Features and behaviours for weight loss in the Chilean cohort with obesity from the ACTION study.

In Latin America, obesity rates are among the highest in the world. Currently, people with obesity (PWO) receive suboptimal care due to several challenges and barriers. The international ACTION-IO study aimed to identify perceptions, attitudes and behaviours of PWO and healthcare providers (HCP), and to assess potential barriers to effective obesity care. The aim of this subanalysis of the Chilean cohort was to compare their characteristics, perceptions, attitudes and behaviours according to the percentage of weight loss (lower weight loss [LWL; ≤10%] or higher weight loss [HWL; >10%] of basal weight). The ACTION-IO survey was completed by 1000 Chilean PWO and 200 HCPs. Mean age of PWO was 38 years (range 18-75); 62% were female. The majority had class I obesity. HWL subgroup represented 17.2% of all Chilean subset. Specific characteristics of patients with HWL were identified (higher educational level, lower proportion of class III obesity, preference for consulting obesity specialists, considering conversations with HCP as very helpful). HWL patients reported higher rates of favourable outcomes following HCP advice and a higher probability of attending scheduled follow-up visits. Certain demographic and behavioural variables (educational level, consultation to obesity specialists, adherence to HCP advice, follow-up scheduled visits and becoming aware of the obesity state) may identify PWO with a higher probability of a greater weight loss.

Efficacy of six exercise-based interventions for individuals undergoing hemodialysis: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Evidence comparing different exercise modalities in individuals undergoing hemodialysis remains incipient. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials to compare and synthesize the efficacy of five different intradialytic exercise modalities and home-based training in this population. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS: Studies were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, Cinahl, and Scopus from their inception to 19 September 2022. We used traditional random-effects models and Bayesian network meta-analysis models. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB v.2.0 tool, and the assessment of confidence in the results through the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) tool. RESULTS: Seventy-eight studies involving 3326 participants were included. Our network meta-analysis showed that combined training was the intervention with the best performance to increase VO2 peak [mean difference (MD) = 3.94 ml/kg/min; 95% credible interval (CrI), 2.38 to 5.76] and to reduce diastolic blood pressure (MD = -5.19 mmHg; 95%CrI, -9.35 to -0.96) compared to the usual care group. Inspiratory muscle training was the intervention that most improved the 6-minute walk test distance (MD = 70.97 m; 95%CrI, 18.09 to 129.87). C-reactive protein decreased in resistance training (MD = -2.6 mg/l; 95%CrI, -4.97 to -0.33) and aerobic training (MD = -1.4 mg/l; 95%CrI, -3.15 to -0.06). Kt/V improved in aerobic training (MD = 0.11; 95%CrI, 0.02 to 0.18), and SF-36 physical functioning outcomes improved in resistance training (MD = 10.66 points; 95%Crl, 1.91 to 20.22). No intradialytic exercise modality was superior to others or comparable with home-based training in improving the evaluated outcomes. Subgroup analysis revealed that exercise interventions >12 weeks improved functional capacity more than interventions ≤12 weeks, and that combined training reduces diastolic blood pressure only after 12 weeks of follow-up. Furthermore, our results suggest that moderate or moderate-to-vigorous intensity training leads to more pronounced improvements in functional capacity, whereas mild or mild-to-moderate intensity training does not have the same effect. In this review, most of the included studies were assessed as having some concern, which resulted in a low to very low level of confidence in the overall findings. CONCLUSIONS: Both intradialytic training and home-based training can promote benefits for individuals undergoing hemodialysis, with no evidence of the superiority of either training modality over the other.

Distributed I/O as a service: A data acquisition solution to Industry 4.0.

Data acquisition is a required step for any industrial application. Industrial automation traditionally relies on Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and remote I/O is an important element of this infrastructure. The remote I/O is responsible for the data acquisition of sensors and actuators of industrial processes. The distributed I/O represents an evolution of the remote I/O to include processing and support network communication. With the adoption of recent technologies within the industry 4.0, automation solutions are facing servitization and being develop as a service. This paper describes the development of an open-source and low-cost distributed I/O as a service for industrial automation. The solution is based on a single board computer with I/O expansion modules, a microservice framework and a customized software to enable the I/O data acquisition to function in a networked, standardized, and scalable manner. Some application examples of the distributed I/O service are presented such as the I/O redundancy and historian, process control, and IIoT monitoring.

Resentment - cultural and individual complex.

Resentment is a complex that results from the inability to react to an injustice. The feeling of failure turns into resentment, which incubates until it reaches hatred, indignation and revenge. The unknown parts of the personality, our intolerant side, are relegated to the Shadow. We make a great image of ourselves. It is the Ego Complex. The resentful person feels mistreated by society. He or she has experienced exclusion and physical and mental abuse. When we are resentful, we bring in the god Hephaestus, excluded by both parents. The archetype is manifested by revenge. This complex is characterized by a tetralogy: Ego Complex, Intolerance, Sectarianism, Emotions of revenge and envy.

Le ressentiment est un complexe qui résulte de l'incapacité à réagir à une injustice. Le sentiment d'échec se transforme en ressentiment, qui incube jusqu'à atteindre la haine, l'indignation, et la revanche. Les parties inconnues de la personnalité - notre côté intolérant - sont reléguées dans l'Ombre. Nous construisons une image très valorisée de nous-même. C'est le complexe du Moi. La personne pleine de ressentiment se sent maltraitée par la société. Elle a fait l'expérience de l'exclusion et de l'abus au niveau physique et mental. Quand nous sommes dans le ressentiment, nous introduisons le dieu Héphaestos, exclu par ses deux parents. L'archétype est manifesté par la revanche. Ce complexe est caractérisé par une tétralogie: Complexe du Moi, Intolérance, Sectarisme, Emotions de revanche et d'envie.

El resentimiento es un complejo que resulta de la incapacidad para reaccionar a una injusticia. El sentimiento de fracaso se vuelve rencor, el cual se incuba hasta llegar al odio, indignación y venganza. Las partes desconocidas de la personalidad, nuestro lado intolerante, son relegadas a la Sombra. Elaboramos una imagen grandiosa de nosotros mismos. Es el Complejo del Ego. El resentido se siente maltratado por la sociedad. Ha sufrido exclusión y maltratos físicos y psíquicos. Cuando estamos resentidos, traemos al dios Hefesto, excluido por ambos padres. El arquetipo se manifiesta por la venganza. Este Complejo se caracteriza por una tetralogía: Complejo del Ego. Intolerancia. Sectarismo, Emociones de venganza y envidia.

O ressentimento é um complexo que resulta da incapacidade de reagir a uma injustiça. O sentimento de fracasso se transforma em ressentimento, que incuba até atingir ódio, indignação e vingança. As partes desconhecidas da personalidade, nosso lado intolerante, são relegadas à Sombra. Fazemos uma ótima imagem de nós mesmos. É o Complexo Ego. A pessoa ressentida se sente maltratada pela sociedade. Ele sofreu exclusão e abuso físico e mental. Quando estamos ressentidos, trazemos o deus Hefesto, excluído por ambos os pais. O arquétipo se manifesta por vingança. Este complexo é caracterizado por uma tetralogia: Complexo do Ego, Intolerância, Sectarismo, Emoções de vingança e inveja.

Estimate of genetic parameters for carcass traits and visual scores inmeat sheep using Bayesian inference via threshold and linear models

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to estimate the variance components and genetic parameters for marbling in the ribeye area (MRA) and body condition score (BCS) using Bayesian inference via mixed linear and threshold animal models. Data were obtained from Santa Ines breed sheep reared in the Brazilian Mid-North region. Analyses considering the Monte Carlo methods were performed with Markov chains from 500000 cycles onward. A 200000-cycle initial burn-in was considered with values taken at every 250 cycles, in a total of 1200 samples. The Monte Carlo Error deviations were low for the means heritability in all chains by both linear and threshold models. Additive variances estimated by threshold model were higher than those estimated by the linear model. Marble meat from the ribeye area and body condition score can be used as selection criteria to obtain genetic progress in Santa Inês sheep.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos para marmoreio na área de olho de lombo (MOL) e escore de condição corporal (ECC) usando Inferência Bayesiana por meio dos modelos animais linear misto e de limiar. Os dados foram obtidos em rebanhos de ovinos da raça Santa Inês criados no Meio-Norte do Brasil. As análises, considerando os métodos de Monte Carlo, foram realizadas com cadeias de Markov a partir de 500000 ciclos. Considerou-se burn-in inicial de 200000 ciclos com valores tomados a cada 250 ciclos, obtendo-se 1200 amostras. Os desvios do erro de Monte Carlo foram baixos para as herdabilidades médias em todas as cadeias, tanto pelo modelo linear quanto de limiar. As variâncias aditivas, estimadas pelo modelo de limiar, foram maiores que aquelas obtidas pelo modelo linear. O marmoreio na área de olho de lombo e o escore da condição corporal podem ser usados como critérios de seleção para obter progresso genético em ovinos da raça Santa Inês.

Avaliação da dor utilizando as escalas de Melbourne e Glasgow em cães e gatos após esterilização / Pain assessment using Melbourne and Glasgow scales in dogs and cats after neutering / Uso de las escalas de dolor Melbourne y Glasgow en perros y gatos después de la esterilización

A dor é um sinal clínico capaz de causar alterações comportamentais e fisiológicas, que interferem na saúde e no prognóstico do animal. Com o objetivo de avaliar a intensidade da dor no período pós-operatório foram utilizadas a Escala de Dor da Universidade de Melbourne (EDUM) e a Escala Composta de Dor de Glasgow (ECDG) em cães e gatos submetidos a cirurgia de esterilização eletiva. No estudo foram incluídos 48 animais submetidos a cirurgia de orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia, 21 felinos e 27 caninos foram avaliados de 18 a 72 horas do período pós-cirúrgico. Foram realizadas análise descritiva, comparação entre os grupos e os tempos, e a correlação entre os parâmetros avaliando a intensidade da dor para os dois métodos, e divididos em 9 diferentes grupos. Durante o estudo, a maior média observada nas escalas de dor foi apenas 17% do total da EDUM e 11,7% da ECDG, sendo considerada em ambas escalas como uma sensação dolorosa discreta. A EDUM foi sensível para identificação da dor de machos caninos castrados, entretanto tanto EDUM como ECDG não demonstraram diferenças estatísticas em felinos de ambos os sexos e fêmeas caninas após castração.(AU)

Pain is a clinical sign capable of causing behavioral and physiological changes that affect the health and recovery of the animal. In order to assess the intensity of pain in the postoperative period were used to Pain Scale at the University of Melbourne (EDUM) and the Scale of Glasgow Composite Pain (ECDG) in dogs and cats undergoing elective sterilization surgery. In the study included 48 animais underwent orchiectomy surgery and ovariosalpingohisterectomy, 21 cats and 27 dogs were evaluated 18-72 hours of the postoperative period. Descriptive analysis was performed, comparison between groups and times, and the correlation between the parameters evaluating pain intensity for both methods, and divided into 9 different groups. During the study, the highest average observed in the pain scales was only 17% of the total EDUM and 11.7% of ECDG, being considered on both scales as a discrete painful sensation. The EDUM was sensitive to identify the pain of castrated male dogs, though both EDUM as ECDG did not show statistical differences in male and female cats and female dogs after castration.(AU)

El dolor es un signo clínico que puede causar cambios conductuales y fisiológicos que afectan la salud y el pronóstico del animal. Con el fin de evaluar la intensidad del dolor en el postoperatorio fueron utilizados para Escala de Dolor de la Universidad de Melbourne (EDUM) y la Escala Compuesta de dolor Glasgow (ECDG) en perros y gatos sometidos a cirugía electiva de esterilización. En el estudio participaron 48 animales que fueron sometidos a cirugía de orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomy, 21 gatos y 27 perros fueron evaluados de 18 a 72 horas del postoperatorio. En el análisis descriptivo se realizó la comparación entre grupos y tiempos, y la correlación entre los parámetros para evaluar la intensidad del dolor para ambos métodos y divididas en 9 grupos diferentes. Durante el estudio, la media más alta observada en las puntuaciones de dolor era sólo el 17% de la EDUM total y el 11,7% de ECDG, siendo considerado en ambas escalas como uma sensación dolorosa discreta. El EDUM fue sensible para identificar el dolor de los perros machos castrados, aunque ambos EDUM como ECDG no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los gatos de ambos sexos y las perras después de la castración.(AU)

Avaliação da dor utilizando as escalas de Melbourne e Glasgow em cães e gatos após esterilização / Pain assessment using Melbourne and Glasgow scales in dogs and cats after neutering / Uso de las escalas de dolor Melbourne y Glasgow en perros y gatos después de la esterilización

A dor é um sinal clínico capaz de causar alterações comportamentais e fisiológicas, que interferem na saúde e no prognóstico do animal. Com o objetivo de avaliar a intensidade da dor no período pós-operatório foram utilizadas a Escala de Dor da Universidade de Melbourne (EDUM) e a Escala Composta de Dor de Glasgow (ECDG) em cães e gatos submetidos a cirurgia de esterilização eletiva. No estudo foram incluídos 48 animais submetidos a cirurgia de orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia, 21 felinos e 27 caninos foram avaliados de 18 a 72 horas do período pós-cirúrgico. Foram realizadas análise descritiva, comparação entre os grupos e os tempos, e a correlação entre os parâmetros avaliando a intensidade da dor para os dois métodos, e divididos em 9 diferentes grupos. Durante o estudo, a maior média observada nas escalas de dor foi apenas 17% do total da EDUM e 11,7% da ECDG, sendo considerada em ambas escalas como uma sensação dolorosa discreta. A EDUM foi sensível para identificação da dor de machos caninos castrados, entretanto tanto EDUM como ECDG não demonstraram diferenças estatísticas em felinos de ambos os sexos e fêmeas caninas após castração.

Pain is a clinical sign capable of causing behavioral and physiological changes that affect the health and recovery of the animal. In order to assess the intensity of pain in the postoperative period were used to Pain Scale at the University of Melbourne (EDUM) and the Scale of Glasgow Composite Pain (ECDG) in dogs and cats undergoing elective sterilization surgery. In the study included 48 animais underwent orchiectomy surgery and ovariosalpingohisterectomy, 21 cats and 27 dogs were evaluated 18-72 hours of the postoperative period. Descriptive analysis was performed, comparison between groups and times, and the correlation between the parameters evaluating pain intensity for both methods, and divided into 9 different groups. During the study, the highest average observed in the pain scales was only 17% of the total EDUM and 11.7% of ECDG, being considered on both scales as a discrete painful sensation. The EDUM was sensitive to identify the pain of castrated male dogs, though both EDUM as ECDG did not show statistical differences in male and female cats and female dogs after castration.

El dolor es un signo clínico que puede causar cambios conductuales y fisiológicos que afectan la salud y el pronóstico del animal. Con el fin de evaluar la intensidad del dolor en el postoperatorio fueron utilizados para Escala de Dolor de la Universidad de Melbourne (EDUM) y la Escala Compuesta de dolor Glasgow (ECDG) en perros y gatos sometidos a cirugía electiva de esterilización. En el estudio participaron 48 animales que fueron sometidos a cirugía de orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomy, 21 gatos y 27 perros fueron evaluados de 18 a 72 horas del postoperatorio. En el análisis descriptivo se realizó la comparación entre grupos y tiempos, y la correlación entre los parámetros para evaluar la intensidad del dolor para ambos métodos y divididas en 9 grupos diferentes. Durante el estudio, la media más alta observada en las puntuaciones de dolor era sólo el 17% de la EDUM total y el 11,7% de ECDG, siendo considerado en ambas escalas como uma sensación dolorosa discreta. El EDUM fue sensible para identificar el dolor de los perros machos castrados, aunque ambos EDUM como ECDG no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los gatos de ambos sexos y las perras después de la castración.

Development and evaluation of accessories to improve the posture of veterinary surgeons in surgical procedures conducted in the field / Desenvolvimento e avaliação de acessórios para melhorar a postura de cirurgiões veterinários em procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados a campo

The study was conducted based on the information collected on rural properties in the state of Goiás, during practical classes of Surgical Clinic in Large Animals at the Veterinary Hospital of the Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia of the Universidade Federal de Goiás and during the implementation of outreach projects developed by the institution. An acropostite-phimosis surgical procedure in the bulls in the field was selected, lasting over 30 minutes and requiring movements, posture and strength on the part of the surgeon. Devices were proposed and developed to provide improved comfort and safety to surgeons. The first device was a stool to be used by the professional during the execution of the surgical intervention. The use enabled the surgeon to sit down and rest their feet on the ground, reducing knee bending and distributing the support forces in various muscle groups. For the movement restriction of the surgeon, another accessory was developed to support the foreskin of the animal. Made of wood, this other device serves as a support for keeping the foreskin away from the ground and close to the surgeon. Its length, width and thickness established a good relation with the stool height, providing minimal discomfort to the professional. The third device was designed to assist in the immobilization of the animal and increase safety for the patient and surgical team. A fourth accessory was designed to protect the scapular region and avoid the occurrence of injuries in the radial nerve, myopathies and traumas during the rollover or prolonged stay of the animal in lateral decubitus. The choice of the shape, dimensions and softness of the device was mainly based on the weight of the animal. Such devices have proven to be effective, reducing the time of surgery, making cervical and lumbar movement easier, in addition to providing better support to the surgeon, reducing risks of musculoskeletal diseases.(AU)

O estudo foi realizado com base nas informações coletadas em propriedades rurais do estado de Goiás, durante aulas práticas de Clínica Cirúrgica de Grandes Animais no Hospital Veterinário da Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás e durante a execução de projetos de extensão desenvolvidos pela instituição. Foi selecionado um procedimento cirúrgico de acropostite-fimose em touros a campo, com duração acima de 30 minutos e com exigência de movimentos, postura e força por parte do cirurgião. Foram propostos e desenvolvidos dispositivos para proporcionar melhor conforto e segurança aos cirurgiões. O primeiro consistiu de um assento para ser usado pelo profissional durante a execução da intervenção cirúrgica. A utilização permitiu que o cirurgião sentasse e apoiasse os pés no chão, reduzindo a flexão dos joelhos e distribuindo as forças de apoio por diversos grupos musculares. Para a restrição de movimentação do cirurgião, outro acessório foi desenvolvido para apoiar o prepúcio do animal. Confeccionado em madeira, serve de suporte para mantê-lo distante do solo e próximo ao cirurgião. Seu comprimento, largura e espessura estabeleceram boa relação com a altura do assento, proporcionando o mínimo de desconforto ao profissional. O terceiro dispositivo foi confeccionado para auxiliar na imobilização do animal e aumentar a segurança para o paciente e para a equipe de cirurgia. Um quarto acessório foi desenvolvido para proteger a região escapular e evitar a ocorrência de lesões de nervo radial, miopatias e traumas durante o derrubamento ou a permanência prolongada do animal em decúbito lateral. A escolha do formato, das dimensões e da maciez do dispositivo fundamentou-se principalmente no peso do animal. Tais dispositivos mostraram-se efetivos, pois reduziram o tempo de cirurgia, facilitaram a movimentação cervical e a lombar, além de proporcionarem um melhor apoio do cirurgião e, assim, reduzirem riscos de doenças osteomusculares.(AU)

Pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy modifies histamine turnover and H3 receptor function in the human hippocampus and temporal neocortex.

Experiments were designed to evaluate the tissue content of tele-methylhistamine (t-MeHA) and histamine as well as H3 receptor (H3 Rs) binding and activation of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding αi/o proteins (Gαi/o) coupled to these receptors in the hippocampus and temporal neocortex of patients (n = 10) with pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Patients with MTLE showed elevated tissue content of t-MeHA in the hippocampus. Analyses revealed that a younger age at seizure onset was correlated with a higher tissue content of t-MeHA, lower H3 R binding, and lower efficacy of Gαi/o protein activation in the hippocampus. We conclude that the hippocampus shows a reduction in the H3 R function associated with enhanced histamine. In contrast, the temporal neocortex displayed a high efficacy of H3 Rs Gαi/o protein activation that was associated with low tissue contents of histamine and t-MeHA. These results indicate an overactivation of H3 Rs leading to decreased histamine in the temporal neocortex. However, this situation was lessened in circumstances such as a longer duration of epilepsy or higher seizure frequency. It is concluded that decrease in H3 Rs function and enhanced levels of histamine may contribute to the epileptic activity in the hippocampus and temporal neocortex of patients with pharmacoresistant MTLE.

Region Templates: Data Representation and Management for High-Throughput Image Analysis.

We introduce a region template abstraction and framework for the efficient storage, management and processing of common data types in analysis of large datasets of high resolution images on clusters of hybrid computing nodes. The region template abstraction provides a generic container template for common data structures, such as points, arrays, regions, and object sets, within a spatial and temporal bounding box. It allows for different data management strategies and I/O implementations, while providing a homogeneous, unified interface to applications for data storage and retrieval. A region template application is represented as a hierarchical dataflow in which each computing stage may be represented as another dataflow of finer-grain tasks. The execution of the application is coordinated by a runtime system that implements optimizations for hybrid machines, including performance-aware scheduling for maximizing the utilization of computing devices and techniques to reduce the impact of data transfers between CPUs and GPUs. An experimental evaluation on a state-of-the-art hybrid cluster using a microscopy imaging application shows that the abstraction adds negligible overhead (about 3%) and achieves good scalability and high data transfer rates. Optimizations in a high speed disk based storage implementation of the abstraction to support asynchronous data transfers and computation result in an application performance gain of about 1.13×. Finally, a processing rate of 11,730 4K×4K tiles per minute was achieved for the microscopy imaging application on a cluster with 100 nodes (300 GPUs and 1,200 CPU cores). This computation rate enables studies with very large datasets.

Infecção do trato urinário em pequenos animais: revisão de literatura / Urinary tract infection in small animals: literature review

A infecção do trato urinário em pequenos animais sempre foi foco de importantes discussões. Dominaro conhecimento completo sobre este assunto permite elaborar diferentes estratégias para diferentes situações.O clínico pode se ver diante de infecções simples, de episódios únicos, porém, pode deflagrarprocessos complicados recidivantes, que, possivelmente, não conseguirá nunca sua cura. A infecçãodo trato urinário tem sido relatada como a principal razão do uso indevido dos antimicrobianos. Importantespropostas de conduta, publicadas como diretrizes, fornecem informações para auxiliar nodiagnóstico e tratamento de infecções do trato urinário superior e inferior em cães e gatos. O sucessodo tratamento envolve a eliminação da infecção e diminuição dos riscos de complicações. Esta revisãotem como objetivo principal informar o médico veterinário sobre novas diretrizes para o tratamento deinfecção do trato urinário.

The urinary tract infection in small animals has always been the focus of important discussions. Masteringthe complete knowledge about this subject allows develop different strategies for different situations. Theclinician may be faced on simple infections of single episodes, however, can encounter recurrence complicatedprocesses, which cannot ever be possibly healed. The urinary tract infection has been reported as themain reason for the misuse of antimicrobials. Important conducts proposal published as guidelines, provideinformation to assist the diagnosis and treatment of the upper and lower urinary tract infections of thedogs and cats. The success of the treatment involves the elimination of the infection and reducing the risk ofcomplications. This review aims to inform the veterinary clinicians about new guidelines for the treatmentof urinary tract infection.

Infecção do trato urinário em pequenos animais: revisão de literatura / Urinary tract infection in small animals: literature review

A infecção do trato urinário em pequenos animais sempre foi foco de importantes discussões. Dominaro conhecimento completo sobre este assunto permite elaborar diferentes estratégias para diferentes situações.O clínico pode se ver diante de infecções simples, de episódios únicos, porém, pode deflagrarprocessos complicados recidivantes, que, possivelmente, não conseguirá nunca sua cura. A infecçãodo trato urinário tem sido relatada como a principal razão do uso indevido dos antimicrobianos. Importantespropostas de conduta, publicadas como diretrizes, fornecem informações para auxiliar nodiagnóstico e tratamento de infecções do trato urinário superior e inferior em cães e gatos. O sucessodo tratamento envolve a eliminação da infecção e diminuição dos riscos de complicações. Esta revisãotem como objetivo principal informar o médico veterinário sobre novas diretrizes para o tratamento deinfecção do trato urinário.(AU)

The urinary tract infection in small animals has always been the focus of important discussions. Masteringthe complete knowledge about this subject allows develop different strategies for different situations. Theclinician may be faced on simple infections of single episodes, however, can encounter recurrence complicatedprocesses, which cannot ever be possibly healed. The urinary tract infection has been reported as themain reason for the misuse of antimicrobials. Important conducts proposal published as guidelines, provideinformation to assist the diagnosis and treatment of the upper and lower urinary tract infections of thedogs and cats. The success of the treatment involves the elimination of the infection and reducing the risk ofcomplications. This review aims to inform the veterinary clinicians about new guidelines for the treatmentof urinary tract infection.(AU)

Atividade acaricida in vitro de Glechon spathulata Benth. sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricide efficiency of Glechon spathulata extracts on engorged females of Rhipcephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Engorged ticks were collected from crossbred cattle from one farm in São Pedro do Sul municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. in vitro experiments consisted on the immersion tests of engorged females in solutions of G. spathulata, where treatments were made at triplicate with fractions and extracts at 2% concentration, diluted in water and ethanol. Crude dry extract of G. spathulata suspended in 70% ethanol presented an efficiency average of 99%, while the same extract diluted in water demonstrated efficiency average of 72%. It was observed in 70% ethanol control difference in egg eclodibility; however there was no interference in egg weight. The chloroform fraction of G. spathulata showed no efficacy in the test. The results obtained suggest that the hydroethanolic extract at 70% of G. spathulata has significant acaricide activity in vitro. This research is the first communication of acaricidal effect of. G. spathulata.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade acaricida in vitro de extratos vegetais de Glechon spathulata (manjeroninha do campo) sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Fêmeas ingurgitadas desse carrapato foram coletadas de bovinos mestiços de uma propriedade do município de São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A experimentação in vitro consistiu na realização de testes de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas. O extrato bruto seco e a fração clorofórmica utilizados nos testes in vitro foram preparados na concentração de 2% e diluídos em água e etanol, sendo todos os tratamentos realizados em triplicata. O extrato bruto seco de G. spathulata retomado em etanol a 70% apresentou uma eficácia média de 99%, enquanto que quando o mesmo extrato foi diluído em água, demonstrou eficácia média de 72%. Observou-se que no controle etanol a 70% houve diferença na eclodibilidade dos ovos, porém não interferiu no peso da postura. A fração clorofórmica de G. spathulata não apresentou eficácia no ensaio efetuado. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo demonstraram que o extrato hidroetanólico a 70% de G. spathulata apresenta eficácia acaricida in vitro. Este estudo é o primeiro relato de ação acaricida de G. spathulata.

Atividade acaricida in vitro de Glechon spathulata Benth. sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricide efficiency of Glechon spathulata extracts on engorged females of Rhipcephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Engorged ticks were collected from crossbred cattle from one farm in São Pedro do Sul municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. in vitro experiments consisted on the immersion tests of engorged females in solutions of G. spathulata, where treatments were made at triplicate with fractions and extracts at 2% concentration, diluted in water and ethanol. Crude dry extract of G. spathulata suspended in 70% ethanol presented an efficiency average of 99%, while the same extract diluted in water demonstrated efficiency average of 72%. It was observed in 70% ethanol control difference in egg eclodibility; however there was no interference in egg weight. The chloroform fraction of G. spathulata showed no efficacy in the test. The results obtained suggest that the hydroethanolic extract at 70% of G. spathulata has significant acaricide activity in vitro. This research is the first communication of acaricidal effect of. G. spathulata.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade acaricida in vitro de extratos vegetais de Glechon spathulata (manjeroninha do campo) sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Fêmeas ingurgitadas desse carrapato foram coletadas de bovinos mestiços de uma propriedade do município de São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A experimentação in vitro consistiu na realização de testes de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas. O extrato bruto seco e a fração clorofórmica utilizados nos testes in vitro foram preparados na concentração de 2% e diluídos em água e etanol, sendo todos os tratamentos realizados em triplicata. O extrato bruto seco de G. spathulata retomado em etanol a 70% apresentou uma eficácia média de 99%, enquanto que quando o mesmo extrato foi diluído em água, demonstrou eficácia média de 72%. Observou-se que no controle etanol a 70% houve diferença na eclodibilidade dos ovos, porém não interferiu no peso da postura. A fração clorofórmica de G. spathulata não apresentou eficácia no ensaio efetuado. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo demonstraram que o extrato hidroetanólico a 70% de G. spathulata apresenta eficácia acaricida in vitro. Este estudo é o primeiro relato de ação acaricida de G. spathulata.

Avaliações clínico-patológicas e laboratoriais da intoxicação experimental por monofluoroacetato de sódio em ovinos / Clinic-pathological and laboratory aspects of experimental poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate in sheep

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a administração de doses únicas e de frações diárias da dose letal de monofluoroacetato de sódio (MF) a ovinos induzem a clássica degeneração hidrópico-vacuolar (DHV) dos túbulos uriníferos contornados distais observada no rim de bovinos intoxicados por plantas brasileiras que causam "morte súbita" (PBCMS). MF foi administrado, por via oral, em doses únicas de 0,5 e 1,0mg/kg, cada dose para dois ovinos, e em doses subletais repetidas diariamente de 0,1mg/kg/dia, por quatro dias, e 0,2mg/kg/dia por seis dias, cada dose para um ovino. Todos os ovinos que receberam MF morreram, exceto um que recebeu 0,5mg/kg e não mostrou sintomas. A evolução da intoxicação variou de 3min a 33h5min. Clinicamente os animais apresentaram taquicardia, respiração abdominal, tremores musculares, ligeira perda de equilíbrio, por vezes cambaleavam, deitavam e apoiavam a cabeça no flanco. Na fase final, os ovinos caíam em decúbito lateral, esticavam os membros, faziam movimentos de pedalagem, apresentavam opistótono e morriam. O exame ecocardiográfico evidenciou dilatação cardíaca e redução da fração de encurtamento sistólico. A análise dos níveis séricos de uréia e creatinina revelou moderada a acentuada azotemia. MF provocou "morte súbita" em todos os ovinos que mostraram sintomas. À necropsia verificaram-se aurículas e veias jugulares, cavas, ázigos e pulmonares moderadamente ingurgitadas e, em alguns animais, edema pulmonar. O exame histopatológico revelou, em todos os ovinos, leve a acentuada DHV das células epiteliais dos túbulos contornados distais, associada à picnose nuclear. Adicionalmente, verificaram-se discreta vacuolização e, por vezes, necrose de coagulação de hepatócitos. Não encontramos referências a esse tipo peculiar de lesão, exceto das descrições sobre lesões renais associadas à ingestão de PBCMS e de recentes estudos em bovinos intoxicados com MF. Este trabalho demonstra, em ovinos, que tanto doses letais únicas quanto subdoses diárias de MF induzem a DHV dos túbulos uriníferos contornados distais associada à picnose nuclear.(AU)

The objective of this study was to verify if the ingestion of single doses of sodium monofluoroacetate (MF) and daily fractions of 1/2.5 and 1/5 of the lethal dose causes the same lesion as the one observed in the kidney of cattle poisoned by Brazilian sudden death causing plants (BSDCP). MF was administered orally in single doses of 0.5 and 1.0mg/kg to four sheep, and repeated daily doses of 0.1 and 0.2mg/kg to two others. Death occurred in five of six animals. The course of poisoning lasted from 3min to 33h5min. Clinically the animals presented palpitation, abdominal breathing, slight balance loss with sometimes swaying gait, they laid down and placed the head on their flank. In the "dramatic phase", all the sheep fell into lateral decubitus, stretched out the legs, made peddling movements, presented opistotonus, and died. The electrocardiographical examination showed heart dilatation and reduction of the systolic shortening fraction. Laboratory hematological exams revealed increased urea and creatinine. MF caused the clinical and pathological symptoms of "sudden death". At postmortem examination, heart auricles and jugular, cava, azygos and pulmonary veins of all animals were moderately engorged, and in some sheep, pulmonary edema was observed. Histopathology revealed hydropic-vacuolar degeneration (HVD) of the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted kidney tubules associated with nuclear picnosis in all the sheep. Vacuolation and less often necrosis of liver cells was seen in some cases. No references to that peculiar type of lesion could be found in the literature, except the description of kidney lesions in animals associated with the ingestion of BSDCP, and recent studies of MF poisoning in cattle. The present study demonstrated in sheep that single lethal doses or repeated doses of fractions of the lethal dose of MF causes HVD of the distal convoluted kidney tubules, associated with nuclear picnosis.(AU)

Retrospective study of ocular disorders in Amazon parrots / Estudo retrospectivo das alterações oculares observadas em papagaios

A retrospective study was conducted to identify the occurrence and types of ocular disorders in 57 Amazon parrots admitted to the Ophthalmology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil from 1997 to 2006. The most frequent observed disorder was cataracts, present in 24 of the 114 examined eyes (57 parrots). Uveitis, ulcerative keratitis and keratoconjunctivitis were frequently diagnosed as well. The cornea was the most affected ocular structure, with 28 reported disorders. Uveal disorders also were commonly observed. Conjunctiva and eyelid disorders were diagnosed in lower frequency. Results suggest that cataracts are common and that cornea, lens and uvea are the most affected ocular structures in Amazon parrots.(AU)

Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo para identificar a ocorrência e os tipos de alterações oculares observadas em 57 papagaios atendidos no Serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), de 1997-2006. Catarata em diferentes estágios de evolução foi a alteração ocular mais frequentemente diagnosticada, sendo observada em 24 dos 114 olhos examinados. Uveíte, ceratite ulcerativa e ceratoconjuntivite foram também diagnosticadas. A córnea foi a estrutura ocular mais acometida (28 registros). Alterações uveais foram frequentemente observadas. Alterações das pálpebras e conjuntiva foram observadas em menor freqüência. Concluí-se que catarata foi a alteração mais frequentemente observada e que a córnea, lente e úvea são as estruturas oculares mais susceptíveis a alterações em papagaios.(AU)

Polioencefalomalacia experimental induzida por amprólio em ovinos / Experimentally amprolium-induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep

Para estabelecer um modelo experimental para o estudo da etiologia, patologia e patogênese da polioencefalomalacia em ruminantes, a condição foi induzida em cinco ovinos pela administração oral de amprólio nas doses diárias de 500 e 1.000mg/kg de peso animal, respectivamente por 28-59 dias e 13-39 dias. Todos os ovinos morreram ou foram eutanasiados in extremis após um curso clínico de 3-7 dias. Os sinais clínicos incluíam depressão, incoordenação, midríase, bruxismo, cegueira e decúbito com opistótono e movimentos de pedalagem. Salivação excessiva e posição de cavalete foi observada em um ovino e mioclonias em um outro. Os principais achados de necropsia restringiam-se ao sistema nervoso central e incluíam tumefação do encéfalo com achatamento dos giros telencefálicos e hemorragias nos lobos parietal e occipital do telencéfalo; as hemorragias ocorriam também nas áreas submeníngeas da medula espinhal e do mesencéfalo. Histologicamente, havia necrose segmentar laminar de neurônios (neurônios vermelhos) associada a edema, tumefação de células endoteliais, hemorragias e infiltração por macrófagos espumosos (células gitter). Essas alterações eram mais marcadas nos lobos frontal, parietal e occipital do telencéfalo e havia uma demarcação abrupta entre as lesões e o neurópilo normal adjacente. Adicionalmente, lesões semelhantes, mas menos acentuadas, eram observadas no mesencéfalo, tálamo e hipocampo. Levando em consideração a reproducibilidade regular dos aspectos da polioencefalomalacia em ovinos pela administração de amprólio, esse modelo pode ser útil para o estudo da doença.(AU)

In order to establish an experimental model for the study of the etiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of polioencephalomalacia in ruminants, the condition was induced in five sheep by oral administration of amprolium at daily doses of 500 and 1,000mg per kg of body weight respectively for 28-59 days and for 13-39 days. All sheep died or were euthanized in extremis after illness of 3-7 days. Clinical signs included depression, incoordination, midriasis, grinding of the teeth, blindness, and laying down with opisthotonus and paddling movements. Drooling and a sawhorse stance were observed in one sheep and myoclonus in another one. Main gross lesions were restricted to the central nervous system and included swelling of the brain with flattening of telencephalic gyri, and hemorrhages in the parietal and occipital lobes of the telencephalon, in the submeningeal areas of the spinal cord and in the mesencephalon. Histologically, there was segmental laminar neuronal necrosis (red neurons) associated with edema, swelling of endothelial cells, hemorrhages and infiltration by foamy macrophages (gitter cells). These changes were more marked in the frontal, parietal and occipital telecephalic lobes and there was sharp demarcation between the lesions and the adjacent normal neuropile. Additionally, similar, but less marked lesions were seen in the mesencephalon, thalamus and hippocampus. Considering the consistent reproducible aspects of polioencephalomalacia in sheep using amprolium, this may be an useful model for the study of the disease.(AU)

An efficient dynamic point algorithm for line-based collision detection in real time virtual environments involving haptics.

In real time computer graphics, "interactivity" is limited to a display rate of 30 frames per second. However, in multimodal virtual environments involving haptic interactions, a much higher update rate of about 1 kHz is necessary to ensure continuous interactions and smooth transitions. The simplest and most efficient interaction paradigm in such environments is to represent the haptic cursor as a point. However, in many situations, such as those in the development of real time medical simulations involving the interactions of long slender surgical tools with soft deformable organs, such a paradigm is nonrealistic and at least a line-based interaction is desirable. While such paradigms exist, the main impediment to their widespread use is the associated computational complexity. In this paper, we introduce, for the first time, an efficient algorithm for computing the interaction of a line-shaped haptic cursor and polygonal surface models which has a near constant complexity. The algorithm relies on space-time coherence, topological information, and the properties of lines in 3D space to maintain proximity information between a line segment and triangle meshes. For interaction with convex objects, the line is represented by its end points and a dynamic point, which is the closest point on the line to any potentially colliding triangle. To deal with multiple contacts and non-convexities, the line is decomposed into segments and a dynamic point is used for each segment. The algorithm may be used to compute collision detection and response with rigid as well as deformable objects with no performance penalty. Realistic examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Anestesia local aplicada à odontologia veterinária / Local anesthesia applied to veterinary dentistry

A anestesia local vem sendo cada vez mais empregada durante procedimento odontológicos na área médica veterinária. Qualquer procedimento odontológico que promova estímulo doloroso seja periodôntico, endodôntico, restaurador, cirúrgico ou ortodôntico, é passível de utilização de técnicas de anestesia local nos animais. O emprego de tais técnicas em associação à anestesia geral promove inúmeros benefícios ao paciente e ao profissional médico veterinário durante os períodos trans e pós-operatório. Dentre as técnicas de anestesia local existentes, os bloqueios regionais de nervo são as mais empregadas na odontologia veterinária, principalmente os bloqueios dos nervos infra-orbitário, maxilar, mentoniano e alveolar inferior(AU)

Local anesthesia is widely used in dental procedures in veterinary practive. Local anesthetics techniques may be performed at any dental procedure which cause painful stimulus. These procedures may include periodontal, endodotic, restorative, surgical or orthodonthic treatments. The use of anesthetic techniques associated with general anesthesia promotes several benefits to blocks are the most applicable techniques used in veterinary dentistry, especially infraorbital, maxillary, mentum and inferior alveolar nerve blocks(AU)

Anestesia local aplicada à odontologia veterinária / Local anesthesia applied to veterinary dentistry

A anestesia local vem sendo cada vez mais empregada durante procedimento odontológicos na área médica veterinária. Qualquer procedimento odontológico que promova estímulo doloroso seja periodôntico, endodôntico, restaurador, cirúrgico ou ortodôntico, é passível de utilização de técnicas de anestesia local nos animais. O emprego de tais técnicas em associação à anestesia geral promove inúmeros benefícios ao paciente e ao profissional médico veterinário durante os períodos trans e pós-operatório. Dentre as técnicas de anestesia local existentes, os bloqueios regionais de nervo são as mais empregadas na odontologia veterinária, principalmente os bloqueios dos nervos infra-orbitário, maxilar, mentoniano e alveolar inferior

Local anesthesia is widely used in dental procedures in veterinary practive. Local anesthetics techniques may be performed at any dental procedure which cause painful stimulus. These procedures may include periodontal, endodotic, restorative, surgical or orthodonthic treatments. The use of anesthetic techniques associated with general anesthesia promotes several benefits to blocks are the most applicable techniques used in veterinary dentistry, especially infraorbital, maxillary, mentum and inferior alveolar nerve blocks