Executive Summary of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management.

The Airway section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guidelines for the integral management of difficult airway in adult patients. This document provides recommendations based on current scientific evidence, theoretical-educational tools and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to the treatment of the airway in the field of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies and prehospital medicine. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations and optimization in the progression of the application of strategies to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to improve safety and quality of care.

Dysphonia and other voice alterations associated with COVID-19: Systematic review.

Among the symptoms presented by patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection, we can find various otorhinolaryngological alterations. Dysphonia appears in up to 79% of infected patients during the acute phase. Dysphonia can also occur as a sequelae, often underestimated, possibly due to its appearance along with other symptoms, also in patients after prolonged intubation or tracheostomy. We present a systematic review of the literature with a bibliographic search in PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar, with MESH terms including studies in English and Spanish. The results of the studies found and the vocal manifestations in patients during COVID-19 disease and the consequences produced are analysed. Dysphonia is an acute manifestation of COVID-19 with alterations in aerodynamic and acoustic analysis and in fibrolaryngoscopy. Post-COVID dysphonia can be a persistent symptom that is often underestimated, requiring multidisciplinary management and speech therapy intervention. Laryngeal sequelae are common in post-intubation or post-tracheostomy patients and are related to intubation time, tube number, pronation and respiratory sequelae.

Guía de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil. Parte I / Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part I

La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

Guía de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil. Parte II / Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II

La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

Should videolaryngoscopy be routinely used for airway management? An approach from different scenarios in medical practice

During the past two decades, the videolaryngoscope (VDL) has become a valuable and effective tool for the management of the airway, not just in the realm of anesthesiology, but also in other medical specialties in clinical scenarios requiring tracheal intubation. In countries such as the United States, this represents over 15 million cases in the operating room and 650,000 outside the OR. The overall accumulated incidence of difficult airway is 6.8% events in routine practice and between 0.1 and 0.3 % of failed intubations, both associated with complications such as desaturation, airway injury, hemodynamic instability and death. Notwithstanding the fact that the VDL has proven advantages such as improved visualization of the glottis, higher first attempt success rates, and a shortened learning curve, most of the time its use is limited to rescue attempts or as a secondary option. The aim of this article is to comment the advantages and limitations of the VDL vs. the direct laryngoscope in a wide range of clinical settings, including the operating room, intensive care units, emergency departments, pediatrics, obstetrics, and Covid-19 to consider its routine use.

En las últimas dos décadas, el videolaringoscopio (VDL) se ha convertido en una herramienta valiosa y eficaz para el manejo de la vía aérea no solo en el ámbito de anestesiología, sino en otras especialidades médicas durante escenarios clínicos que requieren la intubación traqueal y las cuales, en países como Estados Unidos corresponden anualmente a más de 15 millones dentro de salas de cirugía y 650.000 fuera de ella. Aproximadamente, hay una incidencia global acumulada de 6,8 % de eventos de vía aérea difícil en la práctica rutinaria y 0,1 al 0,3 % de intubaciones fallidas, ambas asociadas a complicaciones como desaturación, daño en la vía aérea, inestabilidad hemodinámica y muerte. Pese a que el VDL ha demostrado ventajas como mejoría de la visualización de la glotis, aumento de tasa de éxito al primer intento y menor curva de aprendizaje, su uso en la mayoría de las veces se ve limitado como dispositivo de rescate o de manera secundaria. El propósito de este artículo es comentar acerca de las ventajas y limitaciones del VDL vs. el laringoscopio directo en un variado número de escenarios clínicos, como salas de cirugía, unidades de cuidado intensivo, emergenciología, pediatría, obstetricia y covid-19, con el fin de considerar si su uso debiera hacerse de manera rutinaria.

Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part I.

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II.

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

Famotidina en el tratamiento de pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Famotidine in the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción: El síndrome respiratorio agudo severo coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), de alta morbimortalidad, carece a la fecha de preparar esta revisión, de una terapia específica altamente eficaz. Famotidina se ha postulado como una opción terapéutica viable, basado en trabajos de cohorte retrospectiva y modelos computacionales guiados por inteligencia artificial. Objetivo: Recopilar la mejor evidencia científica disponible para determinar la efectividad y eficacia de famotidina en el tratamiento de pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19, para reducir el riesgo de progresión de la enfermedad, intubación, muerte y tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, Web of Science y Cochrane Central, de artículos originales que reporten las variables de interés asociadas al uso de famotidina en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID- 19. Los investigadores independientemente evaluaron y seleccionaron los estudios, se extrajeron los datos expuestos para las asociaciones de interés y se procesaron con el software Revman 5.3. Resultados: En la búsqueda se obtuvo un total de 126 artículos potenciales para la revisión, de los cuales 14 fueron seleccionados para el análisis. En el metaanálisis se incluyeron un total de 47.044 pacientes, de los cuales 6.647 fueron los usuarios de famotidina. El riesgo de intubación se vio reducido en el grupo no expuesto a famotidina, aunque sin significancia estadística, (RR 1,43 IC95% 0,42-4,83), en cuanto a la mortalidad no se evidenció reducción significativa en el grupo de famotidina (RR 0,95 IC 95% 0,70-1,29). Se observó reducción en el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria (DM -1,60 -2,89, -0,31) y finalmente se mostró que no hay presencia de asociación entre el uso de famotidina y el desenlace compuesto de reducción del riesgo de ingreso a UCI, intubación y muerte (RR 1,03 IC 95% 0,46-2,34). Conclusión: Famotidina no presenta efectividad ni eficacia en la reducción de riesgo de intubación o ingreso a UCI ni de mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19. La eficacia en la reducción de la estancia hospitalaria no es consistente y se necesitan más ensayos clínicos con buena calidad metodológica para definirla.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with high morbidity and mortality, lacks, at the time of preparing this review, a highly effective specific therapy. Famotidine has been postulated as a viable therapeutic option, based on retrospective cohort investigations and computational models guided by artificial intelligence. Aim: The objective of this study was to compile the best scientific evidence available to determine the effectiveness and efficacy of famotidine in the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, to reduce the risk of disease progression, intubation, death, and time to hospital stay. Methods: A search was carried out in PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Central Cochrane, for original articles that report the variables of interest associated with the use of famotidine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The investigators independently evaluated and selected the studies, the exposed data for the associations of interest were extracted and processed with Revman 5.3 software. Results: The search yielded a total of 126 potential articles for the review, of which 14 were selected for analysis. A total of 47,044 patients were included in the meta-analysis of which 6,647 were famotidine users. The risk of intubation was reduced in the group not exposed to famotidine, although without statistical significance (RR 1.43 IC95% 0.42 - 4.83), regarding mortality there was no significant reduction in the famotidine group (RR 0.95 IC 95 % 0.70-1.29). A reduction in the length of hospital stay was observed (MD -1.60 -2.89, -0.31) and finally it was shown that there is no association between the use of famotidine and the composite outcome of reduced risk of ICU admission, intubation and death. (RR 1.03 95% CI 0.46-2.34). Conclusion: Famotidine does not show effectiveness or efficacy in reducing the risk of intubation or ICU admission or mortality in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. The efficacy in reducing hospital stay is not consistent and more clinical trials with good methodological quality are needed to define it.

Uso de una guía de punta flexible (FlexTip) para manejar el fallo del primer intento de intubación con el videolaringoscopio C-MAC D-Blade en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: serie prospectiva de casos / Use of a flexible tip bougie (FlexTip) in the management of the first-attempt failure intubation with the C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope in the intensive care unit: A prospective, case series

Describimos una serie de 11 casos en los que hemos utilizado la nueva guía de punta flexible (FlexTip) como rescate tras el fallo de un primer intento de intubación con el videolaringoscopio C-MAC D-Blade en nuestra UCI. Durante un periodo de 16 meses se recogieron datos de todas las intubaciones donde se utilizó el videolaringoscopio C-MAC D-Blade. Noventa y un pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio, donde 79 (86,8%) fueron intubados al primer intento, 11 (12,1%) necesitaron 2 intentos, y un paciente necesitó 3 intentos. Entre los 12 pacientes que necesitaron más de un intento de intubación, en un paciente se utilizó una guía «Frova», y en el resto, la nueva guía de punta flexible (FlexTip). En la presente investigación observamos que la nueva guía de punta flexible (FlexTip) puede ser una buena opción para aquellos casos en los que con un videolaringoscopio no somos capaces de intubar en el primer intento.(AU)

We describe a series of 11 cases in which we used the new flexible tip (FlexTip) bougie as a rescue device following first-attempt failure at intubation with the C-MAC D-Blade video laryngoscope in our UCI. We collected data from all intubations performed using the C-MAC D-Blade video laryngoscope over a 16-month period. Ninety six patients were included in the study: 79 (86.8%) were intubated at the first attempt; 11 (12.1%) required 2 attempts; and one patient required 3 attempts. The Frova Intubating Introducer was used in one of the 12 patients requiring more than one intubation attempt, and the FlexTip was used in the remaining 11. This study shows that the new FlexTip bougie is a good rescue device when the first attempt at video laryngoscope intubation fails.(AU)

Improvement in intubation success during COVID-19 pandemic with a simple and low-cost intervention: A quasi-experimental study / Mejoría del éxito en la intubación durante la pandemia covid-19 con una intervención simple y de bajo costo: estudio cuasi-experimental

Objectives: primary objective: to improve the FPS rates after an educational intervention. Secondary objective: to describe variables related to FPS in an ED and determine which ones were related to the highest number of attempts.Design it was a prospective quasi-experimental study. Setting done in an ED in a public Hospital in Argentina. Patients there were patients of all ages with intubation in ED. Interventionsin the middle of the study, an educational intervention was done to improve FPS. Cognitive aids and pre- intubation Checklists were implemented. Main variables of interest the operator experience, the number of intubation attempts, intubation judgment, predictors of a difficult airway, Cormack score, assist devices, complications, blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse oximetry before and after intubation All the intubations were done by direct laryngoscopy (DL). Results data from 266 patients were included of which 123 belonged to the basal period and 143 belonged to the post-intervention period. FPS percentage of the pre-intervention group was 69.9% (IC95%: 60.89–77.68) whereas the post-intervention group was 85.3% (IC95%: 78.20–90.48). The difference between these groups was statistically significant (p=0.002). Factors related to the highest number of attempts were low operator experience, Cormack-Lehane 3 score and no training. Conclusions a low-cost and simple educational intervention in airway management was significantly associated with improvement in FPS, reaching the same rate of FPS than in high income countries. (AU)

Objetivos: objetivo principal: mejorar la tasa de éxito de intubación luego de una intervención educativa. Objetivo secundario: describir las variables asociadas con el éxito en el primer intento (EPI) y determinar cuáles se relacionaron con mayor número de intentos. Diseño estudio prospectivo cuasi-experimental. Ámbito: realizado en un SE de un Hospital público de Argentina. Pacientes se incluyeron todos aquellos pacientes intubados en el SE en el período de estudio. Intervención en la mitad del estudio, se realizó una intervención educativa, se implementaron ayudas cognitivas y listas de verificación preintubación. Todas las intubaciones se realizaron por laringoscopia directa. Variables de interés principales experiencia del operador, número de intentos de intubación, criterios de intubación, predictores de vía aérea difícil, grado de Cormack, dispositivos facilitadores utilizados, complicaciones y los signos vitales antes y después de la intubación. Resultados se incluyeron datos de 266 pacientes de los cuales 123 pertenecían al período basal y 143al período postintervención. El porcentaje de éxito del grupo preintervención fue del 69,9% (IC95%: 60,89-77,68) mientras que el grupo postintervención fue del 85,3% (IC95%: 78,20-90,48). La diferencia entre estos grupos fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,002). Los factores relacionados con el mayor número de intentos fueron la baja experiencia del operador, el grado de Cormack-Lehane 3 y la falta de capacitación. Conclusiones una intervención educativa simple y de bajo costo en el manejo de la vía aérea se asoció significativamente con la mejora en el éxito del primer intento de intubación, alcanzando los porcentajes de los países de altos ingresos. (AU)

Complicaciones y grado de dificultad de la intubación orotraqueal en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pre-post instauración de un protocolo de intubación para el paciente crítico. Estudio prospectivo y observacional / Complications and degree of difficulty of orotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit before and after the establishment of an intubation protocol for critically ill patients: A prospective, observational study

Objetivo: El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue comparar el grado de dificultad y las complicaciones relacionadas con la intubación orotraqueal en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), pre y post instauración de un protocolo de intubación basado en la guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil específica para el paciente crítico, publicada en 2018 por la Difficult Airway Society (Reino Unido). Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, comparando todas las intubaciones realizadas en nuestra UCI en un periodo pre-protocolo (enero 2015-enero 2019) con un periodo post-protocolo (febrero 2019-julio 2022). Durante el procedimiento se registró el material utilizado para la intubación, el grado de dificultad de la intubación y las complicaciones asociadas. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio fueron intubados 661 pacientes: 437 en el periodo pre-protocolo (laringoscopia directa 96%) y 224 en el post-protocolo (laringoscopia directa 53%, videolaringoscopio 46%). En el periodo post-protocolo observamos una mejoría de la visión laringoscópica en comparación con el pre-protocolo (Cormack-Lehane ≥2b en el 7,6% vs 29,8%, p<0,001), y una disminución de las intubaciones calificadas de dificultad moderada-severa (6,7% vs 17,4%, p<0,001). La intubación al primer intento fue del 92,8% en el periodo post-protocolo frente al 90,2% pre-protocolo (p=0,508). No encontramos diferencias significativas en las complicaciones en los dos periodos estudiados. Conclusiones: Las intubaciones realizadas en el periodo post-protocolo se han asociado a una mejoría de la visión laringoscópica y a una menor dificultad de intubación en comparación con el periodo pre-protocolo.(AU)

Objective: The objective of our study was to compare the degree of difficulty and complications related to tracheal intubation in an intensive care unit (ICU) before and after the introduction of an intubation protocol based on the Difficult Airway Society guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults, published in 2018. Methods: Prospective, observational study comparing all intubations performed in our ICU over two periods: pre-protocol (January 2015-January 2019) and post-protocol (February 2019-July 2022). The material used for intubation, the degree of difficulty, and intubation-related complications were recorded. Results: During the study period, 661 patients were intubated —437 in the pre-protocol period (96% by direct laryngoscopy) and 224 in the post-protocol period (53% with direct laryngoscopy, 46% with video laryngoscopy). We observed an improvement in laryngeal view in the post-protocol period compared to the pre-protocol period (Cormack-Lehane ≥2b in 7.6% vs 29.8%, P<.001), and a decrease in the number of moderate-to-severely difficult intubations (6.7% vs 17.4%, P<.001). The first-pass success rate was 92.8% in the post-protocol period compared to 90.2% pre-protocol (P=.508). We did not find significant differences in complications between the periods studied. Conclusions: Intubations performed in the post-protocol period were associated with improved laryngeal view and fewer cases of difficult intubation compared with the pre-protocol period.(AU)

Intraoperative high flow oxygen therapy for tubeless anaesthesia in thoracoscopic surgery.

Tubeless anaesthesia has become widespread in videothoracoscopic surgery, even in major procedures such as lobectomies. There are several advantages in avoiding general anaesthesia and one-lung mechanical ventilation, such as faster recovery and shorter hospital stays. However, hypoxaemia and hypercapnia are the most reported causes of conversion to general anaesthesia. High Flow Oxygen Therapy (HFOT) generates flow-dependent positive end-expiratory pressure, improves oxygenation and also carbon dioxide washout by flow-dependent dead space flushing. For this reason, intraoperative HFOT may reduce the rate of conversion to general anaesthesia. We report our experience with intraoperative HFOT in a 71-year-old female with lung adenocarcinoma undergoing VATS upper left lobectomy.

Use of a flexible tip bougie (FlexTip) in the management of the first-attempt failure intubation with the C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope in the intensive care unit: A prospective, case series.

We describe a series of 11 cases in which we used the new flexible tip (FlexTip) bougie as a rescue device following first-attempt failure at intubation with the C-MAC D-Blade video laryngoscope in our UCI. We collected data from all intubations performed using the C-MAC D-Blade video laryngoscope over a 16-month period. Ninety six patients were included in the study: 79 (86.8%) were intubated at the first attempt; 11 (12.1%) required 2 attempts; and 1 patient required 3 attempts. The Frova Intubating Introducer was used in 1 of the 12 patients requiring more than 1 intubation attempt, and the FlexTip was used in the remaining 11. This study shows that the new FlexTip bougie is a good rescue device when the first attempt at video laryngoscope intubation fails.

Improvement in intubation success during COVID-19 pandemic with a simple and low-cost intervention: A quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVES: primary objective: to improve the FPS rates after an educational intervention. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: to describe variables related to FPS in an ED and determine which ones were related to the highest number of attempts. DESIGN: it was a prospective quasi-experimental study. SETTING: done in an ED in a public Hospital in Argentina. PATIENTS: there were patients of all ages with intubation in ED. INTERVENTIONS: in the middle of the study, an educational intervention was done to improve FPS. Cognitive aids and pre- intubation Checklists were implemented. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: the operator experience, the number of intubation attempts, intubation judgment, predictors of a difficult airway, Cormack score, assist devices, complications, blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse oximetry before and after intubation All the intubations were done by direct laryngoscopy (DL). RESULTS: data from 266 patients were included of which 123 belonged to the basal period and 143 belonged to the post-intervention period. FPS percentage of the pre-intervention group was 69.9% (IC95%: 60.89-77.68) whereas the post-intervention group was 85.3% (IC95%: 78.20-90.48). The difference between these groups was statistically significant (p=0.002). Factors related to the highest number of attempts were low operator experience, Cormack-Lehane 3 score and no training. CONCLUSIONS: a low-cost and simple educational intervention in airway management was significantly associated with improvement in FPS, reaching the same rate of FPS than in high income countries.

Factors associated with short- and long-term outcomes in lung cancer patients requiring unplanned invasive mechanical ventilation.

OBJECTIVE: Unplanned invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is associated with high mortality in lung cancer patients. We aimed to identify factors associated with weaning from IMV, intensive care unit (ICU) survival and 1-year survival in lung cancer patients requiring unplanned IMV. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study (2007-2017). SETTING: University-affiliated ICU. PATIENTS: Lung cancer patients requiring unplanned IMV. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Weaning from IMV, ICU and 1-year survival. RESULTS: Of the 136 patients included in the analysis (age 64 (9) years, male 110 (81%), metastatic disease 97 (62%)), 52 (38%) were weaned from IMV, 51 (38%) were discharged from ICU and 22 (16%) were alive at 1year. The main indication for intubation was acute respiratory failure. In multivariate analysis, PaO2/FiO2 >175mmHg at ICU admission and intubation before ICU admission were associated with successful weaning from IMV while intubation for cardiac arrest was associated with weaning failure. Same factors were associated with ICU survival. Absence of metastasis at ICU admission and lung resection surgery were independently associated with 1-year survival. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients with lung cancer treated with unplanned IMV could be weaned from IMV and survived to ICU discharge, especially in the absence of severe hypoxemia at ICU admission. The low one-year survival was mostly driven by metastatic status.

Complications and degree of difficulty of orotracheal intubation in the Intensive Care Unit before and after the establishment of an intubation protocol for critically ill patients: a prospective, observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to compare the degree of difficulty and complications related to tracheal intubation in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) before and after the introduction of an intubation protocol based on the Difficult Airway Society guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults, published in 2018. METHODS: Prospective, observational study comparing all intubations performed in our ICU over 2 periods: pre-protocol (January 2015-January 2019) and post-protocol (February 2019-July 2022). The material used for intubation, the degree of difficulty, and intubation-related complications were recorded. RESULTS: During the study period, 661 patients were intubated - 437 in the pre-protocol period (96% by direct laryngoscopy) and 224 in the post-protocol period (53% with direct laryngoscopy, 46% with video laryngoscopy). We observed an improvement in laryngeal view in the post-protocol period compared to the pre-protocol period (Cormack-Lehane ≥ 2b in 7.6% vs. 29.8%, p < 0.001), and a decrease in the number of moderate-to-severely difficult intubations (6.7% vs. 17.4%, p < 0.001). The first-pass success rate was 92.8% in the post-protocol period compared to 90.2% pre-protocol (p = 0.508). We did not find significant differences in complications between the periods studied. CONCLUSIONS: Intubations performed in the post-protocol period were associated with improved laryngeal view and fewer cases of difficult intubation compared with the pre-protocol period.

Falla en la extubación en el paciente con trauma raquimedular: parálisis diafragmática. Una entidad por considerar

La parálisis diafragmática es una entidad con epidemiologia no constatada, sin embargo, debe considerarse en el paciente con antecedente de trauma raquimedular asociado que presente signos tempranos de dificultad respiratoria, para de esta forma investigar y ofrecer manejos oportunos en esta condición clínica. Se presenta caso de varón de 65 años con debilidad diafragmática crónica por antecedente de herida por arma de fuego a nivel de la columna cervical.

Diaphragmatic paralysis is an entity with an unproven epidemiology. However, it should be considered in patients with a history of associated spinal cord trauma who present early signs of respiratory difficulty, to investigate and offer timely management to this clinical condition. We present the case of a 65-year-old man with chronic diaphragmatic weakness due to a history of gunshot wounds at the level of the cervical spine.

Comunicação não verbal com pacientes incapazes de se expressar verbalmente em terapia intensiva1 / Non-verbal communication with patients unable to express yourself verbally in intensive care

Introdução: A internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva requer muitas vezes a necessidade de ventilação mecânica do paciente por meio de intubação orotraqueal, dificultando a comunicação com os profissionais de enfermagem, sendo necessário, nessas situações, a utilização de meios de comunicação não-verbais, representados através de gestos corporais e expressões faciais. Objetivos: Verificar se a equipe de enfermagem de Terapia Intensiva se comunica adequadamente com o paciente incapaz de se expressar verbalmente, se acredita na sua necessidade e quais as situações e formas de comunicação não verbal utilizadas. Método: Estudo transversal, abordagem quantitativa e delineamento descritivo, com correlação entre as variáveis, no qual participaram 187 (84,2%) profissionais de três unidades de terapia intensiva de um hospital de ensino, no período de agosto de 2021 a janeiro de 2022, por meio de um questionário estruturado. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o Teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov e após, aplicados os Testes de Kruskal-Wallis e o Qui-quadrado Clássico. Resultados: A maioria realiza e acredita que a comunicação não verbal auxilia na assistência e na melhora do paciente e que é um direito informar e participar sobre cuidado e tratamento. Identificou-se o uso da lousa mágica, cartões ilustrativos com letras do alfabeto e figuras das principais necessidades ou solicitações, utilizados especialmente durante a execução de procedimentos de enfermagem, durante a passagem de plantão, na visita da família e quando o paciente se encontra agitado, durante o processo de extubação orotraqueal, desmame de drogas sedoanalgésicas e ventilação mecânica ou quando precisa de conforto emocional. Conclusão: Constatou-se a utilização e crença na comunicação não verbal, de acordo com o preconizado pelo programa nacional de humanização, corroborando com a meta internacional de segurança relacionada à comunicação efetiva na assistência, servindo de referência para outros profissionais que atuam com pacientes incapazes de se expressar verbalmente

Introduction: Admission to an Intensive Care Unit often requires mechanical ventilation of the patient through orotracheal intubation, making communication with nursing professionals difficult, making it necessary, in these situations, to use non-verbal means of communication, represented through body gestures and facial expressions. Objectives: Verify whether the Intensive Care nursing team communicates adequately with patients unable to express themselves verbally, whether they believe in their need and what situations and forms of non-verbal communication are used. Method: Crosssectional study, quantitative approach and descriptive design, with correlation between variables, in with 187 (84.2%) professionals from three intensive care units of a teaching hospital, from August 2021 to January 2022, through a questionnaire. For statistical analysis, the Kolmogorov Smirnov Test was used and afterwards, the Kruskal-Wallis and the Classical Chi-square tests were applied. Results: Most perform and believe that non-verbal communication helps in patient care and improvement and that it is a right to be informed and participate in their care and treatment. It was identified the use of the magic board, illustrative cards with letters of the alphabet and figures of the main needs or requests, used especially during the execution of nursing procedures, during the shift change, in the family visit and when the patient is agitated during the process of orotracheal extubation, weaning from sedative-analgesic drugs and mechanical ventilation or when you need emotional comfort. Conclusion: It was found the use and belief in non-verbal communication, as recommended by the national humanization program, serving as a reference for other professionals who work with incapable patients to express themselves verbally

Introducción: El ingreso a una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos requiere muchas veces ventilación mecánica del paciente mediante intubación orotraqueal, dificultando la comunicación con los profesionales de enfermería, siendo necesario, en estas situaciones, el uso de medios de comunicación no verbal, representados a través de gestos corporales y expresiones faciales. Objetivos: Verificar si el equipo de enfermería de Cuidados Intensivos se comunica adecuadamente con los pacientes que no pueden expresarse verbalmente, si creen en su necesidad y qué situaciones y formas de comunicación no verbal utilizan. Método: Estudio transversal, abordaje cuantitativo, diseño descriptivo, con correlación entre variables, con la participación de 187 (84,2%) profesionales de tres unidades de cuidados intensivos de un hospital universitario, desde agosto de 2021 hasta enero de 2022, a través de un cuestionario. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de Kolmogorov Smirnov, seguida de la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba clásica de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: La mayoría de ellos cree que la comunicación no verbal ayuda en el cuidado y mejoría del paciente y que es un derecho estar informado y participar en su cuidado y tratamiento. Se identificó el uso de la pizarra mágica, tarjetas ilustrativas con letras del alfabeto e imágenes de las principales necesidades o solicitudes, utilizadas especialmente durante la ejecución de procedimientos de enfermería, durante el cambio de turno, durante la visita de la familia y cuando el paciente se encuentra agitado, durante el proceso de extubación orotraqueal, el destete de los fármacos sedantesanalgésicos y la ventilación mecánica, o cuando se necesita consuelo emocional. Conclusión: Se verificó el uso y la creencia en la comunicación no verbal, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del programa nacional de humanización, corroborando el objetivo internacional de seguridad relacionado a la comunicación efectiva en la atención, sirviendo de referencia para otros profesionales que trabajan con pacientes incapaces de expresarse verbalmente

Exploring the Feasibility of a Comprehensive Screening for Voice and Swallowing Function in Post-Extubation Patients: A Pilot Study

Objectives: This pilot study aimed to identify and test a battery of time-efficient and cost-effective voice and swallowing screening tools for post-extubated patients in Chile. Methods: A panel of four experts selected and rated voice and swallowing screening tools. Seven measures were selected: smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) and maximum phonation time (MPT) for voice assessment, Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST) for swallowing, voluntary and reflex peak cough flow for cough assessment, Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10), and Vocal Symptom Scale (VoiSS) for patient-reported outcomes. These tools were applied to four post-extubation patients within 48-72 hours post-hospital discharge, alongside the assessment of 17 matched controls. Results: Post-extubation patients showed significantly shorter MPT, lower CPPS values, increased V-VST dysphagia signs, reduced voluntary peak cough flow, and more pronounced symptoms on both the VoiSS and EAT-10 compared to controls. Limitations: The study had a modest sample size and relied solely on clinical screening tools. Value: This pilot study suggests a feasible and cost-effective approach to voice and swallowing screening for post-extubation patients, valuable in resource-constrained settings. Conclusion: While these accessible tools are not gold-standard assessments, they offer valuable insights and can guide future research. This study underscores the potential of selected tools in facilitating early detection of voice and swallowing disorders in post-extubation patients.

Objetivos: Este estudio piloto tuvo como objetivo identificar y probar una batería de herramientas de detección de problemas de voz y deglución que fueran eficientes en cuanto a tiempo y costo para pacientes chilenos postextubados. Métodos: Un panel de cuatro expertos seleccionó y evaluó herramientas de detección de voz y deglución. Se seleccionaron siete medidas: prominencia de pico cepstral suavizado (CPPS) y tiempo máximo de fonación (TMF) para la evaluación de la voz, prueba de volumen-viscosidad (V-VST) para la deglución, flujo máximo voluntario y reflejo de la tos para evaluar la tos, Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) y la Escala de Sintomas Vocales (ESV) para los resultados informados por los pacientes. Estas herramientas se aplicaron a cuatro pacientes postextubados (48-72 horas), junto con la evaluación de 17 controles pareados. Resultados: Los pacientes postextubados mostraron un TMF y CPPS significativamente más bajos, aumento de los indicios de disfagia en la V-VST, reducción del flujo máximo de la tos y síntomas más pronunciados tanto en la ESV como en la EAT-10 en comparación con los controles. Limitaciones: El estudio tuvo un tamaño de muestra reducida y se basó únicamente en herramientas de detección clínica. Valor: Este estudio piloto sugiere un enfoque factible y rentable para la detección de problemas de voz y deglución en pacientes postextubados, valioso en entornos con recursos limitados. Conclusión: Aunque ese abordaje no sustituye a las evaluaciones de referencia, ofrece información valiosa y puede guiar futuras investigaciones que busquen facilitar la detección temprana de los trastornos de la voz-deglución en pacientes postextubados.

Sedoanalgesia con ketodex para la intubación selectiva en la resección de un aneurisma gigante de la arteria subclavia. Reporte de caso / Sedoanalgesia with ketodex for selective intubation in the resection of a giant aneurysm of the subclavian artery associated. Case report

Resumen: El aneurisma gigante de la arteria subclavia asociado a un síndrome de vena cava superior se presenta de forma poco frecuente. La complejidad del abordaje dependerá del tamaño, forma y disposición del aneurisma, particularmente cuando el colapso de la vía aérea es potencial por un efecto compresivo de la masa mediastinal durante la aplicación del relajante neuromuscular. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 57 años con disnea en decúbito dorsal que incrementa con el decúbito lateral izquierdo de cinco años de evolución. El estudio radiológico reporta masa mediastinal gigante compatible con aneurisma de la arteria subclavia derecha que causa compresión y desplazamiento de la vía aérea, particularmente en tráquea a nivel de la carina. El paciente es programado para resección del aneurisma y requiere de intubación selectiva para el aislamiento del pulmón derecho durante la cirugía, que fue realizada con la técnica de paciente despierto usando sedoanalgesia con ketodex. El objetivo del caso es compartir la experiencia con el uso de ketodex como una alternativa para la tolerancia de procedimientos que requieren de la cooperación del paciente, en donde el propofol y el relajante neuromuscular pueden ser un problema para la permeabilidad y el abordaje de la vía aérea.

Abstract: A giant subclavian artery aneurysm associated with superior vena cava syndrome occurs infrequently. Complexity of the approach will depend on the size, shape, and position of the aneurysm, particularly when a potential collapse of the airway is expected due to the compressive effect of the mediastinal mass after using neuromuscular relaxant for airway approach. We present a case in a 57-year-old male with shortness of breath in dorsal that increases with left lateral decubitus during five years of evolution. Radiological studies reported giant mediastinal mass compatible with an aneurysm of the right subclavian artery, which produces critical compression and airway displacement, particularly in trachea at level of the carina. The patient is scheduled for resection of the aneurysm and requires selective intubation for isolation of the right lung during surgery which was performed with the awake patient technique using sedoanalgesia with ketodex. The objective of the case is to share the experience using ketodex as an alternative for the tolerance of procedures that requires the cooperation of the patient where propofol and neuromuscular relaxant may be a problem for airway permeability and approach.