics related to parental migration, which supports a causal interpretation of our main findings. Thus, our analysis suggests that, on average, and particularly among more-disadvantaged households, the long-term educational benefits associated with parental migration outweigh short-term disruptions and strain associated with parental absence.

Migration as a determinant of childhood obesity in the United States and Latin America.

International migration has economic and health implications. The acculturation process to the host country may be linked to childhood obesity. We use the Community Energy Balance (CEB) framework to analyze the relationship between migration and childhood obesity in Mexican households with international migrants. Using longitudinal data from the Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS), we examine how migrant networks affect childhood obesity in origin communities. We also review binational health programs that could be effective at tackling childhood obesity in migrant households from Mexico. Children embedded in migrant networks are at greater risk of developing overweight or obesity, suggesting a significant relationship between childhood obesity and international migration in Mexican households. Based on our search criteria, our analysis of health outreach programs shows that Ventanillas de Salud (VDS)/Health Windows has great promise to prevent childhood obesity in a culturally sensitive and trustful environment. The CEB framework is useful to understand how migration contributes to the risk of childhood overweight and obesity in migrant households. VDS is a feasible and replicable strategy with great potential to address childhood obesity among migrant families accounting for the dynamic and binational determinants of childhood obesity.

Barreras en la consulta nutricional en atención primaria a personas migradas internacionales. Perspectiva de nutricionistas

RESUMEN La migración internacional ha aumentado exponencialmente en Chile, lo que ha representado un desafío para el sistema de salud. El presente estudio transversal exploratorio, de metodología cualitativa y abordaje multidisciplinario, busca describir barreras y dificultades en la consulta nutricional a personas migradas, desde la perspectiva de profesionales nutricionistas de los centros de salud familiar de una comuna de la Región Metropolitana; dada la relevancia de la Atención Primaria en el sistema de salud nacional, y la particularidad de la alimentación, que conjuga valores nutricionales relacionadas con la salud, así como aspectos simbólicos significativos para las personas, posicionando a las nutricionistas en un escenario donde buscan mantener un estado nutricional óptimo en una población culturalmente diferente. Se realizaron once entrevistas a nutricionistas, las cuales fueron codificadas y analizadas temáticamente, identificando cuatro ejes narrativos de barreras y dificultades: escasez de recursos en la atención de una demanda poblacional creciente, problemas lingüísticos de comunicación (idiomáticos y dialectales), desconocimiento del funcionamiento del sistema sanitario chileno por parte de los/las usuarios/as migrados/as, y divergencia de prácticas y concepciones sanitarias entre migrados/as y nutricionistas. Del estudio se concluye que la atención nutricional con el usuario/a migrante internacional es compleja y se debe considerar abordar los temas antes mencionados al momento de generar respuestas institucionales de atención, programas y políticas enfocadas en la atención al usuario/a migrante internacional, de manera de lograr una promoción auténtica y pertinente de hábitos alimentarios saludables y el mantenimiento del Efecto Migrante Sano.

ABSTRACT International migration has increased exponentially in Chile, which has represented a challenge for the health system. Using qualitative methods and a multidisciplinary approach, this cross-sectional exploratory study seeks to describe barriers and difficulties for nutritional care for migrants from the perspective of nutritionists who work in health centers in a neighborhood of the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Given the relevance of primary care in the national health system and the particularity of food, which combines nutritional values related to health, as well as significant symbolic aspects for people, nutritionists are positioned to encourage optimal nutritional status in a culturally different population. Eleven interviews were conducted with nutritionists. The transcribed interviews were coded and analyzed thematically, identifying four narrative axes of barriers and difficulties: lack of resources for a growing population demand, linguistic communication problems (idiomatic and dialect), lack of knowledge about the functioning of the Chilean health system by migrants, and divergence of health practices and conceptions between migrants and nutritionists. The study concludes that nutritional care with international migrants is complex. The concerns mentioned above should be addressed when generating institutional responses of care, or creating programs and policies focused on the care of international migrants to achieve an authentic and pertinent promotion of healthy eating habits and the maintenance of the Healthy Migrant Effect.